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Form  No.  471 


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https://archive.org/details/clavariasofunite00coke_0 


PLATE  1 


Clavaria  FiLiPES.  No.  2804,  fig.  1, 

Ceavaria  helveola.  No.  4368,  fig.  2.  (The  tip  of  one  plant  is  too  red). 
Clavaria  luteo-ochracea.  No.  16a,  fig.  3. 

Clavaria  nigrita.  No.  2794,  fig.  4. 

Clavaria  citriceps.  Redding,  Conn.,  fig.  5. 

Clavaria  pul(  hra.  Redding,  Conn.  (No.  17),  fig.  6;  Newfane,  Vt.,  fig.  7. 
Clavaria  auraxtio-cinnabarina.  No.  2801,  fig.  8. 


THE 


CLAV ARIAS  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  AND  CANADA 


BY 

WILLIAM  CHAMBERS  COKER 

KENAN  PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY,  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


WITH  NINETY-TWO  PLATES 


Chapel  Hill,  N.  C.,  U.  S.  A. 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA  PRESS 

1923 


Copyright,  1923,  by 

The  University  of  North  Carolina  Press 


Printed  by  Seeman  Printery 
Durham,  N.  C. 


c«J 


INTRODUCTION 


In  preparing  this  study  of  American  Clavarias  my  work  has 
been  greatly  facilitated  by  generous  cooperation  from  many 
sources.  In  American  herbaria,  Dr.  W.  A.  Murrill  at  the  N.  Y. 
Botanical  Garden,  Dr.  H.  D.  House  at  the  N.  Y.  State  Museum, 
Drs.  Farlow  and  Thaxter  at  the  Agassiz  Museum,  and  Mrs.  Flora 
W.  Patterson  at  the  U.  S.  Dept  of  Agriculture  have  allowed  the 
free  use  of  their  material  and  supplemented  my  collections  by  many 
gifts.  In  Europe  I  have  been  particularly  befriended  Dr. 
Lars  Romell  of  Stockholm,  who  has  recently  acquired  the  very 
valuable  herbarium  of  the  Abbe  Bresadola  and  has  not  onlv  al- 
lowed  me  its  free  use  but  has  also  furnished  much  Swedish  mate¬ 
rial.  Dr.  H.  O.  Juel  of  Upsala  has  done  the  unusual  favor  of 
sending  me  for  study  all  the  Clavarias  at  present  contained  in  the 
herbarium  of  Elias  Fries.  At  Leyden  Miss  Catherine  Cool,  Cur¬ 
ator  in  the  Ryks  Museum,  placed  the  Persoon  Herbarium  at  my 
disposal  and  assisted  me  to  a  better  understanding  of  Oude- 
mans’s  species.  In  London  Miss  Wakefield  at  Kew  Herbarium 
has  shown  unfailing  kindness  for  a  number  of  years  and  has  given 
me  valuable  material  of  European  and  American  origin. 

My  collections  have  been  accumulated  through  a  number  of 
years  with  the  help  of  many  correspondents.  Mr.  S.  H.  Burnham 
has  sent  much  material  from  New  York,  both  fresh  and  dried. 
Miss  Ann  Hibbard  from  Vermont  and  Mr.  H.  C.  Beardslee  from 
Asheville  have  furnished  valuable  collections  and  notes.  Outside 
of  this  state  I  have  collected  living  material  from  Hudson  Falls 
(Vaughns),  Lake  George,  and  Bronx  Park,  N.  Y. ;  Redding, 
Conn. ;  and  Hartsville,  S.  C.  Most  of  our  North  Carolina  ma¬ 
terial  has  come,  of  course,  from  Chapel  Hill,  a  region  very  rich 
in  funefi  of  all  kinds,  and  other  members  of  the  Botanical  Depart- 
ment  staff  have  been  of  great  assistance  in  collecting.  During  the 
past  August  ( 1922)  the  author  with  Mr.  H.  R.  Totten,  Miss  Alina 
Holland,  and  Mr.  J.  N.  Couch  spent  two  weeks  in  Blowing  Rock 
and  the  neidiboring  mountains  getting  together  a  valuable  lot  of 

rd 


13] 


4  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

fungi,  many  of  them  Clavarias.  These  are  the  ones  referred  to 
as  collected  by  ^‘Coker  and  party.”  About  one-fourth  of  the  ma¬ 
terial  (with  notes)  prepared  on  this  trip  was  unfortunately  lost 
on  the  return,  being  mistaken  for  something  valuable  by  a  mis¬ 
guided  thief. 

In  preparing  the  plates  of  microscopic  detail  I  have  been 
assisted  by  Miss  Holland  and  Mr.  Couch.  Miss  Holland  has  made 
many  of  the  drawings  and  done  all  of  the  ink  work.  Mr.  Couch 
has  made  sections  and  done  much  of  the  drawing.  The  photo¬ 
graphs  have,  with  a  few  exceptions,  been  made  by  me,  and  a  good 
many  of  them  have  been  developed  and  printed  by  Mr.  Totten. 
The  plates  in  color  have  been  painted  by  the  following : 

Miss  Mary  E.  Eaton — pi.  1,  figs.  5  and  6;  pi.  9,  figs.  2-4;  pi. 
19,  figs.  3  and  4 ;  pi.  23 ;  pi.  28,  figs.  1  and  4 ;  pis.  39  and  63. 

Miss  Dorothy  Coker — pi.  19,  fig.  2 ;  pi.  28,  fig.  5 ;  pi.  50,  fig.  3. 

Miss  Gladys  Coker — pi.  9,  fig.  1 ;  pi.  SO,  fig.  1. 

Miss  H.  C.  V.  d.  Pavord  Smits — pi.  50,  fig.  2. 

Miss  Cornelia  S.  Love — pi.  1,  figs.  2,  3,  4,  and  8;  pi.  28,  figs.  3 
and  6. 

Miss  Alma  Holland — pi.  28,  fig.  2. 

Miss  Ann  Hibbard — pi.  1,  fig.  7;  pi.  19,  fig.  1. 

Mrs.  Edith  Branson  Smith — pi.  1,  fig.  1. 

All  of  the  paintings  and  photographs  except  that  of  C.  Murrilli 
were  made  from  the  living  plants. 

Recently  there  has  appeared  Burt’s  important  paper  on  the 
North  American  Species  of  Clavaria  (see  p.  14).  As  the  present 
study  was  in  proof  at  the  time,  I  have  made  but  sparing  reference 
to  his  work,  and  only  when  there  is  divergence  of  opinion.  The 
second  volume  of  Buller’s  Researches  on  Fungi  has  also  just 
reached  me.  In  this  several  pages  are  devoted  to  spore  formation 
and  discharge  in  the  Clavarias.  The  only  important  observation 
recorded  by  him  concerns  spore  discharge  in  C.  formosa,  which 
was  found  to  resemble  closely  that  of  other  Hymenomycetes.  He 
says  (p.  185) : 

‘'Shortly  before  a  spore  was  to  be  discharged,  a  drop  began  to 
be  excreted  at  the  spore-hilum.  As  soon  as  this  drop  had  grown 
for  about  five  seconds  and  had  attained  a  diameter  equal  to  about 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  5 

three-quarters  or  the  whole  of  the  diameter  of  the  spore,  the 
spore  was  discharged.  The  spore  and  drop  were  shot  away  from 
the  sterigma  together,  the  spore  doubtless  with  the  drop  clinging 
to  it  as  in  other  Hymenomycetes.  The  four  spores  of  each  ba- 
sidium  were  discharged  successively  in  the  course  of  a  few  min¬ 
utes.” 

Buller  makes  the  mistake  of  saying  that  the  basidia  of  Clav- 
ariae  have  four  sterigmata  and  four  spores.  There  are  numerous 
exceptions  to  this.  He  expresses  doubt  as  to  the  presence  of  a 
hymenium  on  the  top  of  the  club  in  C.  pistillaris.  We  have  found 
that  the  hymenium  does  in  fact  completely  cover  the  top  (see  also 
Harper,  Mycologia  5:  263.  1913). 

I  have  made  few  references  to  Rahnesque’s  unrecognizable 
species.  The  curious  may  find  them  in  Burt’s  monograph. 

The  genus  Clavaria  as  at  present  constituted  is  so  large  and 
polymorphic  as  to  be  impossible  of  definition  except  in  the  most 
general  terms  and  then  only  vaguely  and  without  sharp  distinctions 
from  its  relatives.  The  family  Clavariaceae  as  represented  with 
us  is  usually  divided  into  six  genera,  Lachnocladium.  Pteriila, 
Clavaria,  Pisfillaria,  Typhula  and  PJiysalacriaC  Of  these,  Pistil - 
laria  and  Typhula  cannot  be  satisfactorily  separated  from  each 
other,  and  can  with  difficulty  be  distinguished  from  certain  small 
Clavarias.  In  several  slender  Clavarias  the  stems  are  sharply 
distinct  from  the  clubs,  thus  leading  to  Typhula,  while  such  species 
as  C.  mucida,  and  C.  vernalis  lead  directly  to  Pistillaria.  The 
presence  of  a  sclerotium  at  the  base  is  sufficient  to  separate  some 
species  of  Typhula  and  Pistillaria  from  Clavaria,  but  a  sclerotium 
is  absent  in  other  species.  The  genus  Lachnocladium  was  estab¬ 
lished  to  include  those  species  of  tough  structure  and  with  tomen- 
tose  surface,  but  as  now  constituted  it  is  in  complete  confusion 
with  Clavaria  (see  p.  194). 

I  am  not  attempting  to  treat  other  genera  of  Clavariaceae,  but 
am  including  the  only  species  of  Lachnocladium  I  find  in  Chapel 
Hill  and  also  the  two  largest  American  species  of  Typlnda,  one 
of  which  is  commonly  referred  to  Clavaria. 

*I  exclude  Sparassis,  which  is  now  known  to  belong  to  the  Thelcphoraccae.  See 
Journ  Elisha  Mitchell  Sci.  Soc.  36:  193.  1921.  Physalacria  has  also  been  excluded 
recently  (see  p.  8).  The  genus  Acurtis  was  established  by  Fries  to  contain  Schweinitzs 
C.  gigantea.  1  have  examined  the  authentic  specimen  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium  and 
agree  with  Burt  that  it  is  an  aborted  agaric. 


6 


vAS  OF  THE  United  States  and  Canada 


In  add>  m  to  the  genera  above  mentioned  and  those  discussed 
under  the  genus  Clavaria,  there  have  been  several  others  proposed. 
Patouillard  in  his  Essai  taxonomique  Hymen.,  p.  44,  1900,  has  got 
these  together  in  convenient  form  and  adequately  defined  them. 
For  convenience  I  give  below  his  descriptions  of  the  genera  now 
accepted  by  him,  but  not  treated  by  me,  and  not  yet  fully  accepted 
by  mycologists. 

CeratcIIa  (Quel.)  Pat.  Hymen.  Eur.,  p.  157.  1887.  ( Used  as 

a  sub-genus  or  group  name  by  Quelet  in  Enchiridion,  p.  222. 
1886) : 

‘'Waxy  or  tough,  filiform,  simple  or  branched,  sessile  or  stipi- 
tate,  ending  in  a  point.  Hymenium  surrounding  the  middle  part 
of  the  plant,  lacking  at  the  base  and  at  the  top.  Flesh  formed  of 
parallel,  not  very  numerous  hyphae,  septate,  often  encrusted  with 
calcium.  Basidia  as  in  Pistillaria ;  cystidia  pointed,  projecting, 
delicate,  small;  spores  hyaline,  smooth.  Small  species,  reviving 
when  moistened,  growing  in  colonies  on  vegetable  debris.  Ex¬ 
amples  are  C.  aculcata,  C.  Qucletii,  C.  Hclcnac,  C.  macrospora,  C. 
acuminata/'  [All  as  Pistillaria  in  Sacc.  Syll.  6:  758,  and  11 :  142. 
If  this  genus  is  accepted  difficulties  will  arise  with  other  species 
now  included  in  Clavaria.  For  example,  C.  vcrnalis  has  a  conspicu¬ 
ous  sterile  tip,  which  is  usually  covered  with  crystals  in  the  dry 
state.  Other  well  known  species  of  Clavaria,  as  C.  anrantio-cinna- 
barina,  C.  filipes,  and  sometimes  C.  hclvcola,  have  sterile  tips  which 
in  drying  shrink  less  and  take  a  different  color,  appearing  like 
little  caps  set  on  the  ends  of  the  clubs] . 

Pistilhna  Quel.  Compt.  Rend.  Assoc.  Fr.,  1880,  p.  671.  1881. 
(Sphaerula  Pat.  Tab.  Fung.,  fasc.  1,  p.  27.  1883). 

“Receptacle  quite  small,  erect  or  hanging,  slightly  tough, 
formed  from  a  cylindrical  stem,  glabrous  or  tomentose,  enlarged 
at  the  top  into  a  convex  disk  covered  by  the  hymenium  and  some¬ 
times  edged  with  hairs.  Flesh  filamentous  as  in  Pistillaria,  Ba¬ 
sidia  with  2-4  sterigmata.  Spores  hyaline,  ovoid,  smooth.’’ 

Here  belong  P.  hyalina,  P.  brunneola,  P.  ca  pit  at  a.  [All  as  Pis- 
tiUaria  in  Sacc.  Syll.  6:  759.  This  genus  seems  to  me  to  belong 
very  doubtfully  in  the  Clavariaceac,  but  probably  to  be  related  to 
Cyphclla  in  the  Thclcphoraceae], 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and-  a  7 

Hirsutella  Pat.  Revue  Mycol.  14:  69.  1892.  {^'^  vlatriichotia 
Boulanger,  Revue  Gen.  Bot.  5:  401.  1893).* 

‘'Receptacle  Hliform,  erect,  fleshy,  waxy  or  tough,  simple  or 
branched.  Flesh  filamentous,  rather  compact,  composed  of  a 
small  number  of  hyphae,  parallel  and  septate.  Hymenium  sep¬ 
arated  into  solitary  parts,  scattered  over  all  the  parts  of  the  re¬ 
ceptacle;  basidia  1-2-4-spored,  generally  with  elongated  sterig- 
mata ;  cystidia  none ;  spores  hyaline,  ovoid,  smooth.  Small  species, 
growing  on  dead  organic  matter. 

“This  genus  includes  five  or  six  European  and  two  American 
species.  Hirsutella  entomophila  Pat.  with  one-spored  basidia 
rises  from  a  hypochnoid  layer  which  surrounds  the  bodies  of  dead 
Coleopteras  at  the  Equator;  H.  setosa  Pk.  (Ptcrula),  which  grows 
in  the  United  States  on  old  polypores,  is  a  tough  species  with  2- 
spored  basidia  and  extremely  elongated  sterigmata,  sometimes 
septate  or  branched  (abnormally)  ;  H.  gracilis  (Desm.)  is  more 
delicate  and  grows  on  rotten  weeds  around  Paris;  H.  varians 
(Boul.)  has  been  observed  in  laboratory  cultures. 

'"Hirsutella,  very  distinct  in  its  discontinuous  hymenium,  is 
the  lowest  form  of  the  Clavaria  type ;  it  has  a  marked  tendency  to 
take  the  hypochnoid  arrangement  and  resembles  certain  hypho- 
mycetes  in  its  forms  with  irregular  sterigmata.’’ 

Baumanniella  P.  Hennings.  Engler’s  Bot.  Jahrb.  23 :  543. 
1897.  Exactly  like  Fhysalacria,  except  that  the  spores  are  brown. 

“Only  one  species  is  known,  B.  Togocusis  P.  Henn.  from 
tropical  Africa,  which  has  one-spored  basidia  and  rather  gelati¬ 
nous  receptacle.” 

CLAVARIACEAE 

Plants  erect,  simple  and  slender  or  club-shaped,  or  more  or 
less  forked  or  branched  in  an  antler-like  or  coral-like  or  dendroid 
manner,  or  (in  Ptcrula)  composed  of  very  many  hair-like  branches 
from  a  simple  base;  size  varying  from  simple  little  slender  hairs 
or  rods  to  large,  heavy,  much  branched  masses ;  texture  soft, 
fleshy  and  brittle  or  waxy,  or  toughish  and  pliable ;  hymenium 
covering  most  of  the  plant,  usually  all  except  a  moi  e  oi  less  well 
defined  part  of  the  base  or  stem,  which  may  fade  imperceptibly 
into  the  upper  part  or  be  more  or  less  sharply  delimited  by  a  change 
in  size  or  color.  In  some  species  of  Clavaria  there  are  sterile  lines 
or  areas  here  and  there  on  the  plant,  particularly  in  the  forks, 

*  According  to  Speare  the  original  species  of  Hirsutella  is  really  a  Hyphomycete 
(see  Fetch  in  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  9:  93.  1923). 


8 


L  .AVARIAb  OF  THE  UNITED  StATES  AND  CANADA 


which  ar  distinctly  velvety  or  plush-like,  and  such  sterile  places 
may  occur  in  both  the  brittle  and  pliable  species.  Spores  white 
or  yellowish  or  brownish,  smooth  or  rough  to  spiny.  Subiculum 
none,  the  mycelium  penetrating  the  substratum;  obvious  rhizo- 
morphs  present  in  some  species. 

Key  to  the  Genera  Recognized 

Plants  club-shaped  or  cylindrical  or  much  branched  in  a  coral-like  or  broom¬ 
like  manner,  branches  or  clubs  not  so  delicate  as  to  be  hairlike  on  drying ; 
texture  fleshy  and  brittle  or  pliable,  never  very  tough  or  leathery ;  neither 
hymenium  nor  growing  tips  tomentose . . . . . Clavaria  (p.  8) 

Plants  small  to  large,  branched,  hymenium  tomentose,  or,  if  smooth,  the  tips 
of  the  growing  branches  strongly  tomentose ;  texture  pliable,  very  tough ; 
spores  white  or  brown,  smooth  or  rough . LacJino-cladmm  (p.  194) 

Plants  much  branched  from  a  delicate  base,  the  branches  very  slender,  hair¬ 
like  on  drying . . . P ferula  (p.  202) 

Plants  very  small,  simple,  club-shaped  and  less  than  2  cm.  high,  the  short 
stalk  relatively  stout ;  a  sclerotium  present  in  some  species 

Pistillaria  (not  treated) 

Plants  simple  or  sparsely  branched,  small,  slender,  the  clubs  cylindrical  or 
narrowly  fusiform;  the  cylindrical  stem  smaller  and  (with  a  few  ex¬ 
ceptions)  sharply  distinct;  a  sclerotium  often  present 

Typhula  (p.  200) 

Plants  small,  with  a  slender  stalk  supporting  an  irregular,  swollen  bladder, 
the  under  side  of  which  is  covered  with  the  hymenium.. . PJiysalacria^ 


Clavaria 

Upright,  simple,  or  slightly  to  repeatedly  branched,  the  hy¬ 
menium  glabrous  and  extending  over  all  the  plant  (amphigenous) 
except  the  stem  when  that  is  discrete,  a  variable  area  at  the 
base  when  the  stem  is  not  discrete,  and  also  excepting  in  many 
cases  certain  sterile  and  often  plush-like  areas  in  the  angles  of  the 
branches  which  may  extend  rather  extensively  in  some  species 


*  In  a  recent  paper  Krieger,  for  apparently  good  reasons,  removes  this  genus  from 
the  Clavariaccae  and  places  it  in  a  primitive  position  in  the  Agaricaccae  (Bull.  Mary¬ 
land  Acad.  Sci.  3:  7.  1923).  He  finds  the  cap  (club)  of  P.  ijiflata  to  be  two-sided 

(dorsi-ventral)  with  the  upper  side  sterile  and  of  a  different  color  and  texture,  and  he 
considers  the  folds  on  the  lower  surface  as  more  or  less  gill-like.  Krieger  changes  the 
generic  name  to  Eoagaricus,  but  the  rules  of  nomenclature  do  not  permit  such  a  change. 
Two  North  American  species  of  Physalacria  have  been  described:  P.  iuflata  (Schw.) 

T.  B.  C.  9 :  2,  figs.  1-5.  1882),  a  plant  about  1.3-2. 7  cm.  high;  and  P.  Lang- 
E.  &  E.  (Journ.  Myc.  4:  73.  1888),  a  minute  plant  only  a  fraction  of  a  millimeter 

high.  We  have  the  former  in  Chapel  Hill  (No.  7034). 


9 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  aJid  Canada 

into  lines  or  areas  among  the  branches.  Texture  lieshy  and 
brittle  or  waxy,  or  often  toughish  and  flexible,  but  not  truly 
leathery  or  hard.  Spores  white  or  yellowish  to  brown,  smooth  or 
lough  to  aspei  ulate.  Uasidia  2-4-spored,  clavate.  Cystidia  absent 
in  nearly  all  species,  but  well  developed  in  C.  pyxidata.  Hymenium 
usually  simple,  but  in  a  number  of  species  doubled  or  even  quad- 
1  upled  by  the  laying  down  of  new  layers  over  the  old,  as  in  many 

polypores.  Saprophitic,  or  in  a  few  species  parasitically  associated 
with  algae. 

The  Clavarias  vary  greatly  in  form  and  size  from  very  small 
simple  clubs  or  rods  to  large  coral-like  masses  weighing  several 
pounds.  Most  of  the  larger  and  a  number  of  the  smaller  ones 
grow  on  the  ground,  but  many  species  grow  on  rotting  leaves  or 
on  wood.  The  stem,  if  present,  is  not  sharply  marked  off  as  a 
1  ule  from  the  spore-bearing*  part  of  the  plant,  but  is  usually  sterile, 
as  is  shown  under  a  lens  by  the  appearance  of  its  surface,  which 
is  different  from  the  more  waxy  hymenium  above.  In  a  few 
species,  however,  the  stem  is  distinctly  indicated  by  a  different 
color  or  an  abrupt  reduction  in  size  or  by  both. 

Most  of  the  species  are  tender  and  may  be  used  for  food  if 
large  enough,  but  they  vary  decidedly  in  palatability,  and  some 
are  apparently  unwholesome.  Those  that  we  have  found  to  be 
very  good  and  that  have  the  best  reputation  for  food  are  C. 
botrytis,  C.  flava,  and  their  kin.  Only  one  (C.  dichotoma)  has 
been  reported  as  causing  sickness  (Leuba,  Champ.  Comest.,  p.  77). 
It  is  probably  a  form  of  C.  cinerea  (C.  cristata).  It  is  to  be  noted, 
however,  that  Quelet  seems  to  consider  many  Clavarias  as  un¬ 
wholesome  (Apergu  Oualites  Utiles  ou  Nuisibles  des  Champ.,  p. 
12.  1884.  Abstract  from  Mem.  Soc.  Sci.  phys.  et  nat.  Bordeaux, 
3rd  ser.,  2).  Mcllvaine  (Am.  Fungi,  p.  513)  has  tested  many 
of  the  Clavarias  and  does  not  find  any  of  them  dangerous.  Of 
C.  cinerea  he  speaks  most  highly,  while  some  European  authors 
regard  it  as  unwholesome.  Among  edible  mushrooms  of  New 
York  Peck  includes  C.  botrytis,  C.  flaz^a,  and  C.  cristata  to  repre¬ 
sent  the  genus  (Rept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  48:  307.  1895.  2nd  ed.,  p. 
209,  pi.  39.  1897).  He  remarks  that  no  poisonous  species  are 
known.  Later  (Mem.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  3,  No.  4:  178,  pi.  66. 
1900)  he  illustrates  C.  pistillaris  among  edible  species  and  regards 
it  as  a  luxury,  as  does  also  Mcllvaine. 


10  Glavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

The  genus  comprises  such  a  varied  assortment  of  species  as  to 
be  easily  divided  into  a  number  of  groups  of  a  validity  at  least  equal 
to  accepted  genera  of  agarics  and  other  families  of  fungi.  To 
distinguish  sharply  such  groups  is,  however,  no  easier  than  in 
most  cases  of  such  splitting;  and  we  are  inclined  to  choose  here 
a  course  that  we  should  like  to  see  much  more  generally  followed, 
which  is  to  let  the  old  genera  alone  until  it  becomes  a  greater  in¬ 
convenience  to  retain  them  than  to  subdivide  them.  It  is  quite 
right  to  indicate  the  natural  groups  of  species  under  a  genus 
either  under  the  title  of  groups  or  sub-genera ;  but  there  is  no  good 
end  accomplished  by  establishing  genera  that  are  harder  to  define 
than  are  the  species  that  compose  them. 

We  have  attempted  below  to  arrange  the  species  in  natural 
groups  so  far  as  is  possible  with  our  present  knowledge  of  their 
structure. 

1.  Plants  small,  isolated  (not  cespitose)  ;  simple  or  slightly 
branched ;  of  flexible  or  brittle  texture ;  spores  smooth  and  white. 
Growing  on  the  ground  or  in  moss  or  on  rotten  wood  covered  with 
algae.  Related  to  Typhnla  and  Pistillaria.  Here  belong  C.  filipes, 
C.  gracillima,  C.  subfalcata,  C.  f  uscata,  C.  acuta,  C.  argillacea,  C. 
imicida,  C.  luteo-ochracea,  C.  biformis,  C.  vernalis,  C.  Macoimi, 
This  is  in  part  the  group  Holocoryne  of  Fries,  to  which  some  have 
been  added  and  some  withdrawn.  In  its  frequently  cespitose  habit 
C.  argillacea  connects  this  group  with  the  following. 

2.  Plants  typically  (?)  cespitose  or  in  small  clusters  (indi¬ 
viduals  may  be  isolated),  simple,  subcylindrical  to  clavate  or  fusi¬ 
form;  spores  white  or  (in  one  species)  pale  yellow,  smooth  or  (in 
one  species)  asperulate.  Growing  on  the  ground:  C.  helvcola,  C. 
rosea,  C.  fumosa,  C.  purpurea,  C.  nigrita,  C.  vermiculata,  C.  citri- 
ceps,  C.  appalachiensis,  C.  fusiformis,  C.  pulchra,  C.  aurantio- 
cinnabarina,  C.  asperulospora,  C.  inaequalis.  This  is  in  greater 
part  the  group  Syncoryne  of  Fries. 

3.  Plants  of  small  to  medium  size,  single  or  a  few  in  a  cluster, 
simple  or  branched  from  a  single  slender  stem  or  from  several 
slender  stems  united  at  the  ground;  pliable,  not  brittle;  spores 
of  moderate  size,  spherical  to  suboval,  smooth,  white;  basidia  4- 
spored.  Growing  on  the  ground :  C.  muscoides,  C.  cineroides. 

4.  Plants  of  small  to  medium  size;  single,  simple  or  much 
branched,  not  brittle ;  white,  gray,  pallid,  smoky,  dull  purplish,  etc. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Can  ad/  1 1 

(never  yellow  on  the  hymenium)  ;  spores  white,  subspherical, 
smooth,  rather  large ;  basidia  2-spored:  C.  cristata  (with  C.  rugosa, 
C.  cinerea,  etc.),  C.  amethystinoides,  C.  ornatipes.  This  group 
makes  up  the  genus  Clavulma  of  Schroeter  (Krypt.  FI.  v.  Schlesien 
3 :  442.  1888)  and  it  is  a  good  genus  according  to  all  ordinary 
standards,  and  includes  the  most  easily  defined  group  of  Clavarias. 

5.  Plants  large  or  moderately  small  clubs  with  soft,  spongy, 
white  flesh  which  is  solid,  or  in  age  hollow.  Spores  large,  smooth, 
white:  C,  pistillaris,  C.  ligiila.  This  group  leads  to  Craterellus. 

6.  Plants  long,  slender,  simple  clubs ;  pliable  and  with  a  large 
hollow  surrounded  by  a  thin  layer  of  flesh ;  spores  white,  smooth, 
large.  Growing  on  leaves  and  twigs  or  on  wood :  C.  fistidosa  and 
C.  contorta.  This  group  is  of  peculiar  structure  and  its  relation¬ 
ships  are  not  obvious.  It  is  probably  nearest  the  preceding  group. 

7.  Plants  small,  branched  from  several  crowded  stems,  not 
very  slender;  flesh  very  fragile  and  brittle;  spores  minute,  white, 
smooth.  Growing  on  ground  in  woods :  C,  amethystina.  This 
group  contains  a  single,  isolated  species,  the  relationships  of  which 
are  quite  obscure. 

8.  Plants  small  or  (in  a  few  species  rather  large),  not  cespi- 
tose,  pliable  and  toughish,  branched  from  a  distinct  stalk,  slender 
throughout,  spores  minute,  white,  asperulate  or  angular,  or  (in 
two  cases)  smooth.  Growing  on  the  ground,  or  (in  two  cases) 
on  wood  or  trash :  C.  rufipes,  C.  crocea,  C.  vestitipes,  C.  pulchella, 
C.  Kun^ei,  C.  arhorea,  C.  asterella,  C.  suhcaespitosa,  C.  lento- 
fragilis,  C.  angnlispora,  C.  pyxidata.  This  group  and  the  next 
lead  to  Lachnocladium. 

9.  Plants  rather  small  to  large,  much  branched,  pliable ;  spores 
smooth  or  nearly  so.  Growing  on  wood  or  beds  of  leaves  and 
twigs.  This  group  may  be  divided  into  three  sections:  (a)  Small 
plants  on  leaves  and  with  narrow,  smooth,  nearly  white  spores:  C. 
byssiseda,  C.  Patouillardii;  (b)  Small  plants  on  leaves,  with  small, 
nearly  smooth,  yellow  to  ochraceous  spores .  C.  gTcicdis ,  C .  sub- 
decurrcns;  (c)  Larger  plants  on  wood  or  leaves,  with  more  plump, 
faintly  rough,  buffy  to  ochraceous  spores :  C.  stricta,  C.  apiculata, 
C.  suecica,  C.  acris,  C.  pinicola. 

10.  Plants  small  to  large;  nearly  always  much  branched  and 
usually  from  a  bulky  base;  brittle  or  pliable.  Spores  yellow  or 
ochraceous,  usually  warted  or  aspeiulate  but  in  some  cases  smooth. 


12  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

rarely  very  small.  Growing  on  earth  or  in  humus.  This  large 
group  contains  a  varied  assortment  of  species  which  are  so  in¬ 
tricately  related  that  it  is  difficult  to  arrange  them  in  any  well- 
defined  series  or  in  natural  clans  that  would  contain  more  than  a 
few  species.  The  few  species  with  large,  smooth  spores  form 
an  obvious  clan.  They  are  further  distinguished  by  the  soft,  not 
brittle  flesh  and  pale  color.  These  are  C.  S trass eri,  C.  obtiisissima, 
and  C.  seciinda.  Another  natural  assembly  is  that  composed  of 
C.  botrytis,  C.  subbotrytis,  C.  sanguinea,  C.  flava,  and  C.  divari- 
cata.  Their  chief  characteristics  are  the  crisp,  rigid,  brittle  flesh, 
densely  branched  habit,  and  the  pale  and  only  faintly  roughened 
spores. 

It  is  this  group  10  that  composes  in  great  part  the  genus 
Clavariella  Karsten  as  amended  by  Schoeter  in  Krypt.  FI.  v.  Schle- 
sien  3 :  447,  1888,  and  with  further  amendment  by  the  addition  of 
C.  flava,  C.  botrytis,  and  their  kin,  which  from  Fries’s  day  to  very 
recently  most  authors  have  erroneously  classified  as  white-spored. 
Karsten  also  made  the  error  of  including  here  C.  pistillaris,  C. 
ligula,  C.  fistidosa  and  C.  paradoxa  which  are  white-spored;  but 
Schroeter  corrected  this  error.  Schroeter  confines  the  genus 
Clavaria  to  all  the  white-spored  species  not  included  in  his  genus 
Clazndina,  which,  as  above  stated,  comprised  the  cristata  group. 
In  redefining  Karsten’s  genus  Clavariella,  Schroeter  made  the 
mistake  of  saying  that  the  spores  were  smooth.  In  fact,  in  most 
species  of  Clavaria,  the  spores,  if  distinctly  colored,  are  rough. 

11.  Plants  large  to  small,  isolated,  or  in  small  clusters, 
branched,  stem  not  bulky,  texture  fleshy,  but  not  very  brittle; 
color  strong,  ochraceous,  cinnamon  or  brown,  tending  to  green  or 
purple  in  some  cases;  spores  dark,  ochraceous  or  brown,  pip¬ 
shaped,  spiny  or  warted.  Growing  on  rotting  leaves  or  humus : 
C.  grandis,  C.  cyanocephala,  C.  longicaulis,  C.  Broomei,  C.  Mur- 
rilli,  C.  decurrens,  C.  abietina,  C.  myceliosa.  This  is  a  well  marked 
group  and  is  represented  from  the  arctic  to  the  tropic  regions. 

The  genus  Ramaria  of  Holmskjold  (Beata  Ruris,  p.  XVII)  in¬ 
cluded  all  branched  Clavarias  and  if  not  too  strictly  interpreted 
it  did  no  great  violence  to  natural  relationships.  It  was,  however, 
not  recognized  by  Persoon  and  has  not  been  accepted  since  except 
as  a  sub-genus  or  group.  Holmskjold  confined  Clavaria  to  the 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  13 

simple,  club-shaped  species  and  did  not  further  subdivide  the 
Clavarias.  Persoon,  in  his  Mycologia  Europaea  (1:  160.  1822), 
recognized  only  the  genus  Clavaria  and  divided  the  species  into 
four  groups:  (a)  branched  or  coral-like;  (b)  clubs  elongated, 
thickened,  obsoletely  branched;  (c)  simple,  the  club  not  divided; 
(d)  Typhulae:  firm,  furnished  with  a  rather  distinct  and  elong¬ 
ated  stem.  [This  included  species  now  referred  to  Typhula  and 
Pistillaria] . 

In  arranging  the  species  of  Clavoria,  Fries  introduced  the  sub¬ 
headings  that  have  been  generally  used  since.  They  are  (a) 
Ramaria,  branched  species,  which  are  subdivided  into  white- 
spored  and  ochre-spored,  placing  C.  flava  and  C.  botrytis  in  the 
white-spored  group  in  error;  (b)  Syncoryne,  simple,  but  bases 
fasciculate,  sub-connate,  cespitose;  (c)  Holocoryne,  simple,  clav- 
ate,  bases  discrete. 

Aside  from  extreme  differences  in  size,  texture,  method  of 
branching  and  color,  the  spores  of  the  Clavarias  furnish  by  far  the 
most  reliable  characters  in  classification.  Fortunately  they  show 
a  wide  range  in  size,  shape,  surface  and  color  and  they  often  estab¬ 
lish  a  species  with  certainty  that  would  otherwise  be  obscurely  de¬ 
fined.  The  size  of  the  basidia  is  roughly  adjusted  to  that  of  the 
spores  and,  except  for  the  number  and  length  of  the  sterigmata, 
which  is  often  of  use,  they  help  but  little  if  the  spores  are  known. 
In  our  study  of  the  hymenium  we  have  come  across  the  important 
fact,  heretofore  unknown,  that  in  some  species  there  is  a  renewal 
of  the  hymenium  by  periodic  growth  so  that  a  younger  hymenium 
is  superimposed  as  a  new  layer  over  the  old  one,  resulting  in  two 
or  more  layers  of  basidia,  as  in  many  polypores.  This  is  well 
shown  in  C.  grandis  (pi.  90,  fig.  1),  C.  stricta,  C.  apiculata,  C. 
abietina  and  its  relatives,  C.  decurrens,  C.  siibdcciirrens  (  pi.  89, 
fig.  1 ) ,  etc.  Most  species  with  this  habit  are  otherwise  remarkable 
in  having  in  the  multiple  hymenium  vast  numbers  of  included 
spores  which  were  retained  and  overgrown  instead  of  being  shed. 
These  spores  are  often  arranged  in  rows,  thus  clearly  indicating 
the  number  of  hymenial  layers  laid  down.  This  is  particularly 
true  of  the  first  three  species  mentioned;  in  the  others  the  spores 
are  usually  more  evenly  scattered,  showing  more  irregular  prolifer¬ 
ation.  The  structure  of  the  flesh  is  not  in  any  way  remarkable 
amone  funM,  and  while  the  size  and  arrangement  of  the  compo- 


14 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


nent  threads  vary  decidedly  and  are  often  similar  in  related  groups, 
they  are  rarely  of  much  use  in  separating  related  species.  The 
threads  may  be  slender  and  densely  packed  or  large  and  loosely 
packed,  regular  or  irregular,  with  or  without  clamp  connections. 

LITERATURE 

The  literature  has  been  referred  to  throughout  this  work  under 
the  species,  but  for  convenience  we  will  add  here  the  longer 
American  lists  and  the  more  recent  monographs. 

Burt.  The  North  American  Species  of  Clavaria,  with  Illustrations  of  the 
Type  Specimens.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  1,  pis.  1-11.  1922. 

Cotton  and  Wakefield.  Revision  of  the  British  Clavariac.  Trans.  Brit.  Myc. 
Soc.  6 :  164.  1919. 

Kauffman.  Eungi  of  North  Elba.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  179:  80.  1915. 

Massee.  British  Eungi,  p.  433,  pi.  34  and  pi.  38,  fig.  6.  1911. 

Moffat.  The  Higher  Eungi  of  the  Chicago  Region.  Bull.  Chicago  Acad. 
Sci.  7:  141.  1909. 

Morgan.  Journ.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  11 :  86.  1888. 

Peck.  Rept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  24:  81,  104.  1872. 

Rea.  British  Basidiomycetes,  p.  705.  1922. 

Schweinitz.  Synopsis  fungorum  Carolinae  superioris.  Schr.  Nat.  Ges. 
Leipzig  1 :  20,  pis.  1  and  2.  1822. 

Schweinitz.  Synopsis  fungorum  in  America  boreali  media  degentium. 
Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  H,  4:  141.  1832. 

Key  to  the  Species  of  Clavaria 

Plants  simple,  or  at  times  forked  or  lobed  or  slightly  branched,  single  or 
crowded  into  groups  (cespitose) .  1 

Plants  with  a  slender  stem,  but  usually  more  or  less  branched  above,  the 
branches  comparatively  few  and  not  much  smaller  (at  times  thicker) 
than  the  stem;  spores  (except  in  C.  Murrilli,  where  they  are  long 
and  spiny)  subspherical,  smooth,  rather  large  (individual  plants  in 


this  section  vary  to  simple  or  only  flattened  or  antlered  above)  .  7 

Plants  as  above,  but  usually  more  branched  and  spores  smaller .  9 


Plants  much  branched  from  several  to  numerous  slender  stems  that  arise 
together  at  the  base;  color  pale  gray . C.  cineroides  (p.  78) 

Plants  as  above,  but  color  salmon  with  yellow  tips,  in  age  ochraceous  (see  also 
C.  formosa) . . . C.  conjunctipcs  (p.  131) 


03  00 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


15 


Plants  branched  and  more  bulky,  branches  usually  numerous  and  the  stem 
not  slender  or  very  distinct . . . 11 

1.  Long,  threadlike  and  pliable;  occurring  in  large  colonies  among  leaves 

Typhula  (p.  200) 

1.  Elongated  and  pliable,  but  not  threadlike  and  often  thickened  upward, 
with  a  large  hollow  and  very  thin  flesh;  spores  about  8-18/x  long 

C.  fistulosa  (p.  87) 

1.  Club-shaped,  usually  much  thickened  upwards,  simple  or  lobed,  color 
usually  reddish  tan  or  fleshy  brown  but  varying  to  chocolate  or  (in 
youth)  rosy;  flesh  pure  white,  soft  and  spongy,  thick,  often  hol¬ 
lowed  in  age;  spores  ovate-elliptic  or  long-elliptic,  about  9-IS[jl  long..  2 

1.  Texture  and  habit  varied,  if  hollow  then  the  flesh  thick  in  comparison; 

spores,  if  elongated,  smaller  (except  in  C.  argillacea) .  3 

2.  Large  and  thick,  growing  in  deciduous  or  mixed  woods,  spores  ovate- 

elliptic,  about  7-1 U  long... . C.  pistillaris  (p.  83) 

2.  Smaller,  growing  in  needles  or  twigs  of  conifers ;  spores  long-elliptic, 

about  11-19/x  long . . . . . C.  ligula  (p.  86) 

3.  Growing  on  decorticated,  rotting  logs  that  are  covered  with  green  algae ; 

very  small . . . . C.  mucida  (p.  30) 

3.  Growing  on  rotten  logs  or  pure  humus ;  stem  yellow  and  distinct  from 
the  club ;  spores  subspherical,  about  5  x  6/^ 

C.  appalacJiiensis  (p.  53) 

3.  Growing  as  a  parasite  on  live  mosses . Eocronartium^ 

3.  Growing  on  earth  or  humus  or  as  a  saprophyte  in  moss . . .  4 

4.  Odor  of  garlic  (onion),  at  least  when  crushed;  spores  4.4-6  x8-10/x 

C.  fuscafa  (p.  23) 

4.  No  odor  of  garlic.. . . .  5 

5.  About  2-5.5  cm.  high,  white  or  pale  yellow,  stem  distinct  from  the  club; 

spores  4.5-6x8-10.5^.... . . . . . C.  subfalcata  (p.  21) 

5.  Like  C.  subfalcata  except  for  the  narrower  spores,  which  are  3.6-4  x 

7.4-10/x . . . . . . ...C.  gracillima  (p.  23) 

5.  Like  C.  subfalcata  but  smaller  and  the  spores  about  4-6/x  long  on  an 

average . . . . . . . . C.  filipcs  (p.  20) 

5.  Resembling  C.  filipes,  but  3-7  cm.  tall,  pure  white,  and  spores  6-9  x  7-10 fx 

C.  acuta  (p.  25) 

5.  Dull  white  to  cream  color,  thickened  and  rugose  to  lobed  above ;  spores 

subspherical,  smooth,  large . . . . . C.  rugosa  (p.  68) 

5.  Deep  orange-red,  cespitose  or  single  ;  spores  subspherical,  about  5  x  6ju, 

C.  aurantio-cinnabarina  (p.  60) 
5.  Rosy  or  pink,  cespitose  or  single;  simple  or  flattened  or  toothed  above; 

spores  rod-elliptic,  3.5  x  6.6-7. 5/x . . . C.  rosea  (p.  40) 

5.  Blackish  brown  (amber  to  dusky  sepia),  single  or  cespitose;  spores 
ovate-elliptic,  2.7-3.2  x  5.5-6.3/x . . . . . C.  nigrita  (p.  43) 


*  Such  plants  have  been  considered  as  species  of  Clavaria  until  recently  when  Atkin¬ 
son  has  shown  them  to  belong  to  the  Auriculariaccae  (Journ.  Mycol.  8:  106.  1902).  For 
full  study  of  this  species  {Eocronartium  muscicola)  see  Fitzpatrick.  Phytopathology 
:  197.  1918,  and  Amer.  Journ.  of  Bot.  5  :  397.  1918.  According  to  Fitzpatrick  there 
is  only  one  species,  which  has  appeared  under  a  good  many  names. 


16 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


5.  Wood-brown,  4-7  cm.  high ;  spores  globose,  echiniilate 

C.  aspendospora  (p.  63) 

5.  Dingy  yellow  or  pale  cinereous;  spores  minute,  3-3.7  x  4.4-5. 2/x 

C.  Macouni  (p.  34) 

5.  White,  or  the  tips  yellowish,  very  brittle,  densely  clustered  to  single ; 
spores  pip-shaped  to  ovoid,  variable  in  size  and  form,  about  2. 5-3. 5  x 

4-6.5|tt . . . C.  verrniciilata  (p.  45) 

5.  Grayish  or  smoky  flesh  color,  tips  soon  blackish;  spores  not  very  dif- 
rent  from  the  above.... . C.  fumosa  (p.  50) 


5.  Purplish  or  isabelline ;  very  hollow;  spores  long,  about  2.5-4  x7-10/x 

C.  purpurea  (p.  51  ) 

5.  Plant  some  shade  of  yellow  or  orange  or  greenish  yellow  or  pale  buf¥ 

Spores  warted,  subglobose . . . C.  inaequalis  (p.  63) 

Spores  smooth  . . . . . . . . . . . .  6 

6.  Egg  yellow,  long-clavate  or  cylindric,  not  pointed,  stuffed  or  hollow ; 

spores  oblong-ovoid  with  a  large  eccentric  mucro,  about  4-6  x  6-7 fx 

C.  pulcJira  (p.  58) 

6.  Yellow,  hollow  (unless  flattened),  thickest  near  the  middle,  pointed,  the 
tips  soon  darker  and  shrunken ;  spores  spherical,  about  S-7 fx  thick 

C.  fusiformis  (p.  54) 

6.  Buffy  yellow,  cylindrical,  1.5-5  cm.  high,  brittle;  in  small  clusters  or 
single ;  flesh  yellowish ;  spores  commonly  2-3  x  6-8/x 

C.  Jiclveola  (p.  37) 

6.  As  above,  but  stouter,  the  stem  more  distinct  and  the  spores  larger, 

about  5-6  X  10-lU . . . . . . . ....C.  argillacca  (p.  28) 

6.  Pale  yellowish,  small,  0.6- 1.3  cm.  high,  single,  usually  forked  or  antlered 

above,  toughish,  the  base  covered  with  scurf  or  hairs;  odor  fetid; 

^  r  A  r  \  C.  luteo-ochracca  (p.  32) 
spores  minute,  oval,  2. 2-3. 5  x  3. 5-4.5a .  - 

I  C.  biformis  (p.  34) 
6.  Color  of  plant  and  size  of  spores  as  in  C.  luteo-ocJiracea,  but  not  forked 
above,  base  not  scurfy-hairy  and  no  bad  odor . C.  citriceps  (p.  49) 

6.  Yellow,  very  small,  simple,  gregarious,  about  8.5-12.5  mm.  high,  thick¬ 

ened  above;  spores  rod-elliptic,  about  2-3  x  6-1 U 

C.  vernalis  (p.  35  ) 

7.  Stem  long,  dark  brown,  the  lower  half  or  third  hispid  with  stiff, 

straight,  brown  hairs . C.  ornatipcs  (p.  67) 

7.  Stem  long,  pale  flesh  color,  loosely  covered  with  long,  flexuose,  whitish 
hairs . . . . . . . . . C.  Murrilli  (p.  190) 

7.  Stem  not  hispid  or  with  long  fibers  (the  stem  may  be  short-tomentose 

or  velvety  or  scurfy,  particularly  at  the  base) .  8 

8.  Plant  a  pale,  livid  flesh  color,  up  to  about  4.5  cm.  high ;  thickened  up¬ 

ward ;  taste  slight . . . . . . . C.  ametliystiuoidcs  (p.  65) 

8.  Plant  dull  yellow,  clear  yellow,  or  ochraceous  yellow ;  single  or  clus¬ 
tered,  slender  throughout ;  taste  rank  and  bitter 

C.  muse  aides  (p.  80) 

8.  Plant  varying  from  dull  pallid  or  creamy  white  to  grayish  flesh  color 
or  grayish  lavender,  the  lower  part  sometimes  blackish  (from  a  para- 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  17 

site),  or  yellowish,  thickened  or  expanded  upward  with  or  without 
branches,  the  tips  simple  or  crested.  These  are  simple  forms  of 

C.  cristata  (p.  68) 

8.  Plants  1-2  cm.  high,  with  a  distinct  brownish  stem  and  pale  club  which 

is  once  or  twice  forked  or  antlered . . . C.  rufipcs  (p.  106) 

9.  Growing  on  wood,  the  branches  terminating  in  expanded  cups,  from 

the  margins  of  which  other  branches  spring;  color  yellow  to  tan  or 
brownish  ;  taste  usually  acrid  ;  spores  smooth,  2.2  x  4/x 

C.  pyxidata  (p.  92) 

9.  Not  growing  on  wood  and  the  branches  not  expanded  into  cups. . 10 

10.  Pure  white,  or  at  times  pale  pinkish  upward,  pliable;  odor  of  old  ham; 
spores  nodulated,  5-7. 5/x  long - - - ..C.  angulispora  (p.  103) 

10.  Pure  white,  pliable,  small,  odorless;  spores  very  small,  minutely 

asperulate,  2.5-3.5  x  3.5-4.5/x.. . . . . . . . . C.  Kuncci  (p.  95) 

10.  White  or  nearly  so,  larger  and  more  fragile  than  C.  Kunzei  and  spores 
3.4-4  X  4-5.2/x  and  more  distinctly  asperulate 

C.  suhcaespitosa  (p.  101) 

10.  Form  and  spores  of  C.  Kuncei,  but  color  white  to  alutaceous,  and 
terminal  branches  rose  pink,  at  least  when  young 

C.  arborca  (p.  105) 

10.  Pure  white  or  pale  brown  or  cream,  except  for  rufescent  stem  or  stem 

base;  small;  spores  smooth,  al)out  2.8-3  x  4-5. 5/x _ C.  rufipcs  (p.  106) 

10.  White,  the  stalk  gray ;  spores  oval  to  subglobose,  asperulate,  4-6/x 
thick . . . . . . C.  lento fragilis  (p.  102) 

10.  Ochraceous,  flexible;  spores  oboval,  2.5-3  x4-5/x,  asperulate 

C.  asterclla  (p.  105) 

10.  A  beautiful  clear  violet  color  when  fresh;  spores  ovate-elliptic,  smooth, 
3.3-4  X  3.7-6.6/a.... . . . . . C.  amethystina  (p.  90) 

10.  Rich  chrome  orange  or  golden  yellow  throughout,  very  small  and  deli¬ 
cate;  spores  subspherical,  obscurely  asperulate,  2.5-2.7  x  3-3.3ju, 

C.  crocea  (p.  107) 

10.  Like  C.  crocca,  in  form  and  spores,  but  stem  white  and  branches 
lavender . . . . . . . . . C.  piilchclla  (p.  109) 

10.  Like  C.  crocea  in  color,  but  up  to  2.5  cm.  high,  and  stem  scurfy  and 

paler;  spores  minutely  asperulate,  3-3.7  x  3.5-4. 5/x 

C.  vestitipes  (p.  110) 

11.  Growing  on  wood  (trunks,  stumps  or  fallen  branches  and  twigs)  or  on 

bark  at  base  of  trees . . .  12 

11.  Growing  on  decaying  needles  of  coniferous  trees  (or  rarely  on  very 
rotten  coniferous  wood)  ;  size  small  to  medium . . . 14 

11.  Growing  on  the  ground  and  in  rotting  leaves  or  humus  in  deciduous  or 

mixed  woods . 18 

12.  Branches  usually  expanded  above  into  a  series  of  saucers  from  the 

margins  of  which  new  branches  arise ;  taste  usually  peppery ;  spores 
minute,  2.2  x  4/x.. . . . C.  pyxidata  (p.  92  ) 


18 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


12.  Branches  not  ending  in  expanded  saucers,  and  taste  not  peppery ;  spores 

larger . 13 

13.  On  wood  of  deciduous  trees;  spores  3.8-4.4  x  7.5-9fx....C.  stricta  (p.  162) 

13.  On  wood  of  coniferous  trees  or  on  bark  at  their  bases;  spores  3. 7-5. 5  x 

7.4-10/x . . C.  apiciilafa  (p.  157) 

C.  pinicola  (p.  161) 

13.  As  above  but  taste  acrid  and  spores  about  6-7 A fx  long 

C.  acris  (p.  162) 

13.  On  twigs  and  small  branches  of  deciduous  trees  or  from  leaves  mixed 

with  them;  spores  smooth,  2.9-4. 2  x  10-1 5/x . C.  byssiseda  (p.  152) 

14.  Plant  rather  small,  brownish,  with  a  slender  stem  which  extends  into 

the  leaves  as  a  whitish  root  covered  with  long  woolly  hairs 

C.  Murrilli  (p.  190) 

14.  Not  as  above . 15 

15.  Tips  lavender,  other  parts  creamy  ochraceous..-C.  subdccurrens  (p.  172) 

15.  Tips  not  lavender . 16 

16.  Whitish  when  young,  then  delicate  flesh  color,  the  base  pale  ochraceous ; 

spores  light  yellowish  ochraceous,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  3-3.3  x4.8-6|U,; 
odor  distinct,  a  medicinal  fragrance . . C.  gracilis  (p.  169) 

16.  Flesh  color,  in  age  tan  or  pale  cinnamon;  odorless,  taste  l)itter  when 
fresh  and  when  dry;  flesh  when  dry  very  soft  and  chalky  friable; 
spores  light  huffy  ochraceous,  minutely  rough,  2. 5-3. 7  x  7 A-^fx 

C.  suecica  (p.  168) 

16.  Yellowish  cinnamon  or  creamy  ochraceous;  spores  ochraceous . 17 

17.  Growing  among  rotting  pine  needles;  not  showing  green  stains;  spores 

distinctly  short-spinulose,  3.4-4  x  6.3-10/x 

C.  abietina,  form  (p.  182) 

17.  Growing  among  hemlock  or  spruce  (and  fir?)  needles;  spores  minutelv 
warted,  3-3.7  x  5-8. 5/x. 

Showing  green  stains  at  least  in  age 

C.  abietina,  typical  form  (p.  179) 
Not  showing  green  stains . . . C.  abietina,  flaccida  form  (p.  184) 

17.  Growing  on  redwood  needles  in  the  Pacific  states;  small  and  delicate; 

spores  minutely  papillate,  2-2.2  x  3.5-4/x . ...C.  niyceliosa  (p.  178) 

18.  Flesh  (at  least  below)  gelatinous  and  translucent;  taste  of  tobacco 

C.  gelatinosa  (p.  137) 

18.  Stem  pale  or  clear  lilac;  body  smoky  gray  or  smoky  cinnamon  when 
mature;  spores  cinnamon-buff . . C.  feniiica  (p.  135) 

18.  Tips  of  the  branches  rosy  red,  at  least  when  young,  and  strongly  con¬ 
trasting  with  the  pale  body ;  spores  light  huffy  yellow 

C.  botrytis  (p.  Ill) 

18.  lips  wine  color  (pale  rosy  vinaceous)  after  early  youth,  then  darker 
vinaceous  and  finally  dull  brick-brown ;  body  light  tan  when  fresh, 
the  stout  stem  often  stained  vinaceous  rose;  spores  striated,  rod- 
elliptic.  about  v').3-4  X  11-13/x . C.  rufescens  (p.  139) 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  19 

18.  Like  C.  riifescens  in  form,  texture  and  color  of  body,  but  tips  do  not 
become  wine-color  nor  does  the  base  stain  rosy  purple  when  bruised; 
spores  much  smaller,  3-4  x  6.6-8/x . . . C.  vcrna  (p.  141) 

18.  Shape  and  texture  as  in  C.  riifescens  and  base  staining  wine  color  when 
bruised,  but  color  a  faint  lavender-pink  in  body  and  odor  strong  of 
cocoa  butter . . . . . . ....C,  cacao  (p.  151) 

18.  Tips  pale  lavender-pink  when  young;  then  pinkish  cinnamon;  stem  dis¬ 
tinct;  cinnamon-brown;  flesh  when  dry  very  friable  and  chalky 

C.  siihspinulosa  (p.  133) 

18.  Tips  yellowish  until  maturity,  body  creamy  flesh  color  or  a  clearer  pink; 
flesh  not  very  crisp  or  brittle,  distinctly  pinkish  until  maturity ;  when 
dry  very  friable  and  chalky ;  spores  usually  distinctly  rough,  about 
4-6x8.5-12/^ . . . . . . . . . C.  formosa  (p.  127) 

18.  Colors  and  texture  when  fresh  about  as  in  C.  formosa  (tips  clear  light 
yellow,  body  saffron),  but  flesh  not  chalky  when  dry,  bases  very 
slender  and  crowded,  and  spores  smooth  and  much  smaller  (4-4.8  x 
5.5-8.3/x) . . . — . C.  conjunctipcs  (p.  131) 

18.  As  in  C.  conjimctipes,  but  odor  fragrant-oily  and  bases  less  slender 
and  crowded- . . . . . C.  c.  var.  odora  (p.  132) 

18.  Tips  white  when  young;  body,  and  tips  also  later,  a  clear  yellow;  flesh 
very  crisp  and  brittle . . C.  flava  (p.  120) 

18.  Ochraceous  buff  to  orange-buff  with  tint  of  cream  above,  flesh-orange 
below;  spores  about  as  in  C.  botrytis . C.  flava  var.  aurea  (p.  124) 

18.  Clear  pale  yellow  upward,  pale  fleshy  cream  in  body,  base  white ;  spores 
rough,  4-4.5  xlO-lU . . . . . C.  flava  var.  siibtilis  (p.  125) 

18.  Deep  flesh  color  or  coral  pink  all  over  to  near  maturity,  the  tips  con- 
colorous  or,  when  young,  paler  with  tint  of  cream ;  flesh  crisp  and 
brittle  as  in  C.  boirytis 

C.  subbotrytis  and  var.  intermedia  (pp.  116,  117) 

18.  Light  egg-yellow  or  creamy  pink,  all  parts  when  bruised  staining  deep 
blood-red  or  brownish  red . . — C.  sanguinca  (p.  118) 

18.  Entire  plant  whitish,  becoming  cream  colored 

C.  xanthosperma  (p.  141) 

18.  Fleshy  yellow,  tips  divaricating;  spores  nearly  smooth,  9-12. 5/x,  long 

C.  divaricata  (p.  126) 

18.  Pale  creamy  tan;  flesh  soft,  not  brittle,  stem  plump  and  distinct,  odor 
rather  rancid  like  old  ham — . - . C.  seciinda  (p.  150) 

18  Rich  huffy  orange  all  over,  the  base  not  staining  vinaceous  or  brown 

C.  aurea  (p.  142) 

18.  Rich  buffy  orange  or  brownish  tan  with  tint  of  pink  or  light  ochraceous 

yellow;  stem  indistinct,  the  pointed  base  easily  staining  brown  or 

vinaceous  brown  ;  spores  3. 7-5.3  X  7. 5-13/x 

C.  aurea  var.  australis  (p.  144) 

18.  Plants  about  1.5-3  cm.  high;  color  dull  creamy  white  then  olivaceous 
yellow ;  flesh  turning  dull  pink  at  once  when  cut ;  spores  pip-shaped, 
warted,  2.5-3  x  5-6.5/x . - . C.  decurrcns  (p.  174) 


20 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


18.  Plants  4-10  cm.  high ;  bufify  yellow,  then  Isabella  color  ;  flesh  turning 
pink  as  above ;  spores  also  the  same 

C.  dcciirrcns  var.  australis  (p.  177) 

18.  Color  pale  leather-tan,  the  base  darker;  small;  flesh  not  pink  when  cut; 
spores  smooth,  2.2  x  7.4-7. 7/x . C.  Patomllardn  (p.  156) 

18.  Pale  drab  except  for  the  olive  green  tips;  spores  rough,  4x  10-12/x 

C.  testaceoflava  var.  fcstaceoviridis  (p.  146) 

18.  Color  pale  cream  to  creamy  tan ;  base  stout,  not  changing  when  bruised ; 
flesh  soft,  moderately  brittle,  odor  mildly  rancid  on  fading ;  spores 

long,  smooth  (rough  in  a  form),  3-4.4  x  9-14. 5/x 

C.  obtusissima  (p.  146) 

18.  As  above,  but  spores  14-18ya  long..., . C.  Strassat'i  (p.  149) 

18.  Color  deep  brown  or  rusty  brown,  at  least  after  maturity ;  stem  distinct ; 

spores  strongly  warted  or  spiny,  deep  colored . 19 

19.  Plant  stout,  usually  large,  deep  brown  with  the  tips  whitish ;  spores 

antique  brown,  set  with  long,  sharp  spines,  about  6.3-7  x  11-13/x 

C.  grandis  (p.  192) 

19.  Base  slender  and  ending  in  a  long,  whitish,  woolly  root  which  runs 
among  the  leaves . C.  Miirrilli  (p.  190) 

19.  Base  without  a  rhizomorph  or  woolly  root ;  spores  reddish  ochraceous, 
distinctly  papillate,  4.4-6  x  12. 5-18.4/^, . . . C.  Broomei  (p.  186) 

19.  As  above,  but  at  times  with  a  smooth,  pinkish  rhizomorph  and  spores 
with  larger,  blunt  papillae,  4.8-5.3x8-ll/x . C.  longicaulis  (p.  187) 

19.  Like  C.  longicaulis,  but  said  to  be  intensely  caerulean  (blue  or  green?) 
above,  and  spores  larger  and  with  still  larger  papillae,  6-7.5  x9-15/x 

C.  cyanocepJiala  (p.  191) 

Clavaria  filipes  B.  &  Rav.  Grevillea  2  :  17.  1873. 

Plates  1  and  81 

Always  single  and  simple,  gregarious,  1.3-2. 4  cm.  tall,  stem 
as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  club  from  which  it  is  distinct  in 
smaller  size,  more  translucent  color  and  much  tougher  texture  ; 
club  terete,  nearly  cylindrical,  brittle  but  not  very  fragile,  about 
1-1.4  mm.  thick,  bluntly  pointed,  pale  whitish  cream  or  greenish 
cream,  the  tips  concolorous  in  youth  then  yellowish  then  reddish ; 
stalk  slender,  flexible,  glabrous  except  above,  where  it  is  pruinose, 
quite  tough,  pale  creamy  flesh  color,  the  base  often  distinctly  sur¬ 
rounded  by  a  little  boot  or  spreading  pad  of  white  mycelium; 
tasteless  and  odorless.  In  drying  the  plants  become  dark  car¬ 
tilaginous  in  color  and  appearance,  and  frequently  the  tips  can 
be  seen  to  be  less  shrunken,  taking  the  shape  of  a  little  cap. 

Spores  (of  No.  2806)  white,  elliptic,  with  a  small  eccentric 
mucro,  smooth  but  often  granular  with  the  appearance  of  being 
punctate,  when  quite  fresh  only  a  few  with  an  oil  drop, 
3. 7-4.4  X  5.2-7.S[j-,  most  about  4  x  6p..  Basidia  4-spored,  4. 8-5. 5  x 


Clavaria  subfalcata.  Blowing  Rock.  No.  5630 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  21 

22[x.  Hymenium  about  35[i.  thick,  densely  set  with  large  and  small 
crystals;  threads  of  flesh  variable  in  diameter,  up  to  9[x  thick, 
closely  packed,  parallel  in  longitudinal  section,  clamp  connections 
present. 

On  comparison  of  the  type  of  C.  filipes  at  Kew,  we  have  no 
doubt  our  plants  are  the  same.  There  are  three  plants  preserved 
in  good  condition,  all  with  long,  slender  stalks  very  distinct  from 
the  club  and  the  little  mycelial  boot  is  obvious;  spores  few  but 
apparently  similar,  3. 7-4.2  x  5.5-7.4[jl.  The  original  description 
(adapted)  is:  Pale  rufous;  stem  filiform,  distinct,  fistulose,  about 
one  inch  long,  springing  from  a  white  mycelium;  club  long,  cylin- 
dric,  curved,  about  as  long  as  the  stem.  On  the  ground.  South 
Carolina,  Ravenel,  No.  1488.  [The  words  “pale  rufous'’  almost 
certainly  refer  to  the  dried  plants.] 

The  types  of  C.  tenuipes  B.  &  Br.  at  Kew  are  unlike  our 
plants  and  are  certainly  a  dififerent  species  (see  Cotton  and 
Wakefield  in  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  6:  186.  1919). 

From  solitary  plants  of  C.  fragilis  and  C.  helve ola  the  present 
species  is  distinguished  by  the  longer,  tougher,  and  more  distinct 
stem,  the  different  spores,  and  the  usually  different  color. 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card  9:  pi.  9,  fig.  83.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2804-  On  bare  soil  under  Spirea,  July 
29,  1917.  No.  2806.  On  damp  soil  covered  with  algae  and  moss  pro- 
tonema,  under  hardwoods,  July  30,  1917. 

South  Carolina:  Ravenel.  (Kew  Herb.,  type). 

Alabama:  Pieters.  (Kew  Herb.,  as  C.  falcata). 

Clavaria  subfalcata  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6 :  58.  1908. 

Plates  2,  81,  and  91 

Single  or  sparingly  gregarious,  simple,  slender,  2. 5-5. 7  cm. 
high,  the  stalk  distinct,  0.8-2.8  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  terete, 
glabrous  except  for  the  faintly  fibrous  base,  pale  yellow  to  pale 
lemon  yellow,  varying  in  some  of  the  younger  or  more  delicate  to 
translucent  white.  Club  cylindric,  often  curved,  0.7-2. 6^  mm. 
thick,  terete  or  compressed,  not  rugose,  pale  creamy  white  in 
youth,  becoming  slightly  more  yellowish,  some  with  a  faint  wine 
tint  above,  drying  dull  ochraceous  or  buff ;  tips  rounded,  concol- 
orous.  Flesh  tender,  fibrous,  rather  brittle,  slivering  but  not 
snapping  at  an  angle  of  45°,  concolorous,  stuffed  and  often  hol¬ 
lowed  by  grubs ;  taste  and  odor  none. 


22  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Spores  (of  No.  5630)  pure  white,  smooth,  oval  to  oblong- 
elliptic,  with  a  large  oil  drop  and  a  small  eccentric  mucro,  4.5-6  x 
8-10.5[j..  Basidia  4-spored,  6.8-7.5[x  thick. 

This  is  certainly  C.  siibfalcata  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  Atkin¬ 
son  does  not  mention  any  color  except  white.  We  hnd  it  not  at 
all  rare  at  Blowing  Rock  in  exactly  the  same  kinds  of  places  in 
which  Atkinson  found  his  plants.  (He  also  found  it  on  sphag¬ 
num  on  Grandfather  Mountain. )  In  obviously  related  groups  on 
the  same  bank  one  finds  colorless  plants  (usually  the  youngest 
specimens)  mingled  with  the  colored  ones.  We  have  studied  an 
authentic  specimen  of  C.  siibfalcata  (No.  10689  from  Blowing 
Rock,  N.  C.,  mentioned  in  the  original  description,  now  in  the 
Bresadola  Herbarium)  and  hnd  spores  identical  with  No.  5630. 
There  are  also  two  other  collections  of  this  plant  in  the  Bresadola 
Herbarium  from  Atkinson,  one  (No.  14108)  under  the  unpub¬ 
lished  name  of  C.  albclla  (spores  “7-9  x  5-6(t”),  the  other  (No. 
13460)  with  spores  5-5.5  x  8-9. 3[x.  The  original  description  of 
Clavaria  subfalcata  is  as  follows  : 

“Plants  small,  entirely  white  when  fresh,  yellowish  when  dry, 
rarely  white,  very  slender,  1-3  cm.  high,  1  mm.  stout;  clavula  dull 
white;  stipe  distinct  and  transparent,  with  white  mycelium 
spreading  over  substratum.  Basidia  4-spored.  Spores  oval-sub¬ 
elliptical,  thin-walled,  granular,  smooth,  7-10x5-7[j.,  in  age  with 
a  large  oil  drop.  Near  Clavaria  affinis  but  spores  not  punctate.’^ 

The  present  species  is  obviously  very  near  C.  gracilUma 
(which  see).  Their  nearest  relative  is  C.  fnscata  which  can 
hardly  be  distinguished  except  by  the  odor  of  garlic  and  the  two- 
spored  basidia.  Clavaria  sphagnicola  Bond.  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr. 
33 :  12,  pi.  4,  fig.  3.  1917)  is  very  near  and  perhaps  identical  with 
the  present  species,  but  is  described  as  having  the  stalk  not  dis¬ 
tinct  and  the  color  as  shown  is  a  brighter  yellow.  Clavaria  argil- 
lacea  differs  distinctly  in  being  larger  and  much  stouter  upward, 
in  the  thicker  and  shorter  stem,  and  in  the  more  crowded  habit. 

Illustration  :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9  :  pi.  9,  fig.  80.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Blowing  Rock.  Coker,  No.  5573.  In  Cladonia  and  mosses 
on  a  roadside  bank,  August  19,  1922.  Spores  4.4-6.6  x  7.8-1  U.  No. 
5630.  Same  site  as  above,  August  20,  1922.  No.  5869.  On  bank  by 
roadside,  August  27,  1922.  (Above  colls,  in  U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Also 
found  by  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Her!),  and  Bresadola  Herb.,  types). 

Grandfather  Mountain.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.). 


Clavakia  MUciDA.  No.  3579. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


23 


New  York:  Ithaca,  etc.  (Cornell  Herb.). 

Long  Island.  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  October  27,  1912.  Harper.  (N.  Y. 
Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  vermiculata) .  “Nearly  white,  solitary,  obtuse, 
4.5  cm.  high.”  We  find  the  spores  to  be  smooth,  elliptic,  about  5  x 

Clavaria  gracillima  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  28:  53,  pi.  1,  fig. 
9.  1876.  (Not  C.  ^raa7/ma  Wakker.  De  Ziekten  van  het 
Suikerriet  op  Java,  p.  195.  1898.) 

Plate  91 

Peck’s  description  follows : 

''Simple,  very  slender,  smooth,  about  V  high,  rather  tough; 
club  acute  or  acuminate,  pale  yellow,  a  little  thicker  than  the  long 
slender  distinct  bright  yellow  shining  stem. 

"In  this  species,  as  in  C.  argillacea,  the  hymenium  is  quite  dis¬ 
tinct  from  the  stem.” 

The  types  at  Albany  look  exactly  like  C.  subfalcata  in  general 
appearance,  size,  etc.,  but  we  find  the  spores  to  be  distinctly  nar¬ 
rower  and  of  somewhat  different  shape  from  the  latter.  They 
are  smooth,  subelliptic  to  pip-shaped,  with  somewhat  curved 
apical  mucro,  3.6-4  x  7.4-1  Op-.  The  basidia  are  club-shaped, 
4-spored,  about  6  x  30p-.  While  this  difference  does  not  seem 
great,  it  has  proved  consistent  in  all  collections  of  C.  subfalcata 
examined,  and  we  therefore  hesitate  to  combine  them.  It  would 
probably  be  best  to  consider  the  difference  only  varietal. 

Illustration  :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9  :  pi.  9,  fig.  87.  1922. 

New  York;  Northville.  Among  moss  in  a  pasture.  (Albany  Herb.,  type). 

Clavaria  fuscata  Oud.  Arch.  Neerl.  2:  35,  pi.  1,  fig.  1.  1867. 
C.  foetida  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6 :  56.  1908. 

Plate  81 

Plant  1.5-2. 1  cm.  high  (up  to  6  cm.  in  C.  foetida),  the  color¬ 
less,  translucent  stalk  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  opaque  white 
or  pale  yellow,  blunt  club,  with  which  it  contrasts  strongly  but 
into,  which  it  fades  gradually.  Stalk  about  0.9  mm.  thick;  club 
1.4  mm,  thick,  larger  and  more  yellowish  upward.  Base  of  stem 
smooth  but  springing  from  a  more  or  less  obvious  mycelial  film. 
Texture  of  club  brittle,  snapping  clean  at  45°,  stem  not  brittle, 


24  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

bending  on  itself  without  breaking.  Odor  strong  of  garlic,  taste 
mildly  similar.  The  odor  of  the  undisturbed  plant  is  noticeable 
only  when  close  to  the  nose,  but  if  put  in  water  or  crushed  a  little 
it  may  be  detected  a  foot  or  more  away.  When  young  and  very 
fresh  the  plants  are  white,  but  the  club  very  soon  begins  to  turn  a 
dull  creamy  yellow,  which  is  the  color  of  the  dried  plants  (the 
stalk  remaining  colorless  until  dry). 

Spores  (of  No.  3459)  smooth,  oval-elliptic,  with  a  large  oil 
drop,  4.4-6  X  8-1 0[i..  Basidia  (of  No.  3485)  about  6.6-7.5[j.  thick, 
2-spored. 

We  have,  fortunately,  been  able  to  see  authentic  specimens 
from  the  type  locality  (Amsterdam,  in  a  conservatory  box  con¬ 
taining  Philodendron) ,  collected  by  Oudemans  himself  and  now  in 
the  Fries  Herbarium.  They  are  the  size  of  Atkinson’s  C.  foetida, 
and  it  seems  now  obvious  that  the  two  species  are  the  same,  though 
one  would  not  be  sure  of  it  from  the  descriptions.  The  data  as 
to  spores  and  basidia  of  C.  fuscata  seem  never  to  have  been  pub¬ 
lished.  We  find  them  to  agree  closely  with  Atkinson’s  figures 
(spores  of  C.  fuscata  subspherical  to  short-elliptic,  smooth,  5.5- 
7.4  X  7-8.5 [i.;  basidia  2-spored,  5-6[ji  thick).  Oudemans  does  not 
mention  any  distinct  odor,  but  Miss  Catherine  Cool  of  the  Ryks 
Museum,  Leyden,  has  given  us  notes  on  the  fresh  condition  and 
a  painting  which  supply  important  details.  She  says :  “The 
specimens  here  figured  were  collected  by  me  in  November,  1918. 
When  fresh  the  fungus  is  of  a  pure  white  color;  collected  they 
turn,  especially  on  the  top,  to  a  brownish  color.  When  undis¬ 
turbed  they  have  no  odor,  but  when  collected  the  odor  of  onion  is 
very  strong.”  Miss  Cool’s  plants  were  taken  from  the  same  con¬ 
servatory  box  as  the  original  collection,  and  she  says  they  have 
appeared  there  every  month  in  recent  years.  This  data  leaves  no 
distinction  of  any  consequence  between  this  and  the  American 
plant. 

After  writing  the  above  we  received  from  Miss  Cool  fresh 
plants  collected  by  her  on  the  roots  of  Cyathea  in  the  Botanical 
Gardens  at  Leyden,  November  11,  1922.  To  our  surprise  the 
plants  arrived  in  living  condition,  undecayed,  and  their  strong 
odor  of  garlic  was  still  very  noticeable.  The  clubs  had  faded  a 
little  and  were  not  brittle;  when  quite  fresh  they  may  have  been 
more  fragile.  Miss  Cool  has  no  notes  on  this  point.  The  stems 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  25 

of  these  slightly  faded  plants  were  nearly  white,  not  sharply  dis¬ 
tinct  from  the  dull  cream  colored  clubs.  For  a  later  and  fuller 
description  of  C.  f  uscata  by  Oudemans,  see  Rev.  Champignons  1 : 
439.  1892. 

Our  Chapel  Hill  plants  are  a  small  form  of  the  species. 
Otherwise  they  agree  well  with  the  European  and  New  York 
plants. 

The  type  of  C.  foetida  in  Ithaca  consists  of  one  good  plant 
and  a  few  fragments.  A  note  accompanying  it  says  “odor  of 
skunk  cabbage.’’  The  plant  is  long  and  slender  and  largest  in  the 
middle.  We  could  find  no  spores.  Atkinson’s  description  follows : 

“Plants  white,  yellow  when  dry,  stipe  not  distinct,  gradually 
tapering  below,  4-6  cm.  high,  1.5-2  mm.  stout.  Odor  of  garlic. 
Basidia  2-spored.  Spores  oboval,  granular,  then  with  a  large  oil 
drop,  6-9  X  5-7[jl.” 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  9,  fig.  81  (as  C.  foetida). 
1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  3459.  On  sandy  soil  with  humus  at 
Meeting  of  the  Waters,  August  16,  1919.  No.  3475.  In  damp,  sandy 
humus,  deciduous  woods,  August  22,  1919.  Spores  4.8-6. 6  x  7.5-9-8/x. 
No.  3485.  Same  spot  as  No-  3475,  August  23,  1919. 

New  York:  Ithaca.  Ferguson.  (Cornell  Herb.,  as  type  of  C.  foetida,  No. 
7740). 

Clavaria  acuta  Sow.  Engl.  Fungi,  pi.  333.  1803. 

IClavaria  falcata  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  81  (213).  1797. 

Plates  81  and  92 

This  classical  product  of  conservatory  tubs  has  rarely  been 
collected  in  America.  We  have  found  it  in  some  quantity  in  a 
large  tub  in  the  main  conservatory  range  in  the  New  York  Botan¬ 
ical  Garden.  The  plants  ran  considerably  smaller  than  usually 
reported,  but  were  otherwise  typical.  They  were  growing  in  the 
same  tub  with  C.  hiteo-ochracea,  which  see  for  comparison.  Our 
plants  may  be  described  as  follows : 

Single  or  approximated  in  small  clumps,  1-2  cm.  high,  nar¬ 
rowly  clavate  or  cylindrical,  terete,  about  1-1.3  mm.  thick  above, 
tapering  downward,  the  stalk  about  0.5-1  cm.  long  and  very  trans¬ 
lucent;  club  blunt  or  a  little  pointed;  milk-white  throughout;  tex¬ 
ture  brittle,  snapping  clean  on  bending;  solid.  Taste  slight,  a  little 
mouldy ;  odor  none. 


26 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


Spores  white,  smooth,  subspherical  with  one  side  usually  flat¬ 
tened,  and  with  a  distinct  apical  mucro,  6. 5-8.5  x  7.5-10[j..  Basidia 
^1-spored,  considerably  enlarged  at  the  end,  7-9  x  25-30[t. 

The  plant  reaches  a  considerably  larger  size  than  shown  in  our 
collection.  Cotton  says  (Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3:  31.  1908) 
“3-7  cm.  high,  slender,  2-3  mm.  thick.”  Cotton  says  further: 

“The  frequent  occurrence  of  C.  acuta  in  greenhouses  has  been 
noted  by  several  writers.  Schroeter,  for  instance,  states 
(Kryptogamen  Flora  von  Schlesien,  vol.  iii :  p.  444)  that  in  Bres¬ 
lau  Botanical  Gardens  it  regularly  occurs  in  certain  large  pots,  pro¬ 
ducing  crops  which  continue  for  several  weeks.  At  Kew  the 
plant  behaves  in  a  similar  manner.  Presumably,  the  mycelium 
is  introduced  with  the  turfy-loam  employed  in  potting.  It  is 
quite  possible  that  the  plant  described  by  Per  soon  (1797)  as  C. 
falcata  (a  name  kept  up  in  Continental  works)  is  the  same  species 
as  C.  acuta.  Persoon’s  description  is,  however,  hardly  sufficient 
to  justify  the  adoption  of  his  name.” 

We  have  found  but  one  plant  in  American  herbaria  that  seems 
to  be  what  is  referred  to  this  species  or  to  C.  falcata  by  European 
botanists.  It  is  a  collection  under  the  name  of  C.  falcata  by 
Schweinitz  from  Salem,  N.  C.,  now  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium  at 
Cambridge.  There  are  two  plants  on  clay  soil,  1.5-2  cm.  high,  the 
stalks  apparently  distinct  and  a  little  darker  than  the  clubs,  about 
5-6  mm.  long;  clubs  tapering  towards  the  stalk,  one  pointed,  one 
sub-acute  at  tip,  rugose-wrinkled,  ochraceous,  about  1  mm.  thick. 
The  spores  are  subspherical,  7-8fji  in  diameter  and  exactly  like 
the  spores  of  our  C.  acuta  and  of  the  European  C.  acuta  from 
Cotton  (Wales).  The  latter  are,  according  to  our  measurements, 
6.5-8[i-  thick.  Another  collection  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium  under 
the  same  name  from  Alabama  (Pieters)  appears  to  be  different, 
and  is  probably  not  C.  falcata.  Plants  in  the  Cornell  Herbarium 
labelled  C.  acuta  (No.  9659)  look  like  C.  vcruiiculata  and  from 
the  full  notes  attached  are  almost  certainly  that  species. 

In  the  Curtis  Herbarium  are  also  three  collections  labelled  C. 
acuta — Society  Hill,  S.  C.  (Curtis),  Santee  Canal,  S.  C.  (Rave- 
nel),  and  Massachusetts  (Sprague).  All  are  very  small  clubs 
growing  on  earth.  No  spores  could  be  found  on  any  of  them 
and  it  is  more  than  likely  that  none  of  them  is  C.  acuta. 


PLATE  4 


Clavakia  helveula.  No.  2793. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  27 

As  understood  by  Patouillard,  C.  falcata  seems  to  differ  from 
the  English  idea  of  C.  acuta  in  the  two-spored  basidium  and  the 
less  distinct  stem.  He  says  of  the  former  (Tab.  Fung.,  p.  116)  : 
'‘Quite  simple,  entirely  white  and  smooth,  club  cylindrical,  obtuse 
at  tip,  glabrous ;  basidia  two-spored,  spores  white,  spherical ;  stalk 
colorless,  pellucid.  Height  4-5  cm.  On  earth  in  woods,  autumn.” 
His  figure  258  shows  4  plants,  basidia  and  spores,  the  latter 
perfectly  spherical,  the  basidia  with  two  sterigmata.  Size  of 
spores  not  given,  but  they  are  shown  about  the  same  diameter  as 
the  thickness  of  those  of  C.  pistillaris  on  the  same  page.  The 
stalks  of  the  plants  are  not  shown  as  clearly  distinct  from  the 
clubs.  According  to  Fries  C.  acuta  has  a  distinct  stalk  while  C. 
falcata  does  not.  Clavaria  falcata  var.  citrinopes  Quelet  differs 
only  in  the  3^ellow  stem  (Patouillard,  Tab.  Fung.,  p.  21,  fig.  41). 

From  the  description  it  may  easily  be  that  C.  panipeana  vSpeg. 
(Fungi  Argentini  IV.  Anal.  Soc.  Cientif.,  Argentina,  12:  18  [of 
separate].  1881)  is  C.  acuta.  The  large,  subspherical  spores  are 
in  close  agreement  ( 6-7  x  7-1  Ig). 

Juel  (cited  under  C.  cristata)  has  studied  a  plant  he  calls  C. 
falcata.  It  was  unique  among  the  Clavarias  he  studied  in  hav¬ 
ing  usually  7,  often  6,  or  rarely  8  sterigmata  and  spores  to  a 
basidium.  The  spindles  in  the  basidium  are  long  and  narrow 
and  nearly  longitudinal;  the  spores  long,  smooth  and  uninucleate 
(pi.  2,  figs.  36-41).  The  spores  look  more  like  those  of  our  C. 
subfalcata  than  of  any  other  species  of  similar  shape. 

Illustrations:  PMicheli.  Nov.  Plant.  Gen.,  pi.  87,  fig.  5.  1729  (referred  to 
C.  falcata  by  Persoon). 

PPatouillard.  Tab.  Fung.,  fig.  258  (as  C.  falcata).  1884;  fig.  41  (as  C.  fal¬ 
cata  var.  citrinopes) .  1883. 

Sowerby.  Engl.  Fungi  3  :  pi.  333.  1801. 

North  Carolina:  Salem.  Schweinitz.  (Curtis  Herb.,  as  C.  falcata).  “Non 
rara  locis  muscosis-” 

New  York:  New  York  Botanical  Garden.  Coker,  No.  3189a.  On  earth  in  a 
tub,  September  21,  1918. 


28 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


Clavaria  argillacea  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  74  (206).  1797. 

?C.  flavipes  Pers.  Neues  Mag.  Bot.  1:  117.  1794. 

C.  ericetoriim  Pers.  Obs.  Myc.  2 :  60.  1799. 

C.  pallcscens  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  131 :  34.  1909. 

C.  obtusata  Boud.  Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  33 :  12,  pi.  4,  fig.  2. 
1917. 

Plate  81 

We  have  not  yet  seen  this  in  the  fresh  state  and  have  found 
it  only  twice  in  American  collections  (as  C.  pallesccns  Pk.)*.  It 
is  apparently  a  rare  species,  and  seems  nearest  C.  helveola,  but  is 
easily  distinguished  from  that  (and  from  C.  luteo-alha)  by  the 
more  distinct  stem,  thicker  and  more  clavate  form,  and  larger 
spores.  Clavaria  ericetormn  is  represented  in  Persoon's  her¬ 
barium  by  two  lots  of  single  and  cespitose  plants.  The  thickened 
clubs  have  slender,  distinct  stalks,  and  the  appearance  is  as  usual 
in  European  herbaria.  We  were  not  able  to  find  any  spores  on 
them.  Clavaria  argillacea  is  not  represented,  but  there  is  little 
doubt  that  they  are  the  same.  In  the  Kew  Herbarium  plants  la¬ 
belled  C.  argillacea  from  Brandenburg  ( Sydow,  Mycotheca  ger- 
manica.  No.  453)  agree  fully  with  the  English  plants  described 
below.  The  spores  are  smooth,  oblong-elliptic,  S-7x9-12[jl;  ba- 
sidia  4-spored,  about  6.8[i.  thick;  hymenium  about  5S[jl  thick. 
Threads  of  flesh  up  to  18[;.  thick  in  center  of  the  plant,  becoming 
much  smaller  just  under  the  hymenium.  A  collection  from 
France  (Boudier)  in  Bresadola’s  herbarium  also  seems  the  same; 
spores  4.5-5. 5  x9-11[jl.  We  have  examined  plants  kindly  sent  us 
by  Dr.  Cotton  and  compared  them  with  Peck’s  type  of  C.  palles- 
cens  and  find  them  to  agree.  In  the  dried  state  they  are  quite 
unlike  C.  helveola.  The  following  description  is  from  Cotton  and 
Wakefield  (Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  6:  191.  1919)  : 

‘‘Plants  simple,  gregarious,  2-5  cm.  high,  pale  greenish-yellow, 
fragile;  smell  none,  taste  like  tallow.  Clubs  cylindrical  or  flat¬ 
tened,  with  one  or  more  grooves,  surface  often  minutely  chan¬ 
nelled,  apex  blunt.  Stem  distinct,  yellowish.  Internal  structure 


*  In  the  Underwood  collection  in  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  are  several  plants 
pressed  on  a  card  and  labelled  C.  argillacea.  No  locality  is  given  and  they  may  be 
European.  They  look  like  the  European  plants  of  that  name  and  have  about  the  same 
spores,  4-5  x  7.4-8.5/i. 


PLATE  5 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


29 


almost  pseudo-parenchymatous  in  transverse  section,  even  when 
old;  cells  regular,  10-14[jl  in  diameter,  with  small  narrow  filaments 
(4-5[x  in  diameter)  between;  segments  50-70(jl  long  towards  the 
margin,  but  up  to  200-300[i-  in  the  center.  Basidia  conspicuous, 
about  70[i.  long,  contents  granular,  sterigmata  4.  Spores  smooth, 
hyaline,  cylindric  to  elliptic  with  a  minute  lateral  basal  apiculus, 
10-11  X  5-6[i.  (or  sometimes  10-14  x  6-7[a),  contents  granular. 

“Habitat.  In  heathy  places.  Not  uncommon.’’ 

Peck  describes  C.  pallescens  as  follows  (adapted)  : 

Club  simple,  loosely  cespitose  or  sometimes  gregarious,  about 
1  inch  tall,  clavate,  obtuse,  generally  terete,  soft,  fragile,  stuffed 
or  hollow,  pale  buff  fading  to  whitish,  more  persistent  lemon-yel¬ 
low  within;  stem  distinct,  short,  glabrous,  2-4  mm.  long,  pale  yel¬ 
low;  spores  white,  oblong  or  ellipsoid,  6.3-7  x  8.9-12.7[x.  [We  find 
them  to  be  rod-elliptic  with  a  small  eccentric  mucro,  4.2-5.4x9.3- 
12.2[j.].  Dry  gravelly  soil  near  clumps  of  lambkill,  Kalmia  angus- 
tifolia  L.,  South  Acton,  Mass.,  October. 

Peck  adds  that  the  species  is  allied  to  C.  ligula,  but  in  this  he 
seems  to  be  wrong.  A  cespitose  habit  is  not  mentioned  by  Cotton 
and  Wakefield,  but  among  the  examples  sent  us  by  the  latter  are 
several  close  groups  of  three  or  four.  The  obtuse,  club-shaped 
form  is  a  marked  character  of  the  species.  In  the  dried  state  the 
plants  are  spatulate  and  taper  downward  from  a  broad  tip. 

Patouillard’s  idea  of  the  species  seems  to  agree  very  well  with 
the  above,  except  that  his  fig.  587  shows  the  spores  as  pip-shaped. 
He  describes  the  plant  (Tab.  Fung.,  p.  34)  as  fascicled,  obtuse, 
attenuated  at  the  base,  cylindrical,  pale  clay  color.  Spores  ovoid, 
8x  5[j-;  basidia  4-spored.  He  recognizes  as  distinct  both  C.  ericc- 
torum  and  C.  flavipes.  For  the  former  he  shows  compressed, 
twisted  plants  forked  at  tip,  two  touching  at  base,  about  12.5  cm. 
high;  spores  10x5[x  (fig.  585).  For  the  latter  he  shows  (fig. 
586)  simple  clubs,  scattered  or  fascicled,  cylindrical  or  flattened, 
attenuated  to  a  “citron  yellow  stalk.”  Spores  ovoid  or  subglo- 
bose  (no  dimensions  given)  ;  basidia  4-spored.  The  stalk  does 
not  appear  distinct. 

Clavaria  obtiisata  as  represented  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Uni¬ 
versity  of  Paris  (Savigne,  November,  1913)  is  to  all  appearances 


30  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

the  present  species.  The  spores  are  oblong-elliptic,  4-5.5  x  S-lOfx. 
The  only  important  difference  appearing  from  the  description  is 
that  the  stalk  is  said  to  be  indistinct  from  the  club. 

Clavaria  Daulnoyae  Quel.  (Asso.  Frangaise  Avanc.  Sci.,  1891, 
p.  470  (p.  7  of  separate),  pi.  3,  fig.  36)  should  be  compared  with  C. 
argillacea,  as  no  differences  of  importance  appear  from  the  de¬ 
scription  or  figure.  For  a  comparison  with  C.  subfalcata  see  that 
species. 

The  present  species  has  been  reported  from  America  by  sev¬ 
eral  authors,  as  Schweinitz,  Berkeley,  and  Peck,  but  their  records 
are  all  quite  doubtful.  In  the  Curtis  Herbarium  a  collection  by 
Schweinitz  from  Salem,  N.  C.,  labelled  C.  argillacea  has  spores 
which  are  minute,  2.3  x  3.7[jt.,  and  cannot  be  correctly  determined. 
Also  one  from  him  in  the  Kew  Herbarium  so  labelled  is  not  this 
but  probably  C.  helveola  or  C.  vermiciilata.  Another  collection  so 
called  by  Peck  from  the  Catskills  at  Albany  are  not  this  but  poor 
specimens  of  C.  ornatipes. 

Illustrations  :  Bondier.  Icon.  Myc.  1 :  pi.  175.  In  color.  Photographic 
copy  by  Burt  in  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  9,  fig.  85.  1922. 

Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Sudb.,  Clavariei,  fig.  32. 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  8,  fig.  71  (as  C.  pallesccns) .  1922. 
Cooke.  Brit.  Fung.,  pi.  689  (as  C.  argillacea  var.  flavipes). 

Flora  Danica  11 :  pi.  1852,  fig.  2;  pi.  1966,  fig.  1  (as  C.  flavipes). 

Gillet.  Champ.  Fr.  5:  pi.  99  (105).  Good. 

Patouillard.  As  cited  above. 

Peck.  As  cited  above. 

Persoon.  Comm.,  pi.  1,  fig.  4  (as  C.  flavipes). 

Swanton.  Fungi  and  How  to  Know  Them,  pi.  29,  fig.  1.  1909. 

Massachusetts:  South  Acton.  Davis.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  type  of  C.  pal- 
lescens).  ‘'One  season’s  collection  developed  a  strong  smell  of  sul¬ 
phuric  ether.” 

Boston.  Davis.  Growing  in  PolytricJimn  moss.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Clavaria  mucida  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  55  (187).  1797.  (Not  C. 
mucida  of  FI.  Danica,  pi.  1305,  fig.  1,  which  is  Calocera  fur- 
cat  a). 

Plates  3  and  81 

Clubs  slender,  simple,  or  at  times  forked  into  2  to  6  candelabra¬ 
like  branches,  or  with  a  few  small  branches  at  any  point,  usually 


PLATE  6 


Clavakia  vkkmr'Ulata.  C.  B.  No.  130  [above 
Clavakia  pulchra.  No.  3140  [below]. 


. 


I 


Clavarias  of  trie  United  States  and  Canada 


31 


about  4-9  mm.  high,  rarely  up  to  1.5  cm.,  nearly  white  when  young, 
then  pale  cream,  the  rather  sharp  apex  soon  becoming  brick-red 
to  almost  black;  delicate,  but  tough,  and  bending  on  themselves 
without  breaking,  solid,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  below  to  a  stalk 
which  is  not  distinctly  marked  off  and  is  a  third  or  a  fourth  the 
total  length.  Taste  slightly  woody;  odor  none. 

Spores  (of  No.  3579)  pure  white,  smooth,  elliptic  with  a  more 
or  less  pointed  mucro  end,  1.8-2. 3  x  5.2-7.4[jl.  Basidia  4-spored, 
3.7-4.4[/-  thick;  hymenium  about  12[jl  thick,  extending  all  over  the 
tip ;  threads  of  flesh  2.8-4.8[x  thick,  with  septa  far  apart,  clamp  con¬ 
nections  present. 

The  plants  have  the  remarkable  habit  of  always  growing  in 
association  with  the  alga  Chlorococcus,  which  forms  a  continuous 
deep  green  coat  on  the  log  beneath  them.  They  are  never  found 
except  with  the  alga,  and  the  species  is  in  a  fair  way  to  become  a 
lichen,  or  is  already  a  primitive  lichen.  In  the  Botanical  Gazette 
(37:  62,  figs.  16  and  17.  1904)  we  have  published  a  note  with 
drawings,  calling  attention  to  the  resemblance  of  this  species  to  a 
lichen  in  habit.  Persoon  in  his  original  description  and  later 
Schweinitz  note  the  constant  association  with  a  crust  of  green 
powder  and  Fries  refers  to  its  growth  with  Chlorococcns  (Epi- 
crisis,  p.  580).  In  his  Danish  Fungi  in  Herbarium  of  E.  Rostrup, 
p.  368,  1913  (Copenhagen),  J.  Lind  says  of  C.  mucida,  '‘Surely 
no  Clazmria  species,  rather  any  lichen. In  America  it  seems  to 
grow^  only  on  Nyssa.  It  is  recorded  from  Louisiana  to  Canada, 
in  Europe  and  New  Zealand.  The  European  C.  miicida  from 
Stockholm  (Romell)  has  spores  distinctly  thicker  and  somewhat 
shorter  than  ours,  and  it  might,  therefore,  be  best  to  make  the 
American  form  a  variety. 

This  peculiar  species  is  rare  but  widely  distributed.  We  have 
found  it  several  times  at  Chapel  Elill,  growing  singly  in  very  popu¬ 
lous  colonies  on  soggy,  decorticated  black  gum  logs  in  shady,  cool 
places  near  streams.  We  have  calculated  that  there  were  about 
23,000  plants  on  the  log  from  which  No.  3579  was  taken. 

Clavaria  nnicida  var.  Curtisii  Berk.  (  Grevillea  2:  17.  1873) 
is  probably  not  different.  The  original  description  is  (trans¬ 
lated)  :  “Club-shaped,  short,  luteous,  tip  fuscous ;  stem  white,  aris- 


32 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


ing  from  small,  circular,  white  mycelium.  No.  974  is  once  forked 
and  narrow.  On  wet-rotting  stumps.’’  It  was  described  from 
South  Carolina  (Ravenel,  No.  974). 

Illustrations :  Atkinson.  Stud.  Am.  Fungi,  fig.  193. 

Coker.  As  cited  above. 

Hard.  Mushrooms,  fig.  398.  1908. 

Persoon.  Comm.,  pi.  2,  fig.  3.  1797.  Photographic  copy  by  Burt  in  Ann. 
Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  9,  fig.  77.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  38a.  On  a  decorticated  wet  log,  October 
8,  1908.  No.  3579.  On  a  soggy,  decorticated,  gnm  log,  November  2, 
1919.  No.  3886.  On  a  blackgum  log  in  Strowd’s  lowgrounds,  December 
13,  1919. 

Wilmington.  (Curtis  Herb.). 

Salem.  (Schweinitz  Herb,  and  Curtis  Herb.). 

South  Carolina:  Hartsville.  Coker,  No.  5841.  On  deciduous  log  in  swamp, 
August  31,  1922.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Society  Hill.  (Curtis  Herb.). 

New  Jersey:  Newfield.  Ellis.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  N.  Am.  Fungi, 
No.  332). 

Pennsylvania:  Lehigh  Valley.  Herbst.  (Schweinitz  Herb.). 

New  York:  Lake  Placid.  Mrs.  Britton.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Massachusetts:  Pittsfield.  Pierson.  (N  .Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb,  and  U.  N.  C. 
Herb.). 

Ohio:  Rendville.  Kellerman.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Indiana:  Fern,  Putnam  Co.  Underwood.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 
Canada:  Macoun.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Clavaria  luteo-ochracea  Cavara.  Fungi  Long.  Exs.,  No.  64. 
1892. 

Plates  1  and  91 

Plants  single,  gregarious,  0.6-1. 3  cm.  tall  (up  to  2.5  cm.  in 
Burnham,  No.  39),  gradually  tapering  downward,  openly  forked 
above  once  or  twice  like  antlers,  and  flattened  there,  or  more 
rarely  simple  clubs;  surface  above  glabrous,  at  base  more  or  less 
distinctly  scurfy-hairy  (up  to  %  way  up),  the  basal  hairs  at  times 
longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  plant;  color  pale  creamy  to  pale 
citric  yellow,  some  pale  lemon  yellow  below.  Texture  toughish- 
fleshy,  only  cracking  when  bent  on  self ;  odor  distinct  and  bad,  a 
little  like  a  stink  horn,  taste  none.  Stem  not  discrete  from  the 
hymenium.  The  dried  plants  are  blackish  upward,  reddish  car¬ 
tilaginous  downward,  tough,  not  brittle. 


Clavaria  fumosa.  No.  2402, 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  33 

Spores  (of  No.  16a)  minute,  smooth,  oval  or  nearly  pip-shaped, 
hyaline,  2.2-3  x  3.5-4.4[x.  Basidia  (of  B.  No.  39)  4[jt.  thick  'with 
4  delicate  sterigmata ;  hymenium  30-35[j.  thick;  threads  of  flesh 
3.7[i.  thick,  parallel  in  center,  slightly  irregular  just  under  the 
hymenium,  clamp  connections  present. 

This  is  easily  different  from  any  well  known  American 
species.  It  is  separated  from  C.  citriceps  by  smaller  spores  of 
different  shape,  bad  odor,  hairs  at  the  stem  base  and  (in  our  plants) 
by  the  more  habitually  forked  tips.  The  plant  in  texture,  habit, 
and  form  reminds  one  most  of  C.  amethystinoides  (Hartsville,  No. 
42)  which  easily  differs  in  much  darker  color  and  much  larger 
size  and  spores.  We  have  found  this  plant  but  twice,  but  Mr. 
Burnham  has  sent  us  a  gathering  which  seems  to  be  the  same. 
The  species  may  be  of  tropical  origin.  It  is  not  closely  related  to 
C.  acuta,  which  is  also  found  in  conservatory  tubs. 

The  original  distribution  of  the  species  is  well  represented  in 
the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  and  we  have  carefully  compared 
our  plants  with  it.  The  dried  plants  are  exactly  alike  except  that 
the  types  are  not  branched  in  the  lot  shown.  The  peculiar  tawny 
setae  at  the  base  are  quite  obvious  and  furnish  an  easy  means  of 
separating  the  species  from  its  relatives.  The  spores  are  of  char¬ 
acteristic  shape  and  the  same  as  in  our  plants,  3-3.5  x  4-4.8{x.  Ac¬ 
companying  the  distributed  plants  are  printed  notes,  the  descrip¬ 
tive  part  of  which  is  as  follows  (translated)  : 

“Gregarious,  fragile,  yellowish;  club  cylindrical,  simple,  rarely 
bifurcate  or  spatulate,  compressed  or  striate,  glabrous,  2-5  cm. 
high,  stalk  brownish-ochraceous ;  basidia  densely  crowded,  30  x 
5-6[i.,  4  sterigmata;  spores  globose  to  ellipsoid,  base  obliquely 
acuminate,  smooth,  uniguttulate,  4-5  x  3-4[j..” 

In  his  discussion  Cavara  says  that  the  spores  are  peculiar  in 
that  some  are  at  first  smooth,  then  slightly  warted,  but  this  can 
hardly  mean  anything  more  than  collapse,  for  they  are  well  shown 
to  be  smooth  (pi.  91,  fig.  4)  on  the  plants  distributed. 

Clavaria  CyatJieae  Henn.  (in  Sacc.  Syll.  9:  250.  1891)  as 
described  would  not  positively  exclude  this  species  except  for  the 
spores  which  are  said  to  be  ferruginous  (dimensions  not  given). 
Branching  is  not  mentioned. 


34 


ClAVARIAS  of  TtlE  UNITED  StATES  AND  CANADA 


North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2674.  Low  damp  woods  hy  branch, 
July  14,  1917.  Spores  2.5-3.4  x  3.7-4.5/x. 

New  York:  New  York  Botanical  Garden.  Coker,  No.  16a.  On  earth  in 
a  tub,  in  the  main  conservatory  range,  September  21,  1918.  (U.  N.  C. 

Herb.).  Associated  with  C.  acuta  which  was  easily  different  in  clearer, 
white,  translucent  stem,  simple  clubs  (in  this  case),  much  greater  brittle¬ 
ness,  lack  of  odor,  and  different  spores. 

Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  39.  On  earth  in  woods.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 
Spores  oblong-elliptic,  smooth,  hyaline,  2.2  x  3.5ft.  The  plants  are  ex¬ 
actly  like  No.  16a  in  the  dry  state  except  a  little  taller,  and  the  spores 
are  the  same. 

Clavaria  biformis  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6:  56.  1908. 

Plate  91 

The  type  of  C.  biformis  at  Ithaca  shows  little,  single,  spar¬ 
ingly  branched  or  simple  plants  with  smooth,  subspherical  spores 
about  2.2-3. 5  x  3.5-4p..  The  co-type  (No.  10699,  Blowing  Rock,  N. 
C.)  is  the  same  thing,  with  spores  2.8-3.6  x  3.5-4(ji.  The  species 
is  probably  a  form  of  C.  luteo-ochracea,  but  we  are  retaining  it  at 
present. 

Atkinson's  description  follows : 

'‘Plants  dull  white  to  sordid  yellow,  in  age  tips  usually  darker, 
cylindrical,  base  only  slightly  more  slender,  1-4  cm.  high,  0.5- 1.5 
mm.  stout,  usually  simple,  or  one  or  two  times  dichotomously 
branched.  Basidia  20-25  x  4-5[ji,  4-spored.  Spores  oboval,  white, 
smooth,  granular  or  with  an  oil  drop,  3-4  x  2.5-3(ji." 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  9,  fig.  79.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Blowing  Rock.  Atkinson,  No.  10699.  (Cornell  Herb, 
and  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Ithaca.  On  leaf  mold  in  woods,  August  8,  1902.  Atkinson. 
(Cornell  Herb.,  No.  13432.  Type). 

Clavaria  Macouni  Pk.  Rept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  47:  150  (24  of 
Bot.  ed.).  1894. 

Plates  91  and  92 

This  seems  to  be  a  good  species.  In  the  dry  state  the  type 
plants  are  very  small,  simple,  dull  brown,  flattened  and  channelled 
by  collapse.  Microscopic  examination  shows  the  hymenium  about 
40p.  thick;  basidia  4-spored,  5-5. 5p-  thick;  spores  smooth,  often 


Clavaria  puri’Urka.  No.  4860 


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71 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  35 

punctate  internally,  subelliptic  to  pip-shaped,  2. 8-3. 4  x  4.8-6.2(i.. 
From  Cotton's  description  his  C.  Crosslandii  seems  to  be  this 
species,  but  we  have  not  been  able  to  see  the  type  (Trans.  Brit. 
Myc.  Soc.  6:  187.  1919).  From  the  description  C.  affinis  Pat.  and 
Doassans  may  be  this  or  perhaps  small  isolated  specimens  of  C. 
vermiculata  (Tab.  Fung.,  p.  205,  fig.  470.  1886).  The  original 
description  of  C.  Macouni  follows : 

“Clubs  single  or  clustered,  6  to  10  lines  high,  obtuse  or  sub¬ 
acute,  dingy  greenish  yellow  or  pale  cinereous;  spores  minute, 
elliptical,  5[jt.  long,  3[jl  broad." 

Illustration  :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  8,  fig.  69.  1922. 

Canada:  Among  mosses  under  cedar  trees.  Macoun.  (Albany  Herb.,  type). 

Clavaria  vernalis  Schw.  Schr.  Nat.  Ges.  Leipzig  1:  112.  1822. 

?C.  paludicola  Libert.  PL  Crypt.  Arduennae,  No.  322.  1837. 

C.  clavata  Pk.  Bull.  Buf.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.  1 :  62.  1873. 

Plates  82  and  92 

Plants  single,  gregarious  in  extensive  colonies,  simple  (one 
plant  seen  with  four  little  prongs),  7-12  mm.  high;  clubs  clavate 
to  nearly  cylindric,  the  usually  thickened  tip  rounded  or  abruptly 
pointed,  1-2  mm.  thick;  tapering  downward  to  the  short  (2-2.5 
mm.  long),  poorly  defined,  terete  and  glabrous  stalk,  which  is 
slightly  incrassated  at  the  base;  color  of  club  watery  ochraceous 
to  dull  orange  above,  fading  downward  to  the  whitish  and  sub- 
translucent  stalk.  Flesh  of  the  same  color  as  the  surface,  watery, 
pliable  and  toughish,  cracking*  but  not  snapping  when  bent  double ; 
solid  ;  taste  slightly  moldy  ;  odor  none. 

Spores  (of  No.  6071)  white,  smooth,  narrowly  elliptic  and 
somewhat  curved,  2-3  x  8-1  Ig.  Basidia  4-spored,  clavate,  3. 7-4.8  x 
18-25[ji.  Hymenium  without  cystidia  or  other  peculiar  cells,  ab¬ 
sent  over  the  central  region  of  the  tip  which  in  some  individuals 
may  be  distinguished  even  when  fresh  by  a  little  groove  which 
surrounds  it.  Threads  of  fiesh  about  2.3-4p.  thick,  clamp  con¬ 
nections  present. 

Our  plants  are  like  C.  vernalis  in  all  essentials,  as  habitat,  sea¬ 
son,  gregarious  but  scattered  habit,  size  and  color,  sterile  tip, 
and  shape  of  spores.  It  is  true  that  the  spores  of  No.  6071 


36  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

average  longer  than  in  other  collections,  but  it  is  probable  that 
the  difference  would  be  reduced  if  good  spore  prints  of  the  others 
were  measured.  As  in  the  case  of  C.  niucida,  this  species  is  in¬ 
timately  associated  with  algae  and  may  with  good  reason  be  con¬ 
sidered  a  lichen.  Our  Chapel  Hill  plants  grow  on  ground  cov¬ 
ered  with  several  sorts  of  blue-green  algae,  the  most  common 
being  Glcocapsa,  with  which  are  mixed  in  good  quantity  an  Oscil- 
latoria  and  the  protonema  of  the  moss  Pogonatuin.  Our  hgures 
(pi.  92,  figs.  5-7)  show  the  algae  with  the  Clavaria  mycelium  in 
close  contact,  in  one  case  with  hnger-like  processes  wefting  the 
algal  cell  as  in  many  lichens. 

We  have  examined  a  northern  collection  of  C.  vernalis  (Re¬ 
liquiae  Farlowianae,  No.  311)  and  find  that  in  it  also  the  tips  are 
quite  sterile,  as  shown  in  longitudinal  section.  See  the  genus  Cera- 
tclla  (p.  6).  In  the  Schweinitz  Herbarium  is  a  pill  box  of  mossy 
earth  labelled  C.  vernalis,  but  on  examination  with  a  lens  we  could 
find  no  trace  of  a  Clavaria.  Note  that  while  Schweinitz  says  “on 
bare  earth'’  his  specimen  shows  the  same  mossy  soil  of  other  col¬ 
lections.  Peck’s  type  plants  of  C.  clavata  from  Sand  Lake,  N.  Y., 
are  in  good  condition.  The  little  thick  clubs,  which  arise  from 
densely  mossy  soil,  are  dull  ochraceous  in  the  dry  state  with  broad 
tips  which  are  often  whitened  with  abundant  crystals.  We  could 
find  no  spores  on  them,  but  in  another  good  collection  from  Lake 
Pleasant  spores  were  plentiful  and  we  find  them  to  be  smooth, 
rod-elliptic,  2.6  x  6-6.5[i..  Basidia  5.5[ji  thick.  In  his  description 
of  C.  clavata,  Peck  mentioned  the  green,  confer  void  stratum  from 
which  the  plants  arise ;  and,  as  shown  by  his  labels,  he  later  con¬ 
sidered  his  species  the  same  as  C.  vernalis. 

A  collection  from  Newfield,  N.  J.,  at  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden  (Ellis)  looks  the  same,  and  we  hnd  spores  about  the  same, 
2  X  5[i..  The  following  notes  accompany  the  specimen:  “Spores 
oblong,  smooth  ;  base  of  the  stem  white  where  not  covered  with 
the  green  confervoid  growth  which  overspreads  the  bare  damp 
soil  from  which  the  plants  arise  .  .  .  with  Droscra  rotnndifolia. 
Club-shaped  above,  about  ^4  in.  high,  yellow  (rather  pale  yellow) 
above.”  The  word  confervoid  is  used  here  probably  in  a  rather 
loose  sense.  On  examining  the  earth  we  find  numerous  Chloro- 
cocn/.9-like  cells  and  apparently  a  little  moss  protenema.  These 


fy-T' 


PLATE  9 


Clavaria  amethystinoides.  Hartsville,  S.  C.  (Xo.  42),  fig.  1. 
Clavaria  ornatipes.  Redding,  Conn.  (No.  29),  fig.  2.  ' 
Clavaria  muscoides.  Redding,  Conn.  (No.  20).  fig.  3. 
Clavaria  cristata.  New  York  (Murrill),  fig.  4. 


srvrm 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


37 


were  the  plants  distributed  by  Ellis  (N.  Am.  Fungi,  No.  613)  as 
C.  clavata  Pk. 

At  Kew  is  represented  C.  paludicola  Libert  (No.  322)  which  in 
the  dried  state  is  so  like  C.  vernalis  as  easily  to  pass  for  it.  Un¬ 
fortunately,  however,  our  slide  shows  no  spores  that  can  be  de¬ 
termined  with  certainty.  The  little  plants  are  less  than  a  cm. 
high,  dark,  the  upper  part  thick  and  rugose,  some  of  them  tipped 
with  a  paler,  unshrunken  cap.  The  description  on  the  label  is 
(translation)  :  '‘Sparse,  small,  somewhat  compressed,  rugose, 
thickened  upward,  yellow,  drying  orange.’’ 


Illustration :  Peck. 
1873. 


Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  25:  pi.  1,  fig.  9  (as  C.  clavata). 


North  Carolina;  Chapel  Hill.  No.  6071.  With  algae  and  moss  protonema 
on  a  clay  hank  near  Forest  Theatre,  March  24  and  27,  1923. 

Wilmington.  No.  5962.  On  bank  of  branch  on  golf  links,  December  28, 
1921.  Spores  narrow,  bent-elliptic  and  pointed  at  mucro  end,  2  x  8-9.7/x. 
Threads  of  flesh  2.8-1 1/x  thick. 

New  Jersey:  Newfield.  Ellis.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  clavata). 

New  York:  Sand  Lake.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  C.  cWa^a) . 

North  Elba.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Lake  Pleasant.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Massachusetts:  Sharon.  Piguet.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb,  from  Farlow  Herb.). 

Clavaria  helveola  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  69  (201).  1797. 

C.  helveola  Pers.  Myc.  Europ.  1 :  180.  1822. 

C.  eitrina  Quelet.  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  de  France  23 :  330,  pi.  3, 
fig.  14.  1876.  (Not.  C.  cYrma  Rafinesque) . 

?C.  luteo-alba  Rea.  Trans.  Brit.  Alyc.  Soc.  2  :  66,  pi.  3,  fig.  B. 
1904. 

Plates  1,  4,  and  81 


Plants  cespitose  in  small  groups  (rarely  over  12  in  a  group) 
or  often  single  ones  in  the  same  colony,  simple  or  a  little  forked  or 
knobbed,  or  sometimes  with  an  antler-like  branch,  length  1.5-5 
cm.,  thickness  1-2.5  mm.,  nearly  equal  except  for  the  short  con¬ 
stricted  stem  which  is  more  or  less  distinct;  club  usually  bent  and 
wavy  and  at  times  grooved  and  compressed,  the  tip  blunt,  often 
shrinking  to  a  point  and  becoming  ochraceous,  then  reddish  or 
nearly  black;  color  light  bufify  yellow  with  or  without  a  faint 
greenish  tint  and  often  with  a  tint  of  flesh  color  (apricot),  ochra- 


38 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


ceous  when  bruised  or  wilting,  the  stem  a  clearer  and  more  trans¬ 
lucent  color  and  not  rarely  tinted  with  green  and  marked  with  in¬ 
herent  green  hbrils.  Flesh  solid,  or  with  a  small  irregular  hol¬ 
low,  color  of  surface  except  for  a  lighter  center,  fragile  and  brit¬ 
tle,  but  not  quite  so  much  so  as  in  C.  fragilis,  and  usually  not  snap¬ 
ping  with  so  clean  a  break,  the  center  more  loosely  fibrous  than 
the  surface;  taste  woody  musty  and  at  times  a  good  deal  like  tal¬ 
low,  not  strong ;  odor  none. 

Spores  (of  No.  2755)  white,  smooth,  elliptic,  slightly  bent, 
2.2-3  X  7-8.2[jl,  most  about  2.3  x  7.5[x.  Basidia  (of  No.  4368) 
4.8-6.6[jl  thick  with  2-4  sterigmata;  buried  in  the  hymenium  so  that 
the  tips  of  the  sterigmata  just  reach  the  outer  surface  of  the  hy¬ 
menium,  which  is  about  45 [ji  thick.  Threads  of  the  context  shaped 
in  cross  section  like  parenchyma  cells. 

This  is  the  plant  that  has  usually  been  referred  to  C.  inaequalis 
in  American  herbaria,  but  we  must  now  apply  that  name  to  another 
species.  From  PersoonT  description  it  would  seem  highly  probable 
that  our  plants  are  his  C.  helvcola,  the  yellow  color,  fuscous  tips  in 
age,  closely  set  but  not  connate  bases,  etc.,  all  agreeing  perfectly; 
but  we  have  not  been  able  to  prove  this  from  the  type  plants  in  his 
herbarium.  There  are  two  sheets  under  this  name  and  one  of 
the  variety  dispar.  The  former  look  like  ours,  but  we  have  found 
no  good  Clavaria  spores  on  them  (mold  spores  are  present).  The 
so-called  variety  looks  much  like  C.  muscoides  and  the  spores  are 
about  right  for  that  species. 

A  pale  form  is  found  that  is  puzzling  and  might  easily  be  re¬ 
ferred  to  C.  fragilis  unless  care  is  used.  Such  a  form  is  repre¬ 
sented  by  collections  No.  2788  and  No.  2818  which  were  pale 
creamy  flesh  color  (very  pale  apricot). 

The  species  is,  like  C.  vermicidata,  gregarious  on  mossy  lawns, 
etc.,  as  well  as  in  woods,  and  has  the  same  shape  and  habit  as  that 
species,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  taste,  color, 
less  rugose  club  and  by  the  larger  spores.  We  have  little  doubt 
that  C.  luteo-alba  of  England  is  a  form  of  the  present  species. 
Plants  kindly  sent  us  by  Dr.  Cotton  are  just  like  ours  in  the  dry 
state  and  have  identical  spores,  smooth,  ovate,  with  one  distinct 
oil  drop,  3.5  X  5-7(i..  It  is  also  to  be  observed  that  in  several  of 
our  collections  not  otherwise  distinct  a  taste  of  tallow  was  noticed. 
The  original  description  of  C.  luteo-alha  calls  for  the  tips  to  be  con- 


Pl.ATI^:  10 


AVAkiA  Ai’PAi.AC'ii  iKXsis.  lilowiiis;'  Rock.  No.  5650 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


39 


stantly  whitish,  but  later  observations  by  Cotton  show  that  this  is 
not  always  the  case  (Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3:  30.  1908.  Also 
6:  191.  1919).  It  is  signihcant  that  C.  hclveola  is  not  recog¬ 
nized  in  England  by  Cotton  and  Wakefield.  Cotton  refers  to  a 
plant  he  has  met  with  which  he  thought  to  be  the  one  often  labelled 
C.  helveola  in  herbaria,  or  by  some  writers  incorrectly  taken  to  be 
C.  macqiialis  (Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  2:  165.  1908),  but  he  later 
refers  his  plant  to  C.  hiteo-alba  (Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3:  30. 
1908).  It  seems  hardly  possible  that  a  species  not  at  all  rare  in 
both  the  northern  and  southern  states  should  be  unrepresented  in 
England.  Maire  reports  C.  hiteo-alba  from  France  and  gives  his 
own  description  (Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Fr.  26:  196.  1910). 

Clavaria  mcarnata  Weinm.  may  be  the  same  as  the  flesh-col¬ 
ored  form  of  this  (our  No.  2788)  as  a  collection  so  determined 
from  T.  M.  Fries  (Sweden)  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium  has  similar 
spores,  about  3.5  x  6p-.  The  specie's  is,  however,  said  to  be  pur¬ 
plish  within.  It  is  not  represented  in  the  Fries  Herbarium  at 
Upsala.  There  is  also  a  collection  under  this  name  in  the  Curtis 
Herbarium  from  New  Jersey  (Ellis)  that  has  the  same  appear¬ 
ance,  but  we  could  not  get  good  spores  from  it.  Clavaria  rosea  is 
equally  doubtful,  but  see  notes  under  that  species.  We  have  a  good 
collection  of  a  plant  from  Upsala  sent  us  by  Romell,  determined 
(  probably  by  von  Post)  as  C.  purpurea,  but  which  in  the  dry  state 
is  like  C.  heheola.  The  spores  are  like  those  of  our  plants,  3.7-4  x 
6.5-7.5[jl.  There  seems  to  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that  C.  citrina  Q. 
is  also  the  same.  The  greenish  base  and  the  pip-shaped  spores  of 
about  the  same  length,  while  they  agree  with  this,  exclude  all  other 
species  that  are  at  all  near.  From  the  description  C.  Schroeteri 
P.  Henn.  (Verb.  Bot.  Ver.  Prov.  Brandenburg  37:  26.  1895), 
which  is  the  same  as  C.  compressa  Schroeter,  strongly  suggests 
an  antlered  form  of  C.  helveola.  Clazmria  Daigremontiana  Bond. 
(Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  33:  10,  pi.  1,  fig.  4.  1917)  is  like  C.  helveola 
in  size,  shape  and  color  but  is  sulcate  with  numerous  furrows  and 
has  spores  3-3.5  x  5-6(x. 

Illustrations:  Boudier.  Icon.  Myc.  1:  pi.  175. 

Cotton.  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3:  pi.  11,  fig.  C.  (Spores,  as  C.  hiteo- 
alba).  1909. 

Rea.  As  cited  above. 

Quelet.  As  cited  above  (as  C.  citrina). 


40 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2285.  Woods  near  Howell’s  branch, 
June  28,  1916.  Stuffed  when  young,  hollow  in  age,  the  simple  blunt  tips 
abruptly  brick  color;  spores  2.9-Z.Z  x  6-6.7|U.  No.  2433.  In  short  grass 
and  moss  in  Dr.  Mangum’s  lawn,  July  27,  1916.  Spores  with  a  small 
eccentric  mucro,  the  distal  end  often  narrowed,  2. 5-3.6  x  5.6-7 fx.  No. 
2654.  Low  damp  woods,  July  12,  1917.  Color  rather  light  egg-yellow. 
Spores  3.7-4  X  5.5-6. 7/x.  No.  2755.  In  mossy  gjass,  July  24,  1917.  No. 
2770.  Same  spot  as  No.  2433,  July  23,  1917.  Spores  2. 5-3. 7  x  6.2-8/x. 
No.  2774.  Same  place  as  No.  2433,  July  26,  1917.  No.  2788.  Under 
spireas,  bare  earth,  July  27,  1917.  Just  like  the  typical  C.  Jielveola  ex¬ 
cept  in  color,  which  is  pale  creamy  flesh  color  (very  pale  apricot)  when 
quite  fresh  with  the  tips  soon  ochraceous  and  then  reddish.  Spores 

2. 5- 3. 3  x4.8-5.9/x.  This  form  may  be  what  is  called  C.  incarnata  Weinm. 
Nos.  2793  and  2805.  In  same  place  as  No.  2433,  July  28,  and  29,  1917. 
No.  2818.  Same  spot  as  No.  2788,  August  1,  1917.  Color  as  in  No. 
2788.  Spores  as  in  usual  form,  2.3-3  x6-7/x.  No.  4368.  Damp  ravine 
near  iron  spring,  frondose  woods,  July  4,  1920.  As  usual  in  color,  etc. ; 
taste  rather  rank  and  somewhat  like  tallow;  spores  (print)  3.7-4  x 

7.5- 8.2/x. 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party.  No.  5571.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Orange 

form.  Spores  3-3.7  x  5-7/x. 

South  Carolina:  Hartsville.  Coker,  No.  18.  September,  1916.  (U.  N.  C. 

Herl).).  Taste  rather  musky,  not  pleasant,  odor  none.  Spores  white, 
smooth,  2.5-3  x  6.6-7/x. 

New  York:  Hudson  Falls.  Burnham,  No.  6.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Among 

moss  on  ground,  July  23,  1917.  Buffy  yellow  with  a  faint  tint  of  flesh 
color,  brittle ;  flesh  colored  like  the  surface,  taste  of  tallow.  Spores 
elliptic  to  pip-shaped,  3.7-4  x  6.3-7.4ju,. 

Clavaria  rosea  Dalm.  in  Swartz.  Acta  Holm.,  p.  157.  1811. 

?C.  rubella  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  81  (213)  1797.  (Not  C.  rubella 
Schaeff.) 

C.  Szvart^ii  Dalm.  Svensk  Botanik,  pi.  558.  1818. 

Plate  81 

Plants  cespitose  or  single,  ^ about  1.5-3  cm.  high  and  varying 
from  slender  to  stouter  (1-2.5  mm.  thick  in  dried  state)  and  from 
quite  simple  to  flattened  and  toothed  at  the  end  like  a  cock’s  comb ; 
color  when  fresh  “a  beautiful  pink”  (Burnham),  when  dry  a  dull 
reddish  ochraceous;  spores  hyaline,  smooth,  rod-elliptic,  3.5  x  6.6- 
7.5[i-.  Basidia  7p.  thick  with  4  short,  delicate  sterigmata.  Hyphae 
Up,  thick,  without  clamp  connections. 

Clavaria  rosea  is  at  present  in  an  unsatisfactory  state.  Plants 
so  labelled  in  herbaria  are  not  alike,  and  the  species  is  not  repre- 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  41 

seiited  in  the  Fries  Herbarium.  The  only  simple  pink  or  rosy 
plants  which  we  have  seen  from  America  are  those  from  Colorado 
distributed  by  Clements  as  C.  rosea  and  a  collection  from  \Tughns, 
N.  Y.,  sent  us  by  Burnham.  It  is  from  the  last  that  we  have 
drawn  up  the  above  rather  inadequate  description. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  these  spores  cannot  be  distinguished 
from  those  of  C.  helveola,  and  except  for  color  no  other  difference 
can  be  made  out.  Clement’s  plants  are  small,  cespitose,  clavate 
and  have  spores  just  like  the  above,  smooth,  long-elliptic,  clear, 
2.5-3.4  X  5-8[ji.  Our  pale  flesh  colored  plant  (  No.  2788)  that  we 
are  considering  a  form  of  C.  hclveola  is  intermediate  and  has  the 
same  spores.  Plants  received  from  Romell  Sweden)  determined 
as  C.  rosea  are  accompanied  by  colored  drawings  which  are  clear 
pink  to  reddish  pink.  The  spores  of  one  collection  (Helsingland) 
are  noted  as  5-7.5  x  2.5-3[ji,  in  agreement  with  the  American  col¬ 
lection.  At  the  Kew  Herbarium  there  is  no  authentic  material  of 
C.  rosea.  A  collection  by  Crossland  from  Hebden  Bridge,  deter¬ 
mined  as  C.  rosea,  also  has  spores  like  the  American  plants.  It  is 
obvious,  however,  that  the  plant  interpreted  as  C.  rosea  by  Cotton 
and  Wakefield  (l.c.,  p.  188)  is  different  from  those  above  men¬ 
tioned,  and  with  their  interpretation  plants  so  named  in  the  Bresa- 
dola  Herbarium  seem  to  agree.  Bresadola’s  plants  are  from  Nice 
(Barla,  coll.  1889).  The  spores  are  not  like  those  of  C.  helveola, 
but  are  distinctly  more  plump,  4-5.5  x  6-8.5 (jl.  These  measure¬ 
ments  agree  with  those  given  by  Cotton  and  Wakefield.  In  the 
Persoon  Herbarium  there  are  three  plants  that  in  the  dry  state 
look  like  C.  fragilis.  The  spores  are  like  those  of  C.  rosea  from 
Bresadola,  large  and  plump,  4-6  x  5-8[j..  Persoon  (Myc.  Europ., 
p.  185)  refers  to  Fries’s  statement  that  the  apex  in  drying  becomes 
yellowish  (Obs.  Myc.  2  :  290.  1818).  Of  C.  rubella,  Persoon  says, 
‘'dilute  to  watery  red,  2-4  plants  together,  but  not  cespitose  or 
fascicled.”  There  is  no  plant  under  this  name  in  his  herbarium. 
If  C.  rosea  is  to  be  accepted  as  a  good  species,  we  think  it  best 
to  accept  at  present  the  interpretation  of  Romell,  whose  plants 
are  from  the  same  country  as  those  of  Dalman  and  Fries. 

For  convenience  we  give  below  Cotton  and  Wakefield’s  inter¬ 
pretation  of  the  species : 


42 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


“Plants  simple,  solitary  or  in  gioups  of  3-7,  2-4  cm.  high, 
fragile,  bright  rose-pink;  taste  and  smell  none.  Clubs  slender, 
cylindrical  or  compressed,  equal  or  tapering  upwards,  smooth, 
solid,  2-5  mm.  thick,  apex  blunt  or  pointed.  Stem  fairly  distinct, 
paler,  sometimes  yellowish.  Flesh  whitish,  deep  rose  beneath  the 
hymenium.  Internal  structure  of  frequently  septate,  irregular 
hyphae,  7-12[jt,  in  diameter,  semi-parenchymatous  in  transverse 
section;  crystals  sometimes  present.  Basidia  conspicuous,  35-40 
X  7-10[a,  granular  or  guttulate,  sterigmata  4,  erect.  Spores  copi¬ 
ous,  smooth,  hyaline,  ovoid  or  broadly  elliptical,  7-10x  5-6[i-. 
Amongst  grass,  moss,  etc.  Rare.  .  .  .  Easily  distinguished  from 
other  British  species  by  the  bright,  rose-pink  colour.'’ 

See  under  C.  helvcola  for  remarks  on  C.  incarnata  which  may 
be  the  same  as  C.  rosea. 

It  is  not  known  which  of  the  above  interpretations  is  repre¬ 
sented  by  the  illustrations  by  Krombholz  and  Winter  given  below. 

On  account  of  the  confusion  involved  in  the  publication  of  C. 
rosea  and  C.  Swartmi,  it  is  well  to  explain  that  Swartz  first  used 
the  name  C.  rosea  in  Acta  Holm,  (see  above)  as  a  manuscript 
name  of  Dalman's  for  a  species  which  the  latter  intended  to  de¬ 
scribe.  Swartz  says  (  translation)  :  “Herr  Dalman  who  has  seen 
the  greater  part  of  these  species  growing  in  Westergotland  has 
also  communicated  to  me  information  about  a  new  species  which 
he  has  found,  which  he  intends  to  describe  under  the  name  of  C. 
rosea]  it  is  shorter  with  entirely  white  foot.  Clubs  bent  but  not 
twisted,  rose  and  yellow  color  at  top."  Later  Dalman  (J.  W.,  not 
Olaus,  as  given  by  Lindau  and  Sydow)  published  as  C.  Swartzii 
a  plate  in  Svensk  Botanik  (see  above).  This  was  evidently  the 
publication  referred  to  by  Swartz.  Still  later  Fries  (Obs.  Myc. 
2 :  290,  pi.  5,  fig.  2.  1818)  described  the  plant  more  fully  and  ac¬ 
cepted  Dalman's  name  C.  rosea  as  published  in  Swartz's  work. 
He  did  not,  however,  refer  here  to  C.  Szvartzii  as  a  synonym,  but 
did  so  in  his  later  work. 

Illustrations:  Dalman,  as  cited  above  (as  C.  Swartcii).  Shows  a  rosy  pink 

plant  with  tips  yellowish  in  withering. 

Fries.  Obs.  Myc.  2  :  pi.  5,  fig.  2.  1818. 

Krombholz.  Abbild.  n.  Beschr.,  pi.  53,  fig.  21.  1841. 

Winter.  Rabenhorst’s  Krypt.  FI.  1 :  294,  fig.  2.  1884. 


Clavaria  FUSiFOimis.  Hartsville,  S.  C.  No.  26. 


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Clavarias  of  titp:  United  States  and  Canada  43 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  44.  Beside  a  buried  maple  stick, 
woods,  July  25,  1916.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Colorado:  Clements.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Clavaria  nigrita  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  79  (211).  1797. 

Plates  1  and  82 

Single  or  cespitose  in  small  groups  (usually  1-7),  the  stems 
not  fused  above  ground,  but  scarcely  touching  or  nearly  touching 
at  base,  about  2-7  cm.  high  and  1-2.5  mm.  thick,  simple  and  almost 
cylindrical  or  tapering  towards  the  top,  with  the  tips  bluntly 
pointed  or  not  rarely  the  tip  knobbed  or  a  little  flattened-expanded 
or  (rarely)  with  one  or  two  short,  antler-like  prongs  near  the  end, 
and  sometimes  flattened  and  contorted  like  a  ram’s  horn  through¬ 
out,  the  base  slightly  contracted  into  a  short  stalk  which  is  con- 
colorous  and  not  sharply  defined  above  (the  hymenium  descend¬ 
ing  unevenly),  but  which  is  made  conspicuous  below  by  a  white, 
scurfy  tomentum  which  usually  covers  about  half  of  the  stem  and 
fades  upward  into  a  mere  pruinosity ;  except  when  young  and  still 
growing  the  surface  is  closely  and  conspicuously  rugose-zvrinklcd 
from  the  tip  to  the  base  or  near  it;  color  when  quite  young  about 
Saccardo’s  umber,  then  darkening  to  a  deep  dusky  sepia  with  the 
tips  soon  blackening,  the  base  white  with  tomentum;  flesh  soft 
and  elastic,  usually  breaking  only  in  part  even  when  bent  on  itself, 
colored  like  the  surface  and  translucent-watery  when  quite  fresh 
and  damp,  becoming  lighter  and  more  fibrous-looking  later ;  odor¬ 
less  and  quite  tasteless,  made  up  of  closely  packed  hyphae  about 
6.3-9.4[ji  thick,  their  cells  much  longer  than  thick. 

Spores  ovate-elliptic,  an  eccentric  mucro  on  the  larger  end, 
smooth,  white,  2. 7-3.2  x  5.5-6.3[j..  Basidia  4-spored,  about  9[jl 
broad  at  end,  sterigmata  about  7[jl  long. 

Growing  in  mossy  shaded  lawns  in  wet  weather  in  summer. 

This  remarkable  species  was  found  associated  with  C.  helve ola, 
C.  fragilis,  Hygrophorus  Peckiamis,  H.  coniciis,  H.  cJilorophanous, 
etc.  It  is  quickly  distinguished  from  any  other  Clavaria  by  its 
dark  color,  elastic  texture  and  close,  longitudinal  wrinkles.  It  is 
very  hard  to  find,  being  almost  invisible  against  the  earth  and 
humus.  When  dried  it  becomes  quite  black,  the  tomentum  of 
the  base  becoming  tawny. 


44 


Clavartas  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


In  the  dried  state  our  plants  agree  well  with  plants  from  Ithaca 
(see  below)  that  Bresadola  considered  C.  nigrita,  and  the  spores 
are  the  same.  We  find  the  spores  to  be  smooth,  ovate,  2.2-3  x 
4.5-6.6[j..  However,  Bresadola’s  description  does  not  agree  very 
well  (Fungi  Trident.  1:  62,  pi.  67,  fig.  4).  He  describes  it  as 
brittle,  hollow,  flattened,  with  a  central  channel  and  with  a  fari¬ 
nose  odor.  No  mention  is  made,  moreover,  of  the  remarkable, 
close-set  ridges  that  distinguish  our  plants.  However,  the  orig¬ 
inal  description  would  not  exclude  our  plant.  It  is  described 
as  cespitose,  black,  long-clavate,  1.9  cm.  long,  4  mm.  thick,  flexuose, 
subcompressed,  apex  attenuated,  at  times  erect,  at  times  reflexed, 
substance  fragile,  hollow  inside,  when  dry  superficially  subcorru¬ 
gated.  This  is  very  like  ours  except  for  being  hollow  and  fragile. 
There  is  in  the  Schweinitz  Herbarium  a  collection  from  Bethlehem 
labelled  C.  nigrita  Pers.  Its  spores  are  few  and  uncertain  and 
mixed  with  others,  but  some  seem  about  like  those  of  our  plant. 
The  little  dried  up  plants  do  not  help  much.  There  is  also  a 
fragmentary  collection  from  Schweinitz  at  the  Kew  Herbarium. 
Clavaria  striata  Pers.  is  excluded  by  its  much  lighter  color  and 
constantly  hollow  club  which  is  only  sparsely  striated ;  and  C.  lum- 
bricoides  Wiggers  (Primitiae  Florae  Holsaticae,  p.  107.  1780)* 
differs  in  light  color  (sordid  white,  then  grayish  ash,  then  lead 
color)  and  hollow  club  (which  is  not  said  to  be  ridged).  The 
latter  may  be  what  we  are  calling  C.  fumosa. 

Clavaria  cinereo-atra  Rick  (Broteria  5:  12.  1906)  resembles 
the  present  species  in  its  simple,  rugose,  blackish  cinereous  clubs, 
but  is  quite  different  in  its  large  subglobose  spores,  15[jt.  in  diame¬ 
ter.  Clavaria  Greleti  Bond.  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  33:  13,  pi.  4. 
1917)  is  of  the  same  size  and  color  as  C.  nigrita,  but  has  sub- 
spherical  spores  7-8[ji  thick,  and  is  not  said  to  be  sulcate. 

Illustration:  Bresadola.  Fungi  Trid.  1:  pi.  67,  fig.  4.  1884. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2794.  Many  plants  in  scattered 
colonies  in  moss  and  thin  grass  under  elms  and  crepe  myrtle  in  Dr. 
Mangum’s  lawn,  July  28,  1917. 

New  York:  Ithaca.  Atkinson.  (Bresadola  Herb.).  “Sp.  hyaline,  sub- 
stramineous,  5-6  X  3jLt.”  In  the  dry  state  this  looks  like  ours  and  has 
the  same  spores. 

This  name  does  not  appear  in  Saccardo.  The  book  is  extremely  rare  and  was 
published  at  Kiel,  Germany,  as  a  doctor’s  dissertation.  Dr.  Barnhart  has  a  copy. 


PLATE  12 


Clavaria  fusiform  is.  Blowing  Rock.  No.  5790 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


45 


Clavaria  vermiculata  Micheli.  Nova  Plant.  Gen.,  p.  209,  pi.  87, 
fig.  12.  1729.  (Also  Scopoli  in  FI.  Carn.  2:  483.  1772.) 

C.  cylindrica  Bull.  Herb.  Fr.,  p.  212,  pi.  463,  fig.  1.  1789. 

C.  fragilis  Holmsk.  Beata  Ruris  1 :  7,  pis.  2  and  3.  1790. 

C.  gracilis  Sow.  Engl.  Fungi,  pi.  232.  1797. 

C.  ehurnea  Pers.  Syn.  Met.  Fung.,  p.  603.  1801. 

?C.  canaliculata  Fr.  Obs.  Myc.  2:  294.  1818.  (Not  C.  can- 
aliculata  Ehrenb.). 

C.  vermiciilaris  Fr.  Syst.  Myc.  1 :  484.  1821. 

C.  alba  Pers.  Myc.  Europ.  1 :  175.  1822.  (Not  C.  alba  Pers. 
ibid.,  p.  161). 

C.  pistilliforma  Pers.  Myc.  Europ.  1 :  183.  1822. 

?C.  corynoides  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  31 :  39.  1879. 

C.nivea  Quel.  Asso.  Frangaise,  p.  3,  pi.  3,  fig.  11.  1901. 
(22nd.  supplement  to  Champ.  Jura,  etc.). 

Plates  5,  6,  and  82 

Plants  gregarious  in  clusters  of  two  or  three  to  a  dozen,  or,  in 
the  typical  verniicidata  form,  to  many;  often  a  good  many  single 
individuals  scattered  among  the  clusters ;  bases  when  clustered 
fused  or  only  approximate,  depending  on  the  density  of  the  clus¬ 
ters;  1-6  cm.  high  (usually  about  3-4.5  cm.),  rarely  reaching  a 
height  of  9  cm.  in  stout  forms  in  woods  (as  Burnham,  No.  11)  ; 
1.5 -2. 5  mm.  thick  at  thickest  point  which  is  at  or  above  the  middle, 
or  when  flattened  sometimes  as  much  as  4.7  mm.  wide,  tapering 
slightly  downward  and  more  rapidly  at  the  base  which  is  decidedly 
smaller,  and  which  when  looked  down  on  from  above  is  distinctly 
marked  ofif  from  the  hymenium  by  its  much  more  watery  and 
translucent  appearance;  not  conspicuously  mycelioid  at  the  foot, 
the  apex  blunt;  usually  simple  but  not  rarely  with  the  apex 
grooved  or  knobbed  or  with  an  antler-like  branch  at  any  point 
(very  rarely  with  several  flattened  branches)  ;  typically  curved 
at  base,  the  club  straight  or  wavy  and  often  channeled  or  with 
longitudinal  wrinkles  (not  closely  and  regularly  furrowed  as  in 
C.  nigrita  and  C.  appalachicnsis)  ;  color  pure  watery  white  when 
young  and  fresh,  but  nearly  always  becoming  tinted  with  light 
citron  yellow  at  the  tip  and  often  with  pale  creamy  flesh  color  be¬ 
low ;  in  drying  all  parts  become  buff  color.  Flesh  very  delicate 
and  brittle,  snapping  with  a  clean  break  at  less  than  45°  of  bend¬ 
ing,  solid  or  rarely  hollow;  almost  tasteless,  odor  none.  Hyphae 


46  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

in  cross  section  like  parenchymatous  cells  in  shape.  After  drying 
the  plant  will  revive  its  shape  if  dropped  in  water  (thus  differing 
from  C.  ftimosa). 

Spores  (of  No.  2751)  variable,  even  in  the  same  plant,  white, 
smooth,  ovate-pip-shaped,  2. 6-3. 6  x  4.  4-6[ji.  Basidia  (of  C.  &  B. 
No.  130)  5.9-6.6[ji  thick;  hymenium  40p-  thick;  hyphae  about  7.4[/. 
thick,  parallel,  closely  packed,  no  clamp  connections. 

Persoon  has  described  two  plants  as  C.  alba,  both  in  Mycologia 
Europaea.  The  first  (p.  161)  is  the  large,  branched  plant,  con¬ 
sidered  the  same  as  C.  coralloides  by  Fries  and  Saccardo.  The 
other  (p.  175)  is  represented  in  Persoon's  herbarium  by  six  single 
plants  or  cespitose  clusters.  They  are  small,  slender  and  quite 
simple  and  resemble  the  fragilis  form  of  C.  vermiciilata.  We  find 
that  the  spores  also  agree  with  this  species  (smooth,  oval, 
3. 5-3. 8  X  4-5[jl),  and  we  are  therefore  considering  it  the  same. 

The  types  of  C.  ebiirnea  in  PersooTs  herbarium  look  like  C. 
fragilis  and  have  the  same  spores,  oval,  smooth,  3.5  x  4.5-6[/.. 
There  is  a  sheet  of  C.  vermiculata  in  Persoon’s  herbarium.  The 
plants  resemble  ours  closely.  Clavaria  canaliculata  Fr.  may  be  a 
form  of  this  species,  but  Quelet’s  illustration  (Champ,  du  Jura  et 
des  Vosges,  pi.  21,  fig.  1)  does  not  look  like  it. 

Cotton  is  in  our  opinion  quite  right  in  reducing  C.  fragilis  to 
C.  vermiculata  (C.  vermicularis  Fr.)  (Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc. 
3 :  32.  1907).  He  refers  to  the  fact  that  Schroeter  had  combined 
the  two  in  1885  (Krypt.  Flora  Schlesien,  p.  445),  though  he 
adopted  the  name  C.  fragilis  instead  of  the  earlier  one.  After 
studying  many  collections  from  different  states  both  fresh  and 
dried,  we  can  find  no  satisfactory  distinctions.  Single  or  sparsely 
grouped  plants  are  often  found  among  dense  clumps  of  the  typical 
vermiculata  form  and  this  form  also  shows  often  the  yellowish  tip 
in  both  the  densely  crowded  and  single  plants.  The  spores  while 
variable  in  length  are  essentially  similar  in  all  forms  and  their 
length  cannot  be  correlated  with  other  qualities  of  the  plant. 
Clavaria  corynoides  is  represented  in  Albany  by  the  type  collection. 
There  are  several  slender  little  clubs  that  look  just  like  small, 
scattered  plants  of  the  fragilis  form.  Spores  few  but  those  found 
are  similar,  nearly  pip-shaped,  3  x  5-6[ji-.  This  may  be  C.  helveola, 
but  the  white  stem  would  seem  to  agree  better  with  C.  vermiculata. 


PI.  ATE  13 


Clavaria  pulchka.  No.  5587. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


47 


Peck  has  a  collection  from  Sand  Lake,  N.  Y.,  labelled  C.  fragilis 
var.  solida,  but  he  does  not  seem  to  have  published  this  name.  No 
difference  appears  in  the  dried  plants.  A  collection  in  the  Curtis 
Herbarium  from  E.  P.  Fries,  Upsala,  (as  C.  fragilis),  is  like  ours 
and  has  similar  spores.  Quelet  distinguishes  between  C.  vermicu- 
lata  and  C.  fragilis,  the  former  being  entirely  white,  the  latter  a 
little  yellowish  at  the  apex  and  smaller.  He  does  not  refer  to  the 
solitary  habit  at  times.  There  seems  to  be  nothing  to  distinguish 
Ouelet’s  C.  nivea  from  the  yellowish  tipped  form  of  this  except 
the  slightly  longer  spores.  Rosenvinge  finds  that  in  C.  vermicu- 
laris  the  cells  of  the  flesh  may  contain  one  to  four  nuclei,  and  that 
the  mature  spores  have  regularly  two  nuclei  (Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot. 
Series  7,  3:  75,  pi.  1,  figs.  1-3.  1886).  He  finds  that  the  spore 
of  C.  fragilis  has  but  one  nucleus  (no  figures)  and  thinks  that  in 
these  cases  as  in  others  the  number  of  nuclei  in  the  spore  is  of 
systematic  importance.  One  cannot  be  sure  what  plants  he  de¬ 
termines  as  C.  vermicularis  and  C.  fragilis.  Juel  (cited  under  C. 
cristata),  on  the  contrary,  finds  the  spore  of  what  he  calls  C. 
fragilis  to  have  two  nuclei  (pi.  3,  figs.  87-90),  resulting  from  a 
division  in  the  maturing  spore.  He  further  finds  the  basidia  4- 
spored,  the  basidia  and  hymenium  much  as  in  C.  muscoides  and  C. 
suhtilis.  The  latter  author  has  sent  us  (as  C.  fragilis)  a  collection 
from  Upsala  which  is  like  ours;  spores  smooth,  oval,  3-3.7  x  3.8- 
5.4pi. 

Illustrations:  Barla.  Champ.  Nice,  pi.  41,  figs.  14-16.  1859. 

Bolton.  Hist.  Fung.  Halifax,  pi.  Ill,  fig.  1  (as  C.  gracilis).  1789. 

Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Sfidb.,  Clavariei,  figs.  58  (as  C.  fragilis)  and  56 
(as  C.  vermicularis) . 

Buller.  Researches  on  Fungi  2  :  fig.  62.  1922.  Photograph  by  Miss  E.  M. 
Wakefield. 

Bulliard.  Herb.  France,  pi.  463,  fig.  1  (as  C.  cylindrica).  1789. 

Clements.  Minnesota  Mushrooms,  fig.  76  (as  C.  juncea). 

Flora  Danica,  pi.  1783,  fig.  2;  pi.  1966,  fig.  2  (as  C.  vermiculata)  ;  and 
pi.  775,  fig.  2. 

Hard.  Mushrooms,  fig.  395  (as  C.  vermicularis) .  1908. 

Holmskjold.  Beata  Ruris  1 :  pis.  2  and  (yellow  form)  3  (both  as  C. 
fraqilis).  1790.  Photographed  in  part  by  Burt  in  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card. 
9  :  pi.  9,  fig.  74.  1922. 

Gillet.  Champ.  France  5:  pi.  103  (109)  (as  C.  fragilis,  both  white  and 
yellow  forms).  1874-78. 


48 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


Greville.  Scott.  Crypt.  FI.  1:  pi.  37  (as  C.  fragilis).  Yellow,  more  than 
doubtful,  possibly  C.  fusiforniis.  1823. 

Michael.  Fiibrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  3,  No.  26.  1905. 

Micbeli.  Nov.  PI.  Gen.,  pi.  87,  fig.  12.  1729. 

Patoiiillard.  Tab.  Analyt.  Fung.,  fig.  468.  1886. 

Quelet.  Champ.  Jura  Vosg.  1 :  pi.  21,  fig.  3.  1872. 

Sower1)y.  Engl.  Fungi,  pi.  90  (upper  figures).  1797;  pi.  232  (as  C. 
gracilis).  1799. 

Swanton.  Fungi  and  Flow  to  Know  Them,  pi.  29,  fig.  6.  1909. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  1786.  In  leaves  in  woods,  September 
14,  1915.  Spores  2.5-2.8  x  4-5/x.  No.  2335.  Mouldy  earth  on  margin 
of  drain  under  bushes,  July  1,  1916.  Spores  2.5-3  x  4.5-6/x-  Basidia 
5-5. 5/x  thick,  four-spored.  Plants  simple,  very  slender,  scattered,  2-4 
cm.  high,  1.5-2  mm.  thick  near  the  yellowish  top,  tapering  downward 
and  much  smaller  at  the  base,  but  no  sharply  defined  stalk.  This  form 
is  exactly  like  Peck’s  C.  corynoides.  No.  2434.  In  short  grass  and 
moss  in  Dr.  Mangum’s  lawn,  July  27,  1916.  Spores  2. 2-2. 6  x  5.6-6. 7/x. 
No.  2751.  In  mossy  grass  in  a  yard,  July  22,  1917.  Spores  2. 6-3.6  x 
4.4-6/x.  No.  2759.  In  mossy  grass  in  Dr.  Mangum’s  yard  (same  spot  as 
No.  2434),  July  23,  1917.  Spores  2.2-2.9  x  4-6.6/x.  No.  2773.  Mossy 
grass  in  lawns,  July  26,  1917.  Spores  ovate,  2-2.6  x  4.4-5. 2/>t.  No.  2787. 
Same  spot  as  No.  2434,  July  27,  1917.  One  of  these  plants  was  remark¬ 
ably  expanded  and  branched,  looking  just  like  a  caribou  antler  with  five 
prongs  and  2.7  cm.  wide.  This  plant  was  very  pale  creamy  flesh  below 
and  white  above,  but  most  of  the  plants  of  this  collection  were  white  or 
very  pale  cream  with  tips  a  clear  light  yellow.  No.  2782.  Same  spot  as 
No.  2335,  July  27,  1917. 

Flat  Rock.  Memminger.  Mss.  (as  C.  fragilis). 

Pink  Bed  Valley.  Murrill  and  House.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Alabama:  Auburn.  Earl  and  Baker,  No.  55.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Tennessee:  Burbank.  Thaxter.  (Thaxter  Herb.). 

New  Jersey:  Newfield.  Ellis  and  Everhart.  No.  Am.  Fungi,  No.  2027. 
(Kew  Herb.). 

New  York:  West  Park.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  “Pure  white.” 

Vaughns.  Burnham.  Nos.  11  and  82.  C.  &  B.  No.  130.  (U.  N.  C. 
Herb.). 

N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Earle.  On  earth  in  woods.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores 
ovate-elliptic,  2. 5-2.9  x  4.4-5/x. 

Connecticut:  Redding.  No.  28.  In  moss  under  maples,  September  6,  1919. 
Spores  smooth,  oblong,  2. 3-3. 3  x  4.3-5. 5/x,  shaped  like  those  of  C.  fragilis 
of  Chapel  Hill.  No.  4932.  xA.ugust  2,  1919.  Spores  smooth,  elliptic 
to  pip-shaped,  2.8  x  4. 5-5. 5^.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.  ). 

California:  Mt.  Tamalpais.  Eastwood.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  “Pure 
white  like  spaghetti.”  Spores  elliptic,  about  3  x  5/x. 


tl 


(^1 


ClAVARIA  AMET  1 1 YSTINOIDES. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  49 

Clavaria  citriceps  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6 :  56.  1908. 

Plates  1  and  82 

Plants  gregarious,  single  or  cespitose  in  twos  or  threes,  3-4 
cm.  high,  slender;  club  1.5-2  mm.  thick,  tapering  below  into  a 
more  slender  stalk  about  1  cm.  long  and  not  sharply  distinct ;  stalk 
subtranslucent  or  opaque.  Club  opaque,  bluntly  rounded  at  tip 
when  just  grown,  but  immediately  beginning  to  wither  at  tip  and 
becoming  acute.  Color  milk-white,  with  a  pale  yellow  tint  toward 
the  tip  when  young,  the  withered  tip  soon  a  deeper  watery  yellow. 
The  withering  and  accompanying  change  of  color  proceeding 
downward  until  the  entire  club  is  involved.  Texture  quite  brittle 
when  very  fresh,  soon  much  less  brittle  in  incipient  withering; 
solid  or  partly  hollow.  Taste  and  odor  none. 

Spores  (of  No.  3428)  minute,  smooth,  subspherical,  3-3.5  x 
4-4. 5a,  smaller  and  more  spherical  than  in  C.  vcrmiciilata.  Basidia 
4-spored,  3[ji  thick. 

The  dried  plants  of  the  type  at  Ithaca  are  similar  in  appear¬ 
ance  to  ours.  They  are  simple,  moderately  stout,  single  or  2-4  ces¬ 
pitose.  The  spores  are  very  few,  but  those  found  are  the  same. 
They  are  smaller  than  the  spores  of  C.  helveola  and  average  shorter 
than  those  of  C.  vermiculata ;  the  shape  is,  moreover,  distinctly 
more  spherical  than  in  either  of  the  others.  The  species  is  very 
near  C.  vermiculata  and  may  be  only  a  variety  of  it.  The  latter 
is  often  yellowish  at  the  tip,  but  the  present  species  is  yellowish  over 
a  larger  extent  of  the  club,  and  the  spores  are  differently  shaped 
and  average  smaller.  For  a  comparison  with  C.  hiteo-ochracea, 
see  that  species.  From  the  description  C.  Michelii  Rea  (Trans. 
Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  2  :  39.  1903)  may  not  be  different  from  the  present 
species. 

Atkinson's  description  of  C.  citriceps  follows : 

“Plants  subclavate,  1.5  cm.  high,  2-3  mm.  stout,  citron  yellow, 
white  below,  deeper  yellow  when  dry.  Spores  oval,  white,  smooth, 
with  an  oil  drop,  4-5  x  3[jl." 

Illustration :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  10,  fig.  90.  1922. 

New  York:  Ithaca.  On  ground  in  woods.  C.  O.  Smith.  (Cornell  Herb., 
No.  13461). 

Connecticut :  Redding.  Coker,  No.  3428.  In  moss  under  maple,  August 
23,  1919. 


50  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Clavaria  fumosa  Pers.  Obs.  Myc.  1:31.  1796. 

Plates  7  and  82 

Plants  densely  cespitose  and  fused  at  the  very  base,  about  4-10 
cm.  long  and  1.7-5  mm.  thick,  tapering  at  the  base,  sometimes  com¬ 
pressed  and  furrowed,  and  rarely  branched  or  antlered,  no  dis¬ 
tinctly  marked  stem,  color  pale  creamy  or  smoky  flesh,  the  base 
nearly  white  and  the  blunt  or  rather  pointed  apex  soon  becoming 
brownish  and  shrunken ;  texture  very  tender  and  moderately 
brittle,  usually  snapping  with  a  clean  break  when  bent  at  about 
45°,  at  times  more  brittle  and  snapping  very  easily,  inside  solid 
or  in  large  plants  often  a  little  hollowed  by  the  separation  of  the 
fibers,  and  sometimes  decidedly  hollow  in  age;  no  distinct  central 
cylinder.  Practically  tasteless  and  odorless.  In  drying  the  plants 
become  a  soaked  brownish  ochraceous,  beginning  at  the  tip,  and 
develop  a  large  hollow  which  is  surrounded  by  scarcely  more  than 
a  shell. 

Spores  white,  elliptic,  smooth,  3-4  x  4.8-7. 5[t.  Basidia  4- 
spored,  5.5-9[t  thick;  hymenium  about  37[jl  thick;  threads  of  flesh 
very  densely  packed. 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  C.  vermiculata  and  resembles 
it  in  habit  and  texture.  It  may  be  distinguished  by  the  average 
larger  size,  the  smoky  tint,  the  tips  becoming  blackish  in  wither¬ 
ing  and  by  the  plant  not  regaining  its  shape  when  placed  in  water 
after  drying.  This  last  is  a  very  convenient  test  for  distinguish¬ 
ing  the  two  species  without  notes  on  the  fresh  state.  The  spores 
are  very  much  alike,  but  those  of  C.  fumosa  average  somewhat 
longer.  They  are  slightly  smaller  than  European  specimens  of  C. 
fumosa  from  Italy  (Bresadola)  and  Germany  that  we  have 
examined,  but  the  shape  is  the  same.  The  German  plants  ( Sydow, 
Mycotheca  germanica.  No.  454,  Kew  Herb.)  have  spores  3.4-4  x 
5.5-8(jl  (rarely  10[t).  Plants  from  America  (Lloyd)  in  Bresadola’s 
herbarium  are  exactly  like  ours.  According  to  Fries  (  Hymen. 
Europ.,  p.  675),  C.  striata  Pers.  (Comm.,  p.  78)  is  probably  the 
same  as  C.  fumosa. 

Illustrations:  Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Siidb.,  Clavariei,  figs.  34  and  76. 

Krombholz.  Abbild.,  pi.  53,  fig.  18.  1841. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  708.  On  ground  in  woods,  June  20, 
1913.  The  plants  only  2.5-3  cm.  high.  No.  924.  On  ground  in  woods. 


■ 


MiWS 


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H 

E 


Clavakia  ORNATiPES.  Blowing  Rock.  No.  5671 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


51 


October  16,  1913.  No.  1396.  On  bare  earth  in  woods,  October  21, 
1914.  Plants  1.5-3. 5  cm.  high.  Spores  2.5-3.4  x  5.1-6.8ja.  No.  2402. 
On  ground  in  woods,  July  20,  1916.  No.  2669.  In  damp  mixed  woods, 
July  14,  1917.  No.  2732.  Mixed  woods,  July  21,  1917.  No.  2815. 
Low  mixed  woods,  July  30,  1917.  A  very  light  lot,  almost  white  in 
lower  third.  No.  3478.  Damp  ground,  August  22,  1919.  Spores 
elliptic,  4  X  5-7. 5/x. 

Asheville.  Miss  Burlingham.  We  cannot  find  spores  on  this  collection, 
but  the  dried  plants  seem  identical  with  ours. 

Pink  Bed  Valley.  Miss  Burlingham.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  3-3.3  x  5-6^. 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party.  No.  5765.  On  earth  in  mixed  woods, 
August  24,  1922.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  3-3.5  x  5.6-7.4/x. 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Coker  and  Burnham,  No.  112.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Ithaca.  ( Albany  Plerb. ) . 

Connecticut:  Redding.  Coker.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Color  pale  smoky 
flesh,  tips  fading  black;  spores  ovate  to  pip-shaped,  about  3  x  4.8-7//. 

Clavaria  purpurea  Mitll.  FI.  Dan.,  pi.  837,  fig.  2.  1780.  (Not 
C.  purpurea  Schaefif.) 

C.  nebulosa  Pk.  Bull.  Ton*.  Bot.  Club  25:  326.  1898. 

Plates  8  and  82 

Gregarious  and  densely  cespitose  in  clumps  up  to  20  individuals, 
a  few  single,  2. 5-6. 5  cm.  high,  usually  crooked  and  twisted,  flat¬ 
tened  and  channelled,  2-6  mm.  broad  the  flat  way,  dull  brown  with 
a  tint  of  smoky  purple  (about  avellaneous  to  fawn  or  wood-brown) , 
nearly  cylindrical  or  narrowly  fusiform,  rather  abruptly  pointed, 
ending  below  in  a  short,  terete,  ill-defined  stem  which  is  white 
from  a  plush-like  tomentum  below;  apex  of  club  quickly  becom¬ 
ing  black  and  withering  flabby;  surface  dull,  in  many  places 
glaucous.  Flesh  white,  or  when  soaked  nearly  the  surface  color, 
solid  but  easily  becoming  hollow  by  the  separation  of  the  fibers, 
fragile,  dry,  tender,  and  flaky,  snapping  at  45°;  taste  none;  odor 
distinctly  musty,  about  like  a  gourd.  Threads  of  flesh  near  the 
hymenium  7.5-1  Ip.  thick,  in  center  of  club  15-19p-  thick,  regularly 
parallel  and  composed  of  cells  about  55-95p-  long,  with  occasional 
clamp  connections  and  usually  constricted  and  rounded  at  the 
joints. 

Spores  (of  No.  4860)  smooth,  white,  elliptic,  3. 7-4. 5  x  8.5-12p.. 
Basidia  very  inconspicuous,  clavate,  about  30p.  long  and  7p.  thick 
with  4  short  sterigmata. 


52  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Our  reference  of  this  plant  to  C.  purpurea  follows  a  compari¬ 
son  with  European  collections.  A  careful  microscopic  study  of  a 
plant  from  Romell,  Sweden,  determined  as  C.  purpurea,  shows  a 
close  agreement  with  our  No.  4860;  basidia  about  6.6(jl  thick,  4- 
spored,  the  spores  smooth,  long,  3.7-4.8  x  threads  of  flesh 

up  to  10[ji  thick  near  center;  color  when  dry  blackish  above  or 
nearly  all  over  with  the  surface  of  a  peculiar  plush-like  character 
which  under  the  lens  looks  like  sponge.  Dried  plants  of  No. 
4860  have  the  same  surface,  a  condition  which  appears  only  after 
drying.  In  this  species  the  dried  plants  are  always  badly  col¬ 
lapsed.  The  Swedish  plants,  like  ours,  grew  in  coniferous  woods, 
and  this  seems  to  be  true  for  the  species  wherever  found.  At 
Kew  are  two  collections  of  C.  purpurea  that  are  exactly  like  those 
from  Romell.  They  are  Rabenhorst-Winter,  Fungi  Europaei,  No. 
2930  from  Finland  in  pine  woods  (Karsten)  and  F.  F.  Karsten 
Exs.  No.  438.  Others  so'  named  are  very  doubtfully  the  same, 
and  Cotton  and  Wakefield’s  description  of  C.  purpurea  may  be 
based  on  another  species,  as  they  give  the  spores  broader  and  short¬ 
er  than  in  any  example  we  have  seen. 

American  representatives  of  this  species  are  rarely  seen  in 
herbaria.  In  Albany  is  a  collection  from  New  Brunswick  de¬ 
termined  as  C.  purpurea  that  agrees  with  the  above.  The  plants 
are  lightly  cespitose  (3-4  together)  or  single,  1-3  mm.  thick,  5-8 
cm.  high,  tapering  at  both  ends,  acute,  very  hollow  and  often  com¬ 
pressed,  then  up  to  5  mm.  wide  in  center,  base  white,  slightly 
scurfy  or  nearly  smooth.  Color  in  dry  state  smoky  brown,  tend¬ 
ing  to  become  brown  at  the  tips  or  at  any  point.  Spores  3. 8-4.5  x 
8.5-13[jl,  rarely  up  to  15.5[ji. 

Peck’s  C.  nehiilosa  is  this  species.  We  have  examined  the  type 
and  find  the  spores  to  be  smooth,  oblong-elliptic,  with  small  eccen¬ 
tric  mucro,  3.6-4  X  7.4-1  If/..  Basidia  5.5-6.5[x  thick,  4-spored;  hy- 
menium  about  45[jl  thick,  without  crystals ;  threads  of  flesh  parallel 
in  longitudinal  section,  up  to  15[ji  thick  in  center,  smaller  just  under 
the  hymenium,  constricted  at  the  joints,  no  clamp  connections 
seen. 


PLATE  16 


Clavaria  rugosa.  Blowing  Rock. 


No.  5812 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  53 

Illustration :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  8,  fig.  72  (as  C.  ncbulosa). 
1922. 

North  Carolina:  Camp  Bragg.  J.  S.  Holmes.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  No. 
4860.  On  coarse  sandy  soil  in  pine  forest  in  opening  made  by  a  dead 
pine,  April  14,  1921. 

Colorado:  Dark  Canyon.  Clements.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  Spores 
3  X  8-9/x.  These  are  labelled  C.  purpurea,  but  they  are  doubtfully  that 
species.  A  photograph  accompanying  the  plants  looks  exactly  like  C. 
fiimosa  and  the  spores  are  scarcely  larger  than  the  upper  limit  in  that 
species. 

Newfoundland:  Sandy  Point.  Waghorne.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  type  of  C. 
nebulosa;  also  plants  from  the  type  locality  in  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

New  Brunswick:  Miss  Horne.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Utah:  Uinta  Mtns.,  alt.  10,000  ft.  Watson.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 
Spores  about  3.5-4  x  8.5-9/x. 

Clavaria  appalachiensis  n.  sp. 

Plates  10  and  91 

Plants  simple,  single  or  rarely  cespitose  in  groups  of  2-4,  gre¬ 
garious  in  small  numbers;  height  3-9  cm.,  the  stem  very  distinct 
and  sharply  defined,  1-4  cm.  long,  terete,  smooth  and  shining, 
lemon  yellow  except  for  the  whitened  and  subtomentose  base. 
Club  2-6  cm.  long,  1.5-5  mm.  thick,  straight  or  bent,  equal,  terete 
or  less  often  compressed,  delicately  but  very  distinctly  and  regu¬ 
larly  ridged  and  furrowed  longitudinally  (as  in  C.  nigrita)  ;  color 
varying  from  pale  fleshy  yellow  to  light  cream  or  creamy  yellow, 
the  rounded  tips  concolorous,  then  fading  brownish.  Flesh  of 
club  concolorous,  very  tender  and  brittle,  snapping  clean  at  an  angle 
of  45°,  solid  but  usually  soon  hollowed  by  grubs;  stem  tough  and 
pliable,  not  breaking  when  bent  on  self,  with  a  cartilaginous  rind 
and  softer  center.  Taste  and  odor  none. 

Spores  (of  No.  5650,  type)  white,  smooth,  subspherical, 
4.8-6. 5  X  5.5-7.2[jl,  with  a  large  oil  drop  and  a  distinct  mucro.  Ba- 
sidia  4-spored  or  (a  few)  2-spored,  7.3-8.5p-  thick.  Threads  of 
flesh  parallel,  about  4.8p.  thick  under  the  hymenium,  larger  to¬ 
wards  the  center,  where  they  are  about  14'jl  thick  on  an  average. 

We  have  found  the  species  only  in  frondose  woods  on  very 
rotten  deciduous  logs  (probably  chestnut)  or  on  pure  leaf  mold  and 
at  an  elevation  of  about  4000  feet.  Known  at  present  only  from 
North  Carolina  and  Pennsylvania.  It  is  a  well  marked  plant  and 


54  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

easily  distinguished  by  its  shining  yellow,  sharply  dehned  stem; 
solid,  delicately  channelled,  pale  and  brittle  club,  lack  of  taste  and 
odor  and  rather  large,  smooth,  subspherical  spores,  hrom  C. 
fusiformis,  which  is  apparently  nearest  and  has  the  same  spores, 
it  is  separated  by  most  of  the  characters  just  mentioned  as  well  as 
by  the  typically  single  habit.  Usually  only  one  to  four  are  found 
in  one  place  and  the  individuals  are  separated  by  several  inches. 
The  only  other  simple  plant  with  about  the  right  spores  is  C.  pel- 
[jicidiila  Britz.  (Hymen.  Siidb.,  p.  290,  Bg.  38).  Whether  it  is 
the  same  or  not  cannot  be  gathered  from  the  incomplete  descrip¬ 
tion,  but  the  bases  are  flexuose  and  the  clubs  thickened  upward 
and  no  distinct  stem  is  mentioned.  Clavaria  lutco-ochracca  differs 
in  darker  and  less  distinct  stems,  smaller  spores  and  basidia  and 
different  appearance  in  the  dried  state.  ( See  specimens  in  the 
N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  Clavaria  Daicjrciuoufiana  Bond,  with 
longitudinally  ridged  clubs  is  easily  different  (see  note  under  C. 
heh’eola). 

North  Carolina:  Blowing  Rock.  Coker,  No.  5650.  On  rotten  deciduous 
log,  August  21,  1922.  (Type.)  No.  5788.  On  very  rotten  portion  of 
a  log,  August  25,  1922.  Spores  4. 2-5. 5  x  5-6. 6/x.  No.  5830.  In  leaf 
mold  and  on  very  rotten  wood,  August  26,  1922.  No.  5861.  In  humus 
and  on  rotting  wood,  August  27,  1922.  Hymenium  about  SOfx  thick. 
(All  in  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Pennsylvania:  Buck  Hill  Falls,  August,  1920.  “Growing  singly  in  light 
woods;  yellowish  white.”  Mrs.  Delafield.  (U.  N.  C.  and  N.  Y.  Bot. 
Card.  Her!).).  Spores  4.8-6  x  6-7.4|a.  Basidia  7.4-8/^  thick,  4-spored, 
or  (not  rarely)  2-spored.  The  dried  jdants  are  like  the  type. 

Clavaria  fusiformis  Sowerby.  Engl.  Fungi,  pi.  234.  1799. 

C.  fasciculata  Villars.  Hist.  Plant.  Dauph.  3 :  1052.  1789. 

C.  platyclada  Pk.  Bull.  Ton*.  Bot.  Club  23  :  419.  1896. 

C.  compressa  Schw.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  H,  4:  182.  1832. 

(Not  C.  compressa  Berk,  or  C.  compressa  Schroeter). 

C.  ceranoides  Pers.  Syn.  Met.  Fung.,  p.  594.  1801. 

Plates  11,  12,  and  82 

Plants  simple,  usually  densely  fascicled,  about  3-7  cm.  long  or 
rarely  up  to  18  cm.  long  (as  in  a  collection  from  Sand  Fake,  N.  Y., 
at  Albany),  cavernously  hollow  unless  flattened  and  then  often  not 
hollow,  cylindrical  or  more  often  flattened  and  grooved  on  the 


PLATE  17 


Clavaria  cristata.  No.  2251 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


55 


sides,  at  times  broadest  near  the  tip  and  narrowly  spatulate,  again 
more  tapering,  abruptly  or  gradually  pointed,  2-12  mm.  wide 
above  the  middle,  tapering  downward  to  a  slender,  paler  base  about 

1.5- 2  mm.  thick,  which  is  not  sharply  dehned  from  the  clul).  Not 
rarely  the  plants  are  much  contorted  and  fantastically  curved,  re¬ 
sembling  at  times  a  ram’s  horn.  Color  a  deep  primrose  yellow, 
or  duller  brownish  yellow,  the  tip  or  the  whole  becoming  water- 
soaked  and  brownish  in  age,  the  very  base  light  yellow  and  some¬ 
what  incrassated.  Color  unchanged  or  darker  in  drying.  Tex¬ 
ture  moderately  brittle,  cracking  at  a  bend  of  45°  but  not  snap¬ 
ping  clean.  Taste  bitter  and  farinaceous,  disagreeable  (lost  on 
drying)  or  varying  to  quite  mild. 

Spores  (of  No.  1362)  light  yellow  (fading  to  cream  color  in 
the  herbarium)  or  in  some  collections  white,  subspherical  with  a 
small  mucro,  5.1-6.7[i.  in  diameter.  Basidia  club-shaped,  about 
7.5[i.  thick,  mostly  4-spored,  but  usually  also  some  2-spored  in  the 
same  plant,  the  sterigmata  about  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the 
spores. 

The  species  is  widely  distributed,  occurring  on  humus  or  mossy 
soil  in  woods.  It  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  rather  large  size, 
bright  color,  vaguely  dehned  stem,  typically  cespitose  habit,  and 
rather  large,  spherical  spores.  Not  rarely  there  are  single  plants 
among  the  clustered  groups.  This  species  with  C.  platyclada  Pk. 
comprises  a  very  puzzling  group  of  forms.  The  type  collection  of 
the  latter  is  well  preserved  in  Albany  and  we  have  studied  it  care¬ 
fully.  In  the  dried  state  the  plant  cannot  be  distinguished  from 
many  collections  usually  referred  to  C.  f  usiforniis  either  in  appear¬ 
ance  or  microscopic  detail.  The  plants  are  not  hollow  but  neither 
are  many  llattened  plants  of  C.  fusifonnis.  In  the  type  of  C. 
platyclada  the  spores  are  smooth,  spherical,  4.4-6. 6[j-  thick ;  basidia 

5.5- 6.6;j-  thick,  mostly  4-spored,  but  a  good  many  2-spored;  hy- 
menium  about  90[j-  thick,  light  olivaceous  under  the  microscope. 

While  at  Blowing  Rock  in  August,  1922,  we  studied  the  group 
carefully  in  the  fresh  condition,  hoping  to  distinguish  two  species. 
We  first  found  that  the  taste  varied  from  quite  bitter  to  quite 
mild  in  different  collections ;  next  it  was  found  that  some  lots  cast 
a  pure  white  spore  print  while  with  others  brought  in  the  same  day 
the  spore  print  was  distinctly  creamy  yellow.  Flattened  members 
of  any  lot  were  usually  not  hollow,  while  terete  members  were. 


56  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Our  early  hopes  that  we  had  found  distinctive  characters  were 
soon  broken  down  by  entire  lack  of  any  correlation  of  characters. 
In  No.  5790  the  taste  was  not  bitter,  the  spores  were  creamy  yel¬ 
low,  and  the  clubs  were  hollow  ;  in  No.  5507  the  spores  were  pure 
white  in  a  good  print,  the  taste  was  not  bitter  and  the  clubs  were 
hollow;  in  No.  5586  the  taste  was  rankly  bitter,  the  spores  were 
pure  white,  and  some  plants  (not  flattened)  were  hollow;  in  No. 
5679  the  taste  was  mild,  the  spores  were  white,  and  the  clubs  were 
hollow.  In  two  collections  from  the  identical  spot  and  evidently 
from  the  same  mycelium  taken  at  Hartsville,  S.  C.,  one  in  1916, 
the  other  in  1917,  the  first  (No.  12)  was  quite  bitter,  the  second 
(No.  26)  was  scarcely  bitter  but  distinctly  farinaceous.  The 
spores  in  both  were  yellowish.  It  then  appears  that  if  there  are 
two  species  they  can  at  present  be  separated  only  by  the  color  of 
the  fresh  spores  in  good  prints,  and  as  the  European  form  of  C. 
fitsiformis  is  said  to  have  the  spores  yellow  when  fresh  (Cotton 
and  Wakefield,  p.  184)  it  may  still  be  that  C.  platyclada  is  a  slightly 
different  plant  (form  or  variety)  distinguished  by  its  white  spores 
and  perhaps  by  other  slight  differences  that  have  so  far  escaped 
us.  Clavaria  compressa  Schw.  is  almost  certainly  this.  A  col¬ 
lection  under  that  name  in  the  Schweinitz  Herbarium  has  spores 
subspherical,  smooth,  4.8-6  x  6-7\x.  In  the  Curtis  Herbarium  is 
also  a  fragment  from  the  Schweinitz  Herbarium,  so  named,  which 
is  about  2.5-3  mm.  broad,  flat  and  channelled,  with  spores  5.5  x 
6.7[jl;  the  basidia  2-4  spored.  Persoon  (Myc.  Europ.,  p.  178)  re¬ 
ferred  to  C.  fitsiformis  the  plant  which  he  first  described  (Comm., 
p.  73)  as  C.  fasciculata,  but  later  gave  the  latter  as  a  synonym  of 
C.  inaequalis.  However,  his  interpretation  of  C.  inaequalis  could 
hardly  have  been  the  one  now  accepted.  The  description  of  C. 
fasciculata  Villars  while  short  is  good  and  leaves  little  doubt  that 
it  is  the  same  as  the  present  species.  The  only  plant  of  that  name 
in  Persoon’s  herbarium  is  labelled  C.  fasciculata  DC.,*  sent  by 
Mangeat.  It  looks  just  like  C.  fusiformis  and  has  the  same  spores, 
which  are  subspherical  with  a  sharp  mucro,  5-6  x  6-7.5[jl  (counting 
mucro). 

*  DeCandolle  described  C.  fasciculata  in  Syn.  Plant.  Flora  Gall.,  p.  19,  1806.  without 
giving  any  authority,  and  this  may  have  given  rise  to  a  misunderstanding  in  regard 
to  the  author  of  the  species. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  57 

In  the  Schweinitz  Herbarium  a  collection  of  this  is  labelled  C. 
inaeqiialis  Fr.,  with  spores  as  above  described,  5.S-6.5[x  in  diameter. 

Peck  reports  C.  austera  Britz.  (Kept.  54:  155.  1901)  and  says: 
“Ground  in  woods.  Lake  Placid.  Sept.  Miss  N.  L.  Marshall. 
A  small  tufted  species  allied  to  C.  inaequalis,  from  which  it  may 
be  distinguished  by  the  greenish  tint  of  the  clubs.’'  We  have  ex¬ 
amined  this  collection  and  find  the  spores  exactly  like  those  of  C. 
fusiformis,  5.5-6[ji  thick.  The  real  C.  austera  can  hardly  be  this 
as  they  are  shown  by  Britzelmayr  as  single  olive  green  clubs.  We 
think  Miss  Marshall’s  collection  is  a  somewhat  greenish  form  of 
C.  fusiformis.  Clavaria  coliformis  Bond.  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr. 
33  :  11,  pi.  3,  fig.  2.  1917)  may  be  an  abnormal  form  of  this. 

Illustrations :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  8,  fig.  67  (as  C.  com- 
pressa)  ;  fig.  68  (as  C.  platyclada) .  1922. 

Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Sfidb.,  Clavariei,  fig.  26. 

Cooke.  Handb.  Brit.  Fung.,  p.  335.  1871. 

Dumee.  Nouvel  Atlas  Champ.,  pocket  edition,  pi.  56.  1911. 

Gillet.  Champ.  Fr.  5:  pi.  104  (110).  1874-78. 

Hard.  Mushrooms,  fig.  397.  1908. 

Hussey.  Ills.  Brit.  Fung.  1 :  pi.  18.  1847. 

Mcllvaine.  Am.  Fung.,  pi.  138,  fig.  1.  1900. 

Patouillard.  Tab.  Fung.,  fig.  565.  1887. 

Price.  Illustrations  of  Fungi,  pi.  14,  fig.  93.  1865. 

Sowerby.  As  cited  above  and  also  pi.  235  (as  C.  rugasa).  PI.  234  is 
photographed  in  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  8,  fig.  66.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  1362.  On  mouldy  earth  in  road,  Oc¬ 
tober  16,  1914. 

Pink  Bed  Valley.  Murrill  and  House,  No.  368.  July  1908.  Also  Bur- 
lingham,  1907.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Blowing  Rock.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.).  Also  Coker.  Nos.  5507, 
5586,  5679,  5790.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

South  Carolina:  Hartsville.  Coker,  No.  12.  In  low,  mossy,  flat  woods 
under  maples  and  long  leaf  pine,  September  9,  1916.  Taste  very  bitter, 
also  farinaceous.  Spores  yellowish,  5-6/x  thick.  No.  26.  On  same 
spot  as  above,  June  4,  1917.  Taste  farinaceous  but  scarcely  bitter. 
Spores  as  in  No.  12.  No.  64.  Again  on  same  spot,  June  15,  1918. 

Ravenel,  No.  1080.  (Kew  Herb.). 

Pennsylvania:  Bethlehem.  (Schw.  Herb,  and  Curtis  Herb.).  Spores 

5  X  6.5/x. 

Pocono  Lake  Preserve.  Vogler.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Buck  Hill  Falls.  Mrs.  Delafield.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 


58 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


New  York:  Ithaca.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.). 

Niimeroiis  other  places  in  New  York  are  represented  by  collections  at 
Albany  and  in  the  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb. 

Massachusetts:  Sprague.  (Curtis  Herb,  and  Kew  Herb.,  as  C.  tetragona.) 
Spores  smooth,  4-4.5  x  4.5-5.2/x. 

Farlow.  (Kew  Herb.). 

Vermont:  Stratton.  Spores  spherical,  5.5-7. 

Newfane.  Miss  Hibbard.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

New  Hampshire:  Cbocorua.  Farlow.  ( U.  N.  C.  Herb,  from  Farlow  Herb., 
as  C.  inacqualis) .  Spores  smooth,  subspherical,  5-6. 5/x  thick.  Basidia 
4.5-6/x  thick,  usually  4-spored  (rarely  2). 

Maine:  Davis.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  C.  platyclada) . 


Clavaria  pulchra  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  28;  53,  pi.  1,  fig. 
10.  1876. 

C.  angustata  Pers.  (Sense  of  Schw.).  Comm.,  p.  72  (204), 
pi.  1,  fig.  3.  1797. 

C.  persimilis  Cotton.  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3  :  182.  1909. 

Plates  1,6,  13,  and  82 

Plants  gregarious,  mostly  cespitose  in  clusters  of  several  to 
about  twenty,  often  single  or  in  twos  and  threes,  not  densely  fas¬ 
cicled  or  fused  at  base  in  large  groups  as  in  C.  fnsiforinis  or  C. 
fiimosa,  but  several  individuals  may  be  so  fused;  1. 5-7.4  cm. 
high,  1.2-6  mm.  thick  near  the  top,  long  club-shaped  or  nearly 
cylindrical,  at  times  compressed  and  grooved,  tapering  downward, 
the  stem  not  distinct  from  the  club,  except  for  decidedly  lighter 
color  usually,  the  base  incrassated  or  not  so ;  apex  bluntly  rounded, 
not  apiculate ;  surface  smooth,  egg-yellow,  the  base  and  at  times 
the  apex  lighter,  or  the  apex  may  be  darker.  Flesh  toughish, 
elastic,  cracking  but  not  snapping  at  45°,  stuffed  or  varying  to  im¬ 
perfectly  or  distinctly  hollow  at  maturity ;  taste  sweetish  and  pleas¬ 
ant,  odor  none. 

Spores  (of  No.  1717)  white,  oblong-ovoid  with  a  prominent 
mucro  on  one  side  near  the  large  end,  usually  with  a  distinct  oil 
drop,  4.6  X  6-7[j..  Basidia  (in  dried  plants)  about  5-7(j.  thick,  4- 
spored,  smaller  than  in  C.  f  usiformis. 

On  bare  earth  or  decaying  leaves  in  deciduous  or  mixed  woods. 

The  type  of  C.  pulchra  agrees  in  all  respects  with  our  plants  so 
far  as  can  be  seen  in  the  dried  state,  and  the  spores  are  of  the 
same  characteristic  shape,  4.4  x  6.7[ji.  Our  plants  (No.  1717)  have 


PLATE  18 


Clavaria  cristata.  No.  2387  [above];  No.  2660  [below] 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


59 


been  compared  with  specimens  of  C.  pcrsimilis  from  Wales  (Dr. 
Cotton),  and  seem  clearly  the  same,  the  spores  also  having  the 
characteristic  shape,  but  running  a  little  shorter  than  in  Chapel 
Hill  plants.  The  British  plants  are  described  by  Cotton  as  hav¬ 
ing  the  internal  structure  composed  of  loosely  packed,  longitudi¬ 
nally-running  filaments  3-6{j.  in  diameter.  Our  collections  vary 
from  stuffed  to  hollow. 

This  species  is  nearest  C.  fiisifoniiis,  which  normally  differs  in 
larger  size,  fasciculate  habit,  strong  taste  and  different  si^ores. 
Separate  plants  of  the  latter,  which  are  often  found  among  colonies 
of  cespitose  ones,  are  distinguished  from  C.  pidchra  by  their  com¬ 
pany,  their  spores,  and  their  bitter  or  farinaceous  taste.  From 
C.  Jielvcola,  C.  pidchra  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  deeper  color, 
and  the  very  different  spores.  At  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden  is  a  collection  of  this  from  Bresadola  labelled  in  error  C. 
similis  Bond,  and  Pat.  The  spores  are  smooth,  4.5  x  6-6.8[ji, 
shaped  as  in  C.  pidchra.  Clavaria  siindis  Bond,  and  Pat.  has 
strongly  warted  spores.  In  the  Bresadola  Herbarium  ])lants  from 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  (C.  O.  Smith)  determined  by  Bresadola  as  C. 
platyclada  Pk.  are  C.  pidchra,  as  shown  by  appearance  and  spores. 
The  type  of  C.  august  at  a  no  longer  exists,  but  a  good  collection 
in  the  Curtis  Herbarium  from  the  Schweinitz  Herbarium  so  la¬ 
belled  has  spores  like  the  present  species,  sub-oval,  5-6.3  x  6.3-7a. 
From  the  description  and  figure  the  real  C.  angustata  may  be  C. 
inacqiiaUs. 

Illustrations  :  Pnrt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9  :  pi.  10,  fig.  93.  1922. 

Peck.  A.s  cited  above. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  1717.  In  sandy  soil  in  deep  woods, 
September  9,  1915.  Clubs  hollow.  No.  3149.  Near  same  spot  as  No. 
1717,  August  9,  1918.  In  some  of  the  groups  the  stems  were  distinctly 
lighter  than  the  club  for  at  least  a  cm.  Others  showed  less  difference. 
Spores  4.5-5  X  6-6. 7/x,  with  large  oblique  apiculus.  No.  3767.  Mixed 
woods  by  Battle’s  Branch,  November  18,  1919.  No.  5877.  Low,  mixed 
woods,  September  30,  1922.  Spores  typical. 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Some  of  these 
plants  were  very  large  for  this  species,  but  the  spores  are  typical. 

Alabama:  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.). 

New  York:  Catskill  Mts.  Gereshoy.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  as  usual, 
about  4.5  X  6.3/x. 


60  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Chappaqua.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  vermicularis) .  Spores  5,5  x 
6.5-7/x. 

Frostburg.  (Albany  Herb.).  Spores  typical,  4.8  x  6.6/x. 

Forge.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Sandlake.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.).  Spores  typical. 

Tripoli.  Burnham,  No.  83.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Ithaca.  C.  O.  Smith.  (Bresadola  Herb.,  as  C.  platyclada ) . 

Connecticut:  Redding.  Coker.  4  collections,  September  6,  1919.  (U.  N. 

C.  Herb.).  Spores  as  usual,  4-4.8  x  5-7. Sfx. 

Vermont:  Newfane.  Miss  Hibbard.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Maine:  Sebec  Lake.  Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Clavaria  aurantio-cinnabarina  Schw.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 
11,4:183.  1832. 

Plates  1  and  82 

Plants  loosely  clustered,  some  single,  1.5-4  cm.  high,  simple, 
the  tips  blunt  or  rather  pointed,  and  sometimes  a  little  flattened 
or  knobbed,  1.2-2. 6  mm.  thick,  nearly  equal,  at  times  channeled, 
usually  crooked,  base  without  a  distinct  stem  or  color ;  entire  plant 
a  deep  orange-red  (orange-chrome  of  Ridgway)  ;  flesh  moderately 
brittle,  not  snapping  with  a  clean  break  and  only  after  a  bend  of 
45°  or  more,  color  of  surface  when  very  fresh,  but  soon  the  sur¬ 
face  becomes  lighter  by  fading  to  buffy  orange,  leaving  the  flesh  a 
deeper  color,  solid,  quite  mild  and  almost  tasteless,  but  with  a  dis¬ 
tinct  though  not  very  strong  fetid-aromatic  odor,  a  little  like  a 
wharf  or  sewer  but  not  so  bad  (noted  by  all  of  four  persons  who 
tested  it).  The  base  may  be  faintly  paler  than  the  club,  but  where 
the  hymenium  ends  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  even  with  a  lens. 
In  drying  the  plants  become  a  lighter  orange-buff.  The  tips  when 
dry  are  sharply  different  from  the  clubs,  being  very  smooth,  not 
wrinkled,  not  shrunken  and  therefore  larger  and  of  a  deeper 
ochraceous  red  color.  A  section  shows  them  to  be  sterile  over  the 
upper  half.  They  look  in  the  larger  plants  like  distinct  caps. 
This  contrasting  tip  in  the  dried  state  is  also  found  in  C.  vernalis, 
C.  filipes  (No.  2804)  and  to  a  less  noticeable  extent  in  C.  helveola. 

Spores  (of  No.  2801)  apparently  yellowish  (from  a  thin  print 
on  a  slide),  but  perhaps  white,  smooth,  subspherical,  with  an  eccen¬ 
tric  mucro  of  moderate  size,  most  of  the  space  occupied  by  the 
cheesy  or  oily  matter,  the  vacuoles  eccentric  as  in  C.  fiisiformis, 


PLATE  19 


Clavaria 


cRiSTATA.  Newfane.  \'t.,  fig.  1  ;  No.  3293 
(Murrill),  fig.  3;  Redding.  Conn., 


{cinerca  form),  fig.  2;  New  York 
(No.  25),  fig.  4. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


61 


4.8-5. 5  X  5. 5-6. 3[j..  Basidia  5.5-7.4[j.  thick,  4-spored  (rarely  2- 
spored)  ;  hymenium  100-130[i.  thick,  set  with  many  small  crystals; 
hyphae  4.4-5. 5 [jl  thick,  clamp  connections  few. 

Easily  distinguished  from  others  of  the  same  shape  and  habit 
by  the  deep  rich  orange-red  color,  solid  flesh  and  subspherical, 
smooth  spores. 

There  is  a  good  collection  of  this  from  Schweinitz  (Bethlehem, 
Pa.)  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium.  The  plants  look  like  ours  and  have 
the  same  smooth,  unshrunken  tips  like  caps  and  the  same  spores, 
5.1-6.5  X  6.5-7.4[j(..  There  is  also  at  Kew  a  collection  from 
Schweinitz  of  similar  appearance.  American  plants  determined  as 
Clavaria  ininiata  Berk.  (Hooker’s  Lon.  Journ.  Bot.  2  ;  516  (416  in 
error).  1843)  are  almost  certainly  the  present  species,  as  indicated 
both  by  appearance  and  spores  (see  below).  The  type  of  C.  min- 
iata  at  Kew  Herbarium  from  Africa  has  about  the  same  appear¬ 
ance,  and  the  spores,  while  not  abundant  enough  to  be  convincing, 
are  apparently  smooth,  subspherical,  5.5-7.4[jl  thick.  In  Bresadola’s 
herbarium  is  a  specimen  of  C.  mirantia  Cooke  (Grev.  16  :  33.  1887) 
from  Victoria  (No.  50,  probably  a  part  of  type),  which  has  ex¬ 
actly  the  appearance  of  the  present  species  in  the  dried  state  and 
is  probably  a  close  relative.  The  spores  are  slightly  different, 
being  a  little  more  elongated,  4.5-5  x  7-7 A\l.  Clavaria  straminea 
Cotton  (Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3:  265,  1910  and  3:  pi.  11,  1909, 
which  is  incorrectly  labelled  C.  pcrsimilis)  has  almost  identical 
spores,  but  is  described  as  straw  colored  with  a  cinnamon  yel¬ 
low  stem  that  is  darker  than  the  hymenium  and  as  being  odor¬ 
less.  It  is  hardly  probable  that  our  plant  is  the  same  as  C.  car- 
dinalis  Bond,  et  Pat.  (Jour,  de  Bot.  2:  341,  pi.  8,  fig.  2.  1888. 

Also  Icon.  Myc.  1:  pi.  174)  which  has  the  same  color,  size  and 
spores.  There  is  a  collection  of  it  at  Albany  sent  by  Patouillard 
which  we  have  examined.  They  do  not  seem  just  the  same  as 
ours,  the  tips  not  being  set  off  in  the  dry  plant  by  non-shrinking 
and  the  color  is  not  quite  the  same.  Moreover,  they  grew  on 
the  trunk  of  a  fern,  Todea  barbara,  brought  to  Paris  from  Aus¬ 
tralia,  while  the  American  species  grows  on  earth.  The  spores  are 
subspherical,  5.5[jl  in  diameter,  and  are  like  those  of  our  plant.  An¬ 
other  authentic  plant  of  C.  cardinalis  from  Patouillard  at  Kew  is 


62 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


like  the  one  at  Albany.  The  spores  are  smooth,  subspherical, 
5  X  6[x.  Clavaria  rosacea  Henn.  (Fungi  Madagaskar,  p.  19,  pi.  2, 
fig.  5)  seems  indistinguishable  from  the  last  except  in  color,  which 
is  given  as  rosy.  Compare  also  C.  lacta  B.  &  Br.  (Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  14:  76.  1875  1 1873] ).  The  plant  Lloyd  reports  from  Florida 
as  C.  lacta  is  probably  the  same  as  ours  (Letter  63,  p.  9).  From 
the  description  it  seems  probable  that  C.  helicoid cs  Pat.  and  Dem. 
(Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  26:  44.  1910)  is  the  present  species,  but  we 
have  seen  no  specimen. 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  9:  pi.  8,  fig.  65.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2801.  On  earth  with  hnmus,  low 
damp  woods  near  Judge’s  Spring,  July  28,  1917.  No.  2816.  Same  spot 
as  No.  2801,  July  30,  1917.  No.  5230.  In  swampy,  deciduous  woods, 
June  24,  1922.  Base  of  stem  slightly  enlarged  and  whitened  with  my¬ 
celium.  Spores  4-4.8  x  4.8-6/x. 

South  Carolina  :  Santee  Canal.  Ravenel.  (Curtis  Herb.  992  (101).  Little 
reddish,  slender  clubs  5-12  mm.  high,  so  nearly  covered  with  the  glue  as 
not  to  yield  spores.  As  C.  miniata).  This  is  probably  the  collection 
reported  l)y  Berkeley  in  Grevillea  2  :  17.  1873. 

Alabama :  Auburn.  Wet  clay  mixed  with  rotting  leaves,  December  3,  1899. 
Mrs.  F.  S.  Earle.  “Simple,  bright  orange-yellow,  basidia  with  two 
sterigmata.”  The  dried  plants  in  this  collection  are  very  slender ;  an¬ 
other  collection  (November,  1900)  is  stouter.  Both  have  the  same  color, 
yellowish  buff,  and  the  same  spores  and  peculiar  tips.  Spores  sub- 
spherical,  smooth,  4-5  X  S-6fjL.  Basidia  two-four-spored,  about  7^  thick. 
Also  another  collection  on  damp  ground.  July  13,  1897.  F.  S.  Earle. 
Spores  4.8-5.5/x.  “Scattered  over  considerable  area  in  small  tufts,  simple 
or  branched  sparingly  from  base,  dark  reddish  orange,  tips  slender  and 
soon  drying,  becoming  darker  when  dry.”  (Three  above  in  U.  N.  C. 
Herb.) . 

Pennsylvania:  Bethlehem.  Schweinitz.  (Curtis  Herb.). 

Mcllvaine.  (Albany  Herl).,  as  C.  aurantio-cinnaharina.) .  It  may  be  cor¬ 
rectly  determined,  but  looks  more  like  C.  fusiformis. 

New  York:  Cold  Spring  Flarbor.  Dodge  and  Seaver.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard. 
Herb.,  as  C.  rosea).  Spores  4.8-7ft  in  diameter. 

Burnt  Hills.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  C.  miyiiata).  These  little  plants 
are  cespitose,  simple,  short,  thick,  sharp-pointed  above  and  also  con¬ 
tracted  below ;  in  dried  state  buffy  yellow  or  dull  ochraceous.  Spores 
smooth,  globose,  with  a  small  mucro,  about  5/x  in  diameter. 


PT.ATE.20 


a> 

lO 


a> 


rC  Cli, 

OJ 
CJ  > 
~  OJ 


'O' 

o 

■s:  biCi' 
^  g3. 


O  oS: 

o  o 

biO; 
<  'O 


O  <W 
<  O? 

uS 


63 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Clavaria  asperulospora  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6;  55.  1908. 

Plate  81 

This  seems  to  be  a  good  species  with  spores  unlike  any  other 
Clavaria  of  similar  form.  The  dried  plants  are  quite  simple, 
much  shrunken,  apparently  not  hollow,  nearly  black,  the  very  base 
paler.  A  part  of  the  type  from  Bresadola’s  herbarium  shows  the 
spores  to  be  spherical,  asperulate,  with  a  distinct,  pointed  mucro, 
4.8-6.2[ji  thick  (omitting  mucro). 

Atkinson’s  description  follows : 

'‘Plants  clustered,  wood-brown,  4-7  cm.  high,  2-3  mm.  stout, 
cylindrical,  blunt,  tapering  below.  Basidia  abruptly  clavate, 
30  X  10-12[x,  4-spored.  Spores  globose,  white,  echinulate,  pedicel¬ 
late,  6-7(ji.” 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  10,  fig.  99.  1922. 

New  York:  Ithaca.  Whetzel.  (Cornell  Herb.,  type). 

Clavaria  inaequalis  Muller.  FI.  Danica,  pi.  836.,  fig.  1.  1780. 

?C.  polymorpJia  riifa.  FI.  Danica,  pi.  775,  hg.  1.  1778. 

?C.  r?//a  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  71  (  203).  1797. 

C.  cchinospora  Bond.  &  Pat.  Journ.  de  Bot.  2  :  341.  1888. 
(Not  C.  cchinospora  Berk.  &  Br.  or  C.  cchinospora  P. 
Henn.  Alonsunia  1 :  141.  1899). 

C.  similis  Bond.  &  Pat.  Journ.  de  Bot.  2:  446,  pi.  8,  fig.  1. 
1888.  (Not  C.  similis  Pk.). 

C.  dissipabilis  Britz.  Hymen.  Siidb.,  p.  289,  Clav.  fig.  28.  1885. 
?C.bif urea  Bull  Herb.  Fr.,  p.  207,  pi.  264.  1785. 

Plates  50  and  81 

This  species  has  been  badly  confused,  but  is  now  easily  recog¬ 
nized  through  the  work  of  Cotton,  who  has  cleared  up  the  difficul¬ 
ties  (Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  2:  163.  1908).  It  has  been  often 

reported  in  America,  but  most  if  not  all  such  reports  (except 
Burt’s  recent  one  from  Massachusetts  and  Vermont)  were  based 
on  some  other  interpretations  of  the  species  than  the  one  here 


64 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


accepted.  We  have  not  yet  met  with  this  in  the  living  state  nor 
have  we  seen  a  native  specimen  in  any  American  herbarium, 
though  many  are  under  this  name.  Most  of  such  are  C.  helveola. 
The  following  is  Cotton's  description  in  Massee's  British  Fungi 
and  Lichens,  p.  434.* ** 

“Hymenophore  simple  or  rarely  with  1-2  short  branches,  cylin¬ 
drical  or  compressed,  tip  blunt  or  pointed,  deep  yellow  to  rich 
orange,  flesh  white,  1-2^  in.  high  (spores  colourless,  sub-globose, 
sharply  warted,  5-6[a  diani.). 

‘'Often  confused  with  C.  fusiformis,  from  which  it  differs  by 
its  deeper  colour,  not  growing  in  dense  tufts,  and  globose,  warted 
spores.  Among  grass  in  woods,  parks,  lawns,  etc.  Common." 

Clavaria  echinospora,'^^  which  seems  certainly  to  be  the  same, 
was  separated  from  C.  inaequalis  principally  on  the  strongly 
warted  spores.  Cotton  also  thinks  C.  riifa  the  same  (Trans.  Brit. 
Myc.  Soc.  3:  33.  1909).  Clavaria  geoglossoides  Bond,  and  Pat. 
(Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  8:  42,  pi.  6,  fig.  1.  1892)  may  be  the  same, 

but  we  think  there  is  an  error  in  their  interpretation  of  the  spores, 
which  are  described  as  smooth  then  sparsely  warted,  and  some  are 
drawn  smooth,  while  others  are  warted  like  those  of  C.  inaequalis. 
The  assumption  would  then  be  that  the  smooth  ones  are  immature. 
A  plant  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Paris  (Rouen, 
Boudier)  labelled  C.  siniilis  var.  geoglossoides  is  evidently  the  same 
as  this.  The  name  was  apparently  provisional  and  never  pub¬ 
lished.  We  have  a  collection  of  C.  inaequalis  from  Epping  Forest, 
England  (Cotton).  Spores  about  4.5-5. 5[jl  in  diameter. 

Clavaria  inaequalis  is  listed  by  Curtis  as  common  in  damp 
woods  but  it  is  almost  certain  that  his  plant  was  not  the  one  de¬ 
fined  above. 

Fries  considers  C.  hifurea  a  synonym  of  C.  inaequalis.  In 
Persoon's  herbarium  plants  labelled  C.  hifurea  may  be  this,  but 
we  could  find  no  good  spores.  We  have  examined  plants  of  C. 
siniilis  from  Leyden  (Miss  Cool)  and  from  Westphalia  in  Bresa- 
dola's  herbarium  and  find  the  spores  as  described,  about  S-7{j. 
thick  and  strongly  warted. 

*  For  a  fuller  description,  see  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  6  :  189.  1919. 

**  The  name  C.  siniilis  was  substituted  by  the  authors  on  finding  the  first  published 
name  preoccupied. 


PLA11^  2 1 


Clavaria  muscoides.  Lake  George,  No.  7 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


65 


Illustrations:  Boudier  and  Patouillard.  Journ.  de  Bot.  2:  pi.  8,  figs,  la 

and  lb  (as  C.  cchinospora) .  1888. 

Boudier  and  Patouillard.  Journ.  de  Bot.  2:  pi.  8,  fig.  1  (as  C.  similis). 

1888. 

Britzelmayr.  As  cited  above. 

Cotton.  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3:  pi.  11,  fig.  B.  (spores).  1909. 

Muller.  As  cited  above.  Photographed  in  part  by  Burt  in  Ann.  Mo.  Bot. 

Card.  9 :  pi.  9,  fig.  89.  1922. 

Sowerby.  Engl.  Fungi,  pi.  253  (lower  figs.).  1800. 

Reported  by  Burt  from  Massachusetts  and  Vermont  (l.c.,  p.  56). 

Clavaria  amethystinoides  Pk.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  34:  102. 
1907. 

Plates  9,  14,  82,  and  83 

Plants  single,  gregarious,  never  cespitose  (rarely  two  to¬ 
gether),  up  to  6.3  cm.  tall,  distinctly  stalked,  compressed  and 
channelled,  at  times  quite  simple,  but  usually  cusped  or  antlered 
or  palmately  branched  or  variously  lobed,  much  in  the  fashion  of 
the  Kronihholmi  or  riigosa  form  of  C.  cristata^  or  at  times  even 
more  branched  like  C.  muse  aides ;  the  tips  blunt  or  pointed  and 
blackening  in  age;  club  when  simple  tapering  downward  from  the 
broadened  end,  3-6  mm.  thick;  when  branched  up  to  3.6  cm.  broad; 
the  distinct  stalk  0.6-3. 5  cm.  long,  the  sterile  part  (or  true  stalk) 
up  to  2.6  cm.  long  to  the  descending  hymenium,  about  0.7-2. 2  mm. 
thick,  nearly  glabrous  except  for  the  velvety  tomentose  base,  the 
stem  and  usually  the  club  somewhat  crooked;  color  of  hymenium 
a  pale  livid  flesh  color  (about  fleshy  tan  or  pale  drab)  at  times  ap¬ 
proaching  fawn  (in  the  type  said  to  be  very  pale  lilac),  the  stem 
a  little  darker  and  more  watery-looking ;  flesh  solid  and  color  of 
surface  in  all  parts,  soft  and  rather  waxy-brittle  in  the  club,  tough 
and  pliable  in  the  stem  ;  taste  slig'ht,  mildly  flattish  alkaline,  odor 
none. 

Spores  (of  Hartsville,  No.  42)  pure  white,  plentiful,  smooth, 
almost  fllled  with  a  slightly  eroded  sphere,  subspherical,  5. 9-7. 5 
X  7.5-8.5[jl.  Basidia  (of  No.  4532)  7-9.7  x  22[i.,  with  two  sterig- 
mata.  Hymenial  layer  37-130[j.  thick,  proliferating  irregularly 
and  containing  embedded  spores.  Hyphae  of  flesh  loosely  packed, 
about  9[m  in  diameter  with  many  septa  and  a  few  clamp  connections. 

The  stem  may  be  distinguished  from  the  hymenium  with  the 
naked  eye  by  a  slight  or  decided  difference  in  color,  and  under  a 
lens  by  different  surface  texture.  The  plant  has  the  spores  and 


66  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

other  microscopic  detail  o£  C.  cristata  and  is  most  like  the  rugose 
form  of  that  species,  but  it  differs  in  the  more  consistently  dis¬ 
crete  stem  and  different  color.  However,  as  some  forms  of  C. 
rugosa  have  very  distinct  stems,  it  may  be  that  the  present  species 
is  also  nothing  more  than  a  form  of  the  polymorphic  C.  cristata. 
Similar  plants  were  collected  by  Curtis  years  ago  at  Society  Hill, 
S.  C.,  and  determined  as  C.  fiiliginea.  In  regard  to  this  collection, 
Curtis  says  (in  Curtis-Berkeley  Ms.  at  Kew  Gardens,  copy  at 
N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.)  :  ‘‘Base  of  stem  pale  brown.  Branches  white 
day  color,  solid,  brittle,  turgid,  becoming  hollow,  tipped  with 
brown.  July.  Shade  of  trees.’' 

We  have  carefully  compared  the  type  of  C.  amethystinoides 
with  our  plants  and  find  them  closely  similar.  The  microscopic 
detail  in  both  cases  is  that  of  all  other  species  of  the  C.  cristata 
group,  and  we  are  entering  this  detail  under  the  collections  cited 
below.  We  have  found  the  thickness  of  the  hymenium  to  be  of 
no  importance  in  classification  in  this  group,  as  it  increases  with 
the  age  of  the  plant. 

Clavaria  Barlae  Bres.  is  near  this  species,  but  the  color  of  the 
dried  plants  is  brighter  and  the  spores  are  smaller,  “4-5  x  5-6[ji” 
(  compared  in  the  Bresadola  Herb.). 

Near  this  species  seems  also  C.  gigantula  Britz.  which  is  very 
similar  in  shape  and  with  a  distinct  stalk,  but  that  is  paler  and 
larger  and  has  larger  spores,  9-10  x  10-12[ji.  (Bot.  Centralblatt 
71:  95.  1897  and  Clavaria  fig.  98).  Clavaria  ligata  Britz. 
(Hymen.  Sfidb.  5:  290,  fig.  37)  seems  also  related  and  is  possibly 
the  same. 

Illustration  :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9  :  pi.  8,  fig.  63.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  4532.  In  damp  sphagnum  bog  among 
moss,  July  26,  1920.  Characters  exactly  like  No.  42  except  running 
larger  and  more  branched ;  a  few  quite  simple.  In  a  few  cases  part  of 
the  hymenium  was  darker,  approaching  fawn.  Spores  spherical,  7.4-9/x 
in  diameter.  No.  4565.  By  pond  opposite  cemetery,  pine  woods,  damp 
soil,  July  27,  1920.  Hymenium  37 [i  thick  in  young  plants  and  up  to 
110/x  thick  in  old  ones.  No.  5296.  On  damp,  mossy  bank  under  beech, 
July  6,  1922.  A  very  large  form,  up  to  10  cm.  high.  Spores  6-8  x  7.4-10/x. 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party.  No.  5626.  In  black  leaf  mold  at  Glen 
Mary  Falls,  August  20,  1922.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

South  Carolina :  Hartsville.  No.  42.  In  loose  sandy  soil  or  with  thin  moss 
and  liverworts  under  Finns  tacda  with  undergrowth  of  sweet  gum,  etc., 


PLATE  22 


1:  Xo.  1913  I  below  1. 


Ci.AVARiA  I’lSTiLi.AKis.  Xo.  1994  [above 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


67 


August  7,  1917.  No.  63.  In  black  humus  under  Cy villa  and  red  maple, 
damp,  flat  woods  in  Ellis’s  pasture,  June  15,  1918. 

Society  Hill.  Curtis,  No.  1265.  (Curtis  Herb,  and  Kew  Herb.,  as  C. 
fuliginea?) . 

Massachusetts:  Stow.  Davis.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.  Part  of  type). 
Spores  5. 5-7.4  X  7.4-8. 5|it.  Hymenium  about  110-130|U,  thick;  basidia 
about  5.8/x  thick.  Threads  of  flesh  much  intertwined,  up  to  7.4/x  thick. 

Clavaria  ornatipes  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  122  :  18,  160.  1908. 

Lachnocladiiim  ornatipes  (Pk.)  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card. 
9:  65,  pi.  11,  fig.  102.  1922. 

Plates  9,  15,  and  83 

Single  and  scattered,  sparsely  gregarious,  2.5-9  cm.  tall;  stem 
long,  slender,  distinct,  dark  brown,  hispid  on  the  lower  third  or 
half ;  fertile  part  smooth  or  often  rugose,  usually  thicker,  simple 
(rarely)  or  divided  into  two  or  several  upright,  often  palmate 
branches;  color,  excepting  the  stem,  grayish,  fleshy  brown;  tips 
blackish  in  fading ;  texture  fleshy  and  semi-brittle  as  in  C.  cristata, 
and  taste  the  same  as  in  that  species. 

Spores  white,  smooth,  subspherical,  8.5-9.3  x  9.3-10.5[j(..  Ba¬ 
sidia  7.4-10[i.  thick,  about  30[l  long,  2-spored;  hymenium  about 
100[j.  thick;  hyphae  very  variable  and  irregular,  with  many  septa, 
no  clamp  connections.  Just  under  the  hymenium  the  threads  are 
replaced  by  large  swollen  cells. 

This  unique  and  inconspicuous  species  is  not  rarely  found  if 
one  knows  how  to  look  for  it.  In  the  south  it  is  known  only  from 
the  mountains.  It  occurs  in  low,  swampy  woods,  usually  among 
mosses,  and  is  nearest  C.  amcthystinoides.  Peck  first  reported  this 
as  C.  trichopiis  Pers.  (  Rept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  24:  82.  1872),  but 
later  with  good  reason  considered  it  as  distinct.  Persoon’s  de¬ 
scription  and  figure  of  C.  trichopus  would  certainly  exclude  the 
present  plant,  which  is  far  from  white  at  all  stages.  The  stiff,  red- 
brown  hairs  which  clothe  the  lower  third  (J4~/^)  plant 

make  the  species  easy  to  recognize,  and  sharply  distinguish  it  from 
all  others.  Overholts  reports  it  from  State  College,  Pennsylvania 
(Mycologia  12:  135.  1920). 


68 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


Illustration :  Burt.  As  cited  above. 

North  Carolina :  Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party,  No.  5620.  In  deep 
woods  mold  near  Glen  Mary  Falls,  August  20,  1922.  Typical.  Spores 
7.4-8.2  X  8.5-9.5/x.  No.  5671.  In  moss  and  humus  on  Cone  estate, 
August  22,  1922.  Up  to  8.8  cm.  high.  Also  several  other  collections 
in  similar  locations.  (All  in  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Virginia:  Mountain  Lake.  Murrill.  Abundani  on  a  wet  clay  bank,  July 
1909.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  8-8.5  x 9.3-10.5^. 

New  York:  Sand  Lake.  Peck.  Wet  places  among  sphagnum  in  woods. 
(Albany  Herb.  Type). 

Ithaca.  Atkinson.  (Bresadola  Herb.,  Stockholm). 

Catskills.  Peck.  (Albany  Plerb.,  as  C.  argillacea) .  Spores  subspherical, 
about  7.5-9.3jit  thick. 

Connecticut:  Redding.  Coker,  No.  29.  At  base  of  a  hemlock  and  in  moss 
on  rock  by  brook,  September  7,  1919. 

Massachusetts :  Stow.  In  a  swamp  at  base  of  a  maple  in  woods  composed 
mostly  of  deciduous  trees,  a  conifer  here  and  there.  Simon  Davis. 
(Albany  Herb,  and  U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Mr.  Davis  says:  “Attracted  my 
attention  because  of  its  two  colors.  The  branches  being  of  a  dull  leaden 
gray,  while  the  stem  was  fuscous  and  adorned  with  erect,  sharp-pointed 
spines.” 


Clavaria  cristata  (Holmsk.)  Pers.  Syn.  Met.  Fung.,  p.  591. 
1801. 

C.  coralloides  L.  (in  part).  FI.  Suecica,  2nd.  ed.,  p.  457.  1755. 
C.alhida  Schaeff.  Fung.  Bavar.,  p.  116,  pi.  170.  1763. 

C.  laciniata  Schaeff.  Fung.  Bavar.,  p.  122,  pi.  291.  1770. 

C.  cinerea  Bull.  Herb.  Fr.,  p.  204,  pi.  354.  1787. 

C.  rugosa  Bull.  Herb.  Fr.,  p.  206,  pi.  448,  bg.  2.  1789.  (Not 
C.  rugosa  in  sense  of  Sovrerby,  Engl.  Fungi,  pi.  235.) 

C.  elegans  Bolton.  Hist.  Fung.  Halifax,  p.  115,  pi.  115.  1789. 
C.  amethystea  Bull.  Herb.  Fr.,  p.  200,  pi.  496,  fig.  2.  1790. 
Ramaria  cristata  Holmsk.  Beata  Ruris  1 :  92,  pi.  23.  1790. 
(p.  97,  PersooiTs  ed.  1797). 

C.  fimbriata  Pers.  N.  Mag.  Bot.  (Romer’s),  p.  117.  1794. 

C.  trichopus  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  50  (182),  pi.  4,  fig.  3.  1797. 

C.  fallax  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  48  (180).  1797. 

C.  palmata  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  45  (177).  1797.  (Not  C.  pal- 
mata  Scop.) 

C.  grisea  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  44  (176).  1797. 

C.  grossa  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  50  (182).  1797. 


PLATE  23 


Clavaria  pistillaris.  Redding,  Conn.  (No.  27) 


mil  'vx.  .*» 


'  y-'-r 


mm 


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■  ^  .’■<  ■:  'j  i ‘■■-  'ft^V  v--.--^ 

"IJ  *  '■'■  '  -I*?  - 


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■■  .  ‘‘  •  .•■■  ■  ■  ►  Ur  i :  •  •' '  ■  .;v'  .-^ 


*'  ■  JS*^,. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


69 


C.  macropits  Pers.  (Sense  o£  Fries  and  Bresadola).  Comm., 
p.  51  (183),  pi.  1,  fig.  2.  1797. 

C.  fuliginea  Pers.  Myc.  Europ.  1 :  166.  1822. 

C.  alba  Pers.  Myc.  Europ.  1 :  161.  1822. 

C.  cristata  var.  carta  Ju.  ighuhn.  Linnaea  5 :  407,  pi.  7,  fig. 
2b.  1830. 

C.  cristata  var.  flexnosa  Tnnghuhn.  Linnaea  5 :  407,  pi.  7, 
fig.  2a.  1830. 

C.  ajflata  Lagg.  (Sense  of  Bresadola).  Flora  19  (1)  :  231. 
1836. 

C.  Kronibhohii  Fr.  Epicr.,  p.  572.  1838. 

C.  lilacina  Er.  Hymen.  Europ.,  p.  667.  1874.  (Not  C.  li- 

lacina  Jungh.  in  Lev.  Champ,  exot.,  p.  216.  1844). 

?C.  dicliotoma  Godey  in  Gillet.  Hymen.  Er.,  p.  766.  1874. 

C.  Schaefferi  Sacc.  Syll.  Eung.  6 :  693,  1888. 

C.  sphaerospora  E.  &  E.  Journ.  Mycol.  4:  62.  1888. 

C.  sublilacina  Karst.  Finlands  Basidsvampar,  p.  375.  1889. 
C.  Hcrveyi  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  45  :  84.  1892.  Rugosa 
form. 

C.  Favreae  (Quel.)  Sacc.  &  Trav.  Syll.  Fung.  19:  321.  1910. 
(As  Ramaria  in  Assn.  Fr.  Avanc.  Sci.  22  :  489,  pi.  3,  fig.  13. 
1893. 

C.  cinerea  var.  gracilis.  Rea.  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  6:  62. 
1917. 

C.mutans  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot,  Gard.  9:  31,  pi.  6,  fig.  41. 
1922. 

C.  histrix  E.  &  E.  (herbarium  name).* 

*  So  far  as  can  be  ascertained  from  rather  poor  figures  and  very  inadequate 
descriptions  we  take  the  following  “species”  of  Britzelmayr  to  be  forms  of  C.  cristata : 
C.  gregalis  Britz.  Hymen,  Slidb.  8 ;  286. 

C.  arctata  Britz.  Hymen.  Siidb.  8  :  286. 

C.  crassa  Britz,  Hymen.  Siidb.  8  :  286.  Purplish  form. 

C.  macrospora  Britz,  Hymen.  Siidb.  8  :  287. 

C.  unistirpis  Britz.  Hymen.  Siidb.  8 :  287. 

C.  pseudo flava  Britz,  Hymen.  Siidb.  7  (10)  :  14,  fig.  62  (Clav.) 

C.  subfastigiata  Britz.  Hymen.  Sudb.  7  (10)  :  14,  figs.  43,  64  and  78  (Clav.). 

C.  clavaeformis  Britz.  Hymen.  Siidb.  7  (10)  :  14,  fig.  67  (Clav.). 

C.  rugosa  form  fuliginea.  Hymen.  Siidb.  7:  (10)  :  14,  fig.  68  (Clav,).  Blackened 
by  parasite. 

C.  extans  Britz.  Hymen.  Siidb.  8:  10,  fig.  12  (Clav.).  Referred  previously  by 
.  Britzelmayr  to  C.  Kunsei. 

C.  obtusiuscula  Britz.  Hymen.  Siidb.  17  (Bot.  Centralb.  71:  95.  1897).  Separate, 
p.  19. 

C.  gigantula  Britz.  Hymen.  Siidb.  17  (Bot.  Centralb.  71:  95.  1897).  Separate, 

p.  19. 


70  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Plates  9,  16-19,  and  83 

Remarkably  variable  in  both  form  and  color.  The  typical 
form  is  whitish  or  pallid,  slender,  narrow,  about  2-3  mm.  thick 
below  and  3-6  cm.  high,  long-stalked  /with  a  few  or  several 
branches  which  are  rather  abruptly  crested  at  the  ends  with  small, 
pointed,  more  or  less  crowded  branchlets ;  sometimes  there  is  a 
single  slender  stalk  with  a  dense  crest  at  the  tip,  or  there  may  be 
several  stalks  attached  near  the  base  and  these  may  branch  near 
the  middle.  Other  forms  besides  the  typical  are  also  included  in 
the  following  notes.  At  times  none  of  the  branches  is  crested  or 
some  may  be  crested  and  others  not;  also  the  stem  may  be  very 
short  and  the  branches  numerous  and  forming  a  contorted  tuft 
or  the  stem  may  be  much  flattened  and  expanded  upwards,  with 
a  few  irregular  flat  branches,  or  with  no  branches  but  rugose- 
wrinkled  or  knobbed.  The  tip  is  sometimes  flattened  and  ex¬ 
panded  like  an  antler,  and  in  less  complex  forms  the  plants  are  apt 
to  be  somewhat  enlarged  and  flattened  upwards.  Color  white  at 
base  and  usually  light  grayish  flesh  color  elsewhere  except  the  tips 
which  are  creamy  white  when  young,  then  becoming  colored  more 
like  the  branches  and  easily  blackening  after  maturity.  The  color 
varies  from  dull  or  creamy  white  to  lavender-gray  (or  with  a  tint 
of  this  color  with  tan)  or  smoky  lavender,  pale  to  deep  mouse 
gray,  ash  color,  drab,  or  dull  yellow  with  all  admixtures  of  these 
colors;  surface  even  below,  more  or  less  channelled  and  wrinkled 
upwards.  Flesh  dry,  toughish,  not  brittle,  bending  on  itself  with¬ 
out  a  complete  break,  creamy  white,  softer  inside,  and  usually 
with  one  or  two  small  uneven  cavities  in  center  from  the  separa¬ 
tion  of  the  fibers ;  odor  almost  none,  taste  mild,  not  very  pleasant, 
somewhat  bitterish  musty,  at  times  a  little  like  that  of  Agaricus 
campestris. 

Spores  (of  No.  2221)  when  fresh  pure  white,  smooth,  regular, 
subspherical  to  short-elliptic,  5.2-7.4  x  7-9.2[ji;  after  standing  for 
some  time  they  become  yellowish  and  often  irregular  by  collapsing. 
Basidia  two-spored  in  all  forms,  the  long  stout  sterigmata  usually 
curved  inward.  Hymenium  of  No.  4561  thick  (110-165[t)  and 
with  many  spores  irregularly  embedded  through  most  of  its  area, 
indicating  a  great  increase  in  thickness  by  irregular  proliferation. 
In  No.  4899  the  hymenium  is  much  thinner  (50-60[j.)  and  there  are 
few  or  no  more  embedded  spores  than  would  naturally  be  dragged 
in  by  the  knife. 

Common  in  deciduous  or  coniferous  woods  on  earth  or  humus, 
often  in  thin  grass  in  groves  or  lawns  and  rarely  on  very  rotten 


PLATE  24 


Clavaria  amethystina.  No.  2622  [above]  ;  No.  2282  [below]. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


71 


trunks  of  deciduous  or  coniferous  wood ;  probably  the  most  widely 
distributed  and  commonest  of  Clavarias.  Plants  under  dense 
hemlock  cannot  be  distinguished  from  those  in  open  deciduous 
groves  except  for  a  somewhat  ranker  taste.  “Edible  and  of  the 
best  quality.” — Mcllvaine. 

Not  rarely  this  species  is  attacked  on  the  stem  by  a  blackish 
parasite,  giving  the  lower  part  a  very  dark  color.  This  condition 
is  Persoon’s  C.  fallax  (as  under  C.  cristata)  which  he  describes 
as  attacked  by  such  a  parasite.  He  says  (Syn.  Met.  Fung.,  p. 
592)  :  “The  sickly  condition  of  the  fungus  is  caused  by  a  certain 
Sphaeria,  living  on  it  as  a  parasite,  which  on  first  sight  makes  it 
resemble  a  Xylaria”  The  parasite  is  now  known  as  Scoletotrich- 
um  Clavariarum.  Another  striking  form  is  smoky  purplish  above 
with  the  stem  rather  abruptly  buffy  brown,  as  shown  in  pi.  9,  fig. 
4.  This  might  well  be  called  form  bicolor. 

The  great  variability  of  this  plant  has  led  to  many  names  and 
much  confusion.  The  large,  smooth,  subspherical  spores,  pliable 
texture,  and  blackening  tips  are  the  surest  guides.  Persoon  notes 
the  polymorphic  character  of  C.  cristata  and  says  “white  to  brown¬ 
ish  subcinereous,”  but  he  includes  C.  cinerca  as  distinct.  Sowerby 
(pi.  378)  also  notes  this  variability,  saying:  “It  is  equally 
variable  in  form  and  color,  but  mostly  white.” 

In  the  Persoon  Herbarium  C.  cristata  is  represented  by  eight 
sheets  of  the  species  and  several  so-called  varieties.  Some  have 
the  form  of  C.  cinerca,  some  are  rugose  above  and  with  long 
slender  stalks,  one  called  var.  decurtata  is  a  common  form,  while 
others  are  typical  with  cristate  tips.  Almost  all  variations  are 
represented  except  the  simplest  rngosa  form.  Clavaria  fimbriata 
is  represented  by  two  good  plants  which  are  obviously  C.  cristata, 
and  C.  rugosa  is  shown  by  several  good  collections  and  is  like  ours. 
The  spores  are  smooth,  subspherical,  6.S-9.5  x  7.5-1  l|i-.  In  the 
same  herbarium  are  three  good  plants  of  C.  fuliginea  which  are 
evidently  a  color  form  of  C.  cristata,  having  the  same  habit,  size, 
and  spores,  as  well  as  crested  tips  (spores  oval,  smooth,  sometimes 
tapering  toward  the  mucro  end,  6-7.4  x  7.4-9. 5[i.).  Clavaria  grisea 
is  well  represented  in  Persoon’s  herbarium  by  two  sheets,  which 
show  that  it  is  C.  cinerea,  as  Cotton  has  asserted.  The  spores  are 
smooth,  subspherical,  5. 5-6.5  x  7.4-9[i..  The  observation  by  Per¬ 
soon  that  the  spores  are  brown-red  is  an  error  (Cotton.  Trans. 


72 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3:  184.  1909).  As  Persoon  himself  considers  C. 
grisea  and  C.  cinerea  as  synonyms  of  C.  fuliginea  (Myc.  Europ., 
p.  166)  we  are  safe  in  disposing  of  it  here.  Clavaria  fuliginea 
as  determined  in  the  Schweinitz  Herbarium  is  C.  cincrea,  with 
spores  6.5  x  7.5[i.  In  the  Curtis  Herbarium  plants  so  labelled  are 
C.  amethystinoides.  Fries  considers  C.  trichopus  a  synonym  of  C. 
cristata,  and  plants  in  Bresadola’s  herbarium  (Cavelante)  so  de¬ 
termined  are  a  form  of  C.  cristata  with  spores  subspherical, 

5.5- 7.4  X  6-8[jl;  basidia  5.5-6.2[j.  thick  with  two  sterigmata.  Clav¬ 
aria  albida  in  Bresadola’s  herbarium  is  also  C.  cristata,  with  spores 
oval  to  subspherical,  6-7.5  x  7.5-9[ji.  We  have  received  also  two 
collections  from  Romell  (Sweden)  labelled  C.  albida  which  are  the 
same.  The  white  form  often  swollen  upward,  such  as  ours  from 
Redding,  Conn.,  is  the  one  that  is  at  times  referred  to  C.  coral- 
loides  by  European  botanists,  as  Romell.  The  C.  coralloides  of 
Persoon’s  herbarium  is  a  large  branched  plant  that  might  pass  for 
a  highly  developed  form  of  C.  Kroniblwlsii  except  for  the  spores, 
which  are  so  different  as  to  exclude  it.  They  are  subelliptic, 
slightly  rough,  4-4.8  x  10.5-13p-.  That  Fries’s  idea  of  C.  macropus 
Pers.  is  the  Krombhohii  form  of  C.  cristata  is  shown  by  a  good 
collection  by  him  (Upsala)  at  Kew  (spores  smooth,  oval, 

6.6- 7  X  8-8.5 [jl).  This  is  also  the  disposition  of  the  species  by 
Bresadola.  In  his  herbarium  is  a  plant  so  named  which  is  easily 
seen  to  be  a  small  form  of  C.  rugosa,  with  spores  “8-9  x  7.5-8.5p..” 
The  species  is  not  represented  in  Persoon’s  herbarium,  and  so 
must  remain  doubtful.  If  the  C.  dichotoma  Godey  distributed  by 
Roumeguere  as  No.  3115  of  his  Fungi  Gallici  exsiccati  is  authentic, 
the  name  is  a  synonym  of  C.  cristata.  An  example  at  Kew  is  like 
the  latter  in  appearance  and  has  the  same  spores,  5-6.5  x  6.3-7.4ui.. 
However,  Bourdot  and  Maire  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  36:  72.  1920) 
give  the  spores  as  smaller,  3.5-4  x  4.5-5[x.  Otherwise  their  de¬ 
scription  does  not  exclude  a  form  of  C.  cristata.  Saccardo  pro¬ 
posed  the  name  C.  Schaefferi  to  represent  C.  lilacina  Fr.  and  C. 
purpurea  Schaeff.  He  gives  the  spores  of  the  plant  he  had  in 
mind  as  8-10  x  6-8[i-,  which  show  it  to  be  the  purplish  form  of  C. 
cristata.  Schaeffer’s  plate  looks  so  much  like  what  we  are  calling 
C.  amethystina  that  it  would  be  so  referred  with  confidence  except 
for  the  large  spores  figured  on  the  same  plate.  Clavaria  coliformis 
Bond.  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  33:  11,  pi.  3,  fig.  2.  1917)  is  probably 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  73 

the  rugosa  form  of  this  species.  The  spores  are  given  as  7p. 
thick,  spherical. 

Spores  of  C.  histrix  from  West  Virginia,  at  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden,  are  5.2-6  x  7-8.4p.  and  those  of  our  No.  2221  are 
the  same.  At  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  is  also  the  type  of 
C.  sphaerospora  E.  &  E.  They  look  like  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  forms  of  C.  cristata  and  have  the  same  spores,  6-7.4  x 
7-8[i..  The  type  plants  of  C.  Herveyi  show  it  to  be  the  rugosa 
form  of  this  species.  Plants  from  Bresadola  at  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden  determined  by  him  as  C.  grossa  Pers.  look  just 
like  small  C.  cinerea  and  have  spores  subspherical,  6-8  x  7-9\k 
(Bres.).  In  the  Curtis  Herbarium  are  a  good  many  collections 
labelled  C.  cristata.  Most  of  them  are  true,  as  one  from  the 
Schweinitz  Herbarium  (spores  6.6x7.5[i.)  and  one  from  E.  P. 
Eries,  Upsala  (spores  7.3  x  8[i.)  ;  some  look  like  C.  stricta  and 
one  from  Peck  seems  to  be  C.  hyssiseda,  and  a  Rhode  Island  col¬ 
lection  (Olney)  is  perhaps  C.  Ktm^ei.  In  the  same  herbarium  a 
collection  from  Bordeaux,  France,  labelled  C.  grisea  is  the  cinerea 
form  of  C.  cristata,  with  large  subspherical  spores.  Two  other 
collections  from  Europe  labelled  C.  cinerea  are  like  our  plants. 
There  is  none  from  Fries  under  C.  cinerea.  From  the  description 
C.  comosa  Pat.  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  22 :  196.  1906)  may  be  Rea's 
var.  gracilis  of  C.  cinerea. 

Many  students  prefer  to  divide  this  group  into  several  species, 
but  we  have  been  unable  to  hud  any  differences  either  in  gross 
character  or  in  microscopic  detail  of  sufficient  importance  or  con¬ 
sistency  to  enable  us  to  distinguish  species  within  the  group.  Ro- 
mell,  too,  writes  (April  16,  1920)  that  he  does  not  see  any  distinct 
limit  between  C.  eristata,  C.  cinerea,  and  C.  rugosa.  Maire  and 
Juel  have  studied  nuclear  division  in  the  basidia  of  this  group.  The 
former  found  that  in  C.  rugosa  the  spindle  was  more  or  less  par¬ 
allel  with  the  long  axis  of  the  basidium  and  that  the  spores  were 
uninucleate  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  18:  85,  pi.  2,  figs.  15-20.  1902). 
He  says  that  C.  grisea  is  similar  to  C.  rugosa  in  all  essential  char¬ 
acters.  Juel  studied  C.  cinerea  and  C.  cristata  and  found  them  like 
Maire’s  two  species  and  like  each  other  (Nova  Acta  Reg.  Soc.  Sci. 
Upsaliensis,  ser.  4,  4:1.  1916).  In  C.  cinerea  he  finds  (pi.  2, 
figs.  28-32)  eight  nuclei  in  the  basidium  and  one  passes  into  each 
of  the  two  spores.  The  six  other  nuclei  remain  in  good  condition 


74 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


in  the  protoplasm  of  the  basidium,  but  there  is  no  evidence  of 
further  spore  production.  Of  C.  cristata  (pi.  2,  figs.  33-35)  he 
says  that  ‘‘in  microscopic  structure  it  stands  very  near  to  C. 
cinerea”  See  also  Patouillard  in  Tab.  Fung.,  p.  67,  fig.  154. 

We  have  studied  carefully  numerous  specimens  of  these  forms 
and  find  that  they  can  be  divided  into  two  rather  indistinct  groups, 
based  on  a  slight  difference  in  the  size  of  the  spores  and  a  tend¬ 
ency  to  become  yellow  in  the  dried  state  in  one  group  and  gray  or 
brown  in  the  other.  There  are,  however,  many  exceptions,  and  the 
gap  is  bridged  by  numerous  intermediate  forms.  The  difference 
seems  to  be  regional  rather  than  specific,  the  northern  plants  more 
frequently  tending  to  the  rugosa  form  and  often  with  slightly 
larger  spores.  Typical  results  of  spore  measurements  in  the  two 
groups  are  given  in  tabular  form  below. 

Rugosa-Krombholmi  forms : 


Redding,  Conn.,  No.  25 . Spores  7-9.3  x  8-11/x. 

Chocorua,  N.  H.  (Farlow) . . . Spores  7-9.3  x  8. 5-10. 5ja. 

Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  38)..- . Spores  7-8  x  7.6-9. 5/>t. 

West  Fort  Ann,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  28) . Spores  7-9.3  x  8.5-10.5/a. 

Sand  Lake,  N.  Y.  (Peck) . . . Spores  6.8-9  x  8.2-10. 5/x. 

Monands,  N.  Y.  (Peck).. . . . Spores  7-8.7  x  8-10/a. 

Pink  Bed  Valley,  N.  C.  (Murrill  &  House,  No.  375)  Spores  7.4-8.8  x 
8.5-10/a. 

West  Albany,  N.  Y.  (Peck)... . Spores  7.4-9. 3  x  8-11/a. 

Chocorua,  N.  H.  (Farlow,  No.  374) . . . Spores  7-8.5  x  7.5-9.6/a. 

Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (  Burnham,  No.  29) . . . ...Spores  7-9.3  x  8-11/a. 

Hudson  Falls,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  49).. . Spores  7.4-9. 5  x  8.5-11/a. 

Blowing  Rock,  N.  C.,  No.  5572 . Spores  7-8.5  x  8-10.2/a. 

Blowing  Rock,  No.  5616 . . . . . Spores  7.4-9.5  x  9-10.5/a. 

Blowing  Rock,  No.  5676 . . . Spores  7. 5-8. 5  x  8-10.5/a. 

France  (Patouillard) . Spores  7. 5-9. 2  x 9-11/a. 

Redding,  Conn.  (Coker  ) . Spores  7.4-9. 3  x  8.5-10.5/a. 

Ludlow,  Vt.  (Miss  Hibbard,  No.  3) . . . Spores  7-8.5  x  8-10.5/a. 

Chocorua,  N.  H.  (Farlow,  No.  310a) . Spores  7.6-9. 3  x  8- 11 /a. 

Chocorua,  N.  H.  (Farlow,  No.  310b).. . ...Spores  7.4-9. 3  x 8.2-1  1/a. 

Cristata-cinerea  forms : 

Chapel  Hill,  No.  2246 . . . . Spores  6-8  x  7.4-9/a. 

No.  2251 . . . . . . . . . . . Spores  6.5-7  x  7-8.5/a. 

No.  2221 . . . . . Spores  5. 5-7.4  x  7.4-9.2/a. 

No.  2387 . Spores  5. 5-7. 5  x  7.4-10.5/a. 

No.  2417 . Spores  6-7.5  x  7.4-9.5/a. 

No.  2636 . . . Spores  5.5-7  x  7-8.6/a. 

No.  2660- . Spores  5. 5 -7.4  x  7-9/a. 

No.  2694- . Spores  6-7.5  x  7.4-9/a. 

No.  2702- . Spores  6-7.5  x  7.5-9.3/a. 


PF.ATl^:  25 


Cl.AVARIA  AMETHVSTIXA.  No.  4363. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


75 


No.  2733 . . . . . . .Spores  6. 3-7. 6  x  7-9ix. 

No.  2809 . ....Spores  5.5-7.3  x  7-8.5/x. 

No.  3091.. . Spores  5.5-7.5  x  7.5-9.3/x. 

No.  3108 . Spores  5.6-7.2  x  6.7-9/>t. 

No.  3394... . . . . . . . Spores  6-7.6  x  7-9. 3/x. 

No.  4566.. . . . . . Spores  5.5-7.4  x  7-8.5/x. 

No.  4899 . ...Spores  6-7.4  x  7. 5-9. 3/x. 

Lake  George,  N.  Y.  (Coker,  No.  8) . Spores  5.5-7.5  x  7.4-8.5|a. 

Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  26).. . Spores  5.5-7  x  7-8.6/x. 

West  Fort  Ann,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  35) . Spores  6-8  x  7.5-9. 5ja. 

West  Fort  Ann,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  46) . ....Spores  6. 5-7. 5  x  7. 5-9. 3/x. 

Newfane,  Vt.  (Miss  Hibbard,  No.  10) . ....Spores  6.5-7.6  x  7.6-9.3/x. 

Pocono  Lake  Preserve,  Pa.  (Vogler) . Spores  6-7.5  x  7.5-9.3/x. 

Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  110) . Spores  6-7.6  x  7.4-8.6/x. 

New  Providence,  Bahamas  (No.  215) . ....Spores  5.5-7  x  6.6-7.4/x. 

Falls  Church,  Va.  (Murrill) . . . . Spores  6-7.4  x  7-8. 5/x. 


From  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  the  spores  of  the  cristata- 
cinerca  forms  run  smaller  on  the  average  than  those  of  the  Kromh- 
hohii-rtigosa  group,  but  we  give  below  some  exceptions  to  this. 


Riigosa-Kromhkolzii  forms : 

Chapel  Hill,  No.  3573 . . . . . . Spores  6.5-7.2  x  7-8.6/x. 

Chapel  Hill,  No.  5148.... . . . . . Spores  6.5-7.5  x  7.5-9.7/x. 

Lake  Winnesquam,  N.  H.  (Miss  Hibbard). _ _ Spores  6.6-8  x  8-9.3/x. 

Delmar,  N.  Y.  (Peck) . . Spores  6-7.8  x  7.4-8.8/x. 

Newfane,  Vt.  (Miss  Hibbard,  No.  4) . .Spores  6. 8-7. 7  x  7.4-9. 3/x. 

Cristata-cinerea  forms : 

Newfane,  Vt.  (Miss  Hibbard,  No.  11) . . . Spores  7-8.5  x  8-10. 5/x. 

Washington  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  1).... . ...Spores  7-8.4  x  7. 4-10. 5/x 

West  Fort  Ann,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  3) . Spores  6.3-8.5  x  7.4-9.5/x. 

Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  27)... . Spores  6.6-8. 5  x  8.5-1 1/x. 


Illustrations:  Badham.  Esculent  Fungi  Engl.,  pi.  5,  fig.  5  (as  C.  cinerca), 
fig.  6  (as  C.  rugosa)  ;  pi.  15,  fig.  4  (as  C.  rugosa),  fig.  5  (as  C.  cinerea). 
1847. 

Berkeley.  Outlines  Brit.  Fung.,  pi.  18,  fig.  3  (as  C.  rugosa),  fig.  4  (as  C. 
umbrina).  1860. 

Bolton.  Hist.  Fung.  Halifax,  pi.  115.  1789. 

Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Sudb.,  Clavariei,  figs.  3-4  (as  C.  lilaciua),  fig.  5  (as 
C.  gregalis),  figs.  6,  66  (as  C.  arctata),  fig.  7  (as  C.  cristata) ,  fig.  8  (as 
C.  rugosa),  fig.  9  (as  C.  macrospora),  fig.  10  (as  C.  unistirpis) ,  fig.  11 
(as  C.  Krombholzii) ,  fig.  12  (as  C.  Kunzei,  later  called  C.  extans),  fig. 
39  (as  C.  grossa),  fig.  40  (as  C.  ameihystina) ,  fig.  47  (as  C.  cincrea  ), 
fig.  48  (as  C.  coralloidcs) ,  fig.  63  (as  C.  Schaefferi),  fig.  67  (as  C. 
clavaeformis) ,  fig.  68  (as  C.  rugosa  form  fidiginea) .  1879-97. 

Bulliard.  As  cited  above. 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  7,  fig.  59  (as  C.  Hcrveyi)  ;  pi.  9,  fig.  82 
(as  C.  spJiacrospora) .  1922. 


76  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Cooke.  A  Plain  and  Easy  Account  of  Brit.  Fung.,  1st.  ed.,  pi.  17,  fig.  1 
(as  C.  cincrea),  fig.  3  (as  C.  rugosa)  ;  3rd  ed.,  pi.  10,  fig.  2  (as  C. 
cinerea)  ;  pi.  7,  fig.  3. 

Cordier.  Champ.  Fr.,  pi.  46,  fig.  2  (as  C.  cinerea),  fig.  3  (as  C.  ametJiys- 
tina).  1874. 

Dufour.  Atlas  Champ.,  pi.  68,  fig.  149  (as  C.  cinerea).  1891. 

Fries.  Sverig,  Atlas  Svamp.,  pi.  92,  figs.  1-3  (as  C.  cristata),  figs,  4-5  (as 
C.  coralloides) .  1860-66. 

Gibson.  Edible  Toadstools  and  Mushrooms,  pi.  31  (as  C.  umbrina  and  C. 
rugosa).  1895. 

Gillet.  Champ.  Fr.  5:  pi.  108.  (114)  (as  C.  rugosa  and  C.  Kromhholzii) . 

Greville.  Scott.  Crypt.  FI.  2:  pi.  64  (purplish  cinerea  form).  1824. 

Hard.  Mushrooms,  fig.  393.  1908. 

Holmskjold.  Beata  Ruris  1;  pi.  23  (as  Ramaria  cristata),  pi.  20  (as  R. 
ornithopodioides) .  1790. 

Krombholz.  Abbild.  u.  Beschr.,  pi.  5,  figs.  14-15  (as  C.  cristata)  ;  pi.  53, 
figs.  9-10  (as  C.  grisea),  figs.  11-12  (as  C.  paimata),  fig.  13  (as  C.  cris¬ 
tata),  fisrs.  14-17  (as  C.  Kunzci)  :  pi.  54,  figs.  13-17  (as  C.  ruqosa),  figs. 
\S-20  C.  grossa).  1831-1846. 

Lanzi.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  13,  fig.  4  (as  C.  amethystina) .  1902. 

Leuba.  Champ.  Comest.,  pi.  43,  fig.  6  (as  C.  cinerea).  Figure  5  is  called 
the  same  but  is  more  than  doubtful.  1890. 

Lloyd.  Myc.  Notes  No.  65:  pi.  178,  figs.  1935  and  1936  (as  C.  laciniata). 
1920. 

Michael.  Fuhrer  f.  Pilzfreunde.  Vol.  2,  No.  26,  (as  C.  coralloides) ,  No. 
28  (as  C.  cristata).  1901 ;  Vol.  3,  No.  30  (as  C.  grisea).  1905. 

Maire.  As  above  cited  (C.  rugosa). 

Nees  von  Esenbeck.  Systema,  pi.  16,  fig.  151  1817. 

Patouillard.  Tab.  Analyt.  Fung.,  fig.  154  (as  C.  cinerea),  fig.  381  (as  C. 
rugosa),  figs.  37  and  261  (as  C.  cristata  and  var.  minor).  1883-1886. 

Peck.  Rept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  48:  pi.  39,  figs.  8-12  (as  C.  cristata).  1894. 

Persoon.  Comm.,  pi.  2,  fig.  4  (as  C.  fallax  var,  cristata)  ;  pi.  4,  fig.  3  (as 
C.  trichopus) .  1797. 

Quelet.  Champ.  Jura  Vosg.  1:  pi.  20,  fig.  5  (as  C.  rugosa).  Also  in 
Asso.  Frangaise  16:  pi.  21,  fig.  12  (as  C.  fimbriata) .  1887. 

Rea.  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  6:  pi.  2,  fig.  4  (as  C.  cinerea  var.  gracilis). 
1917. 

Rolland.  Atlas  Champ.,  pi.  103,  No.  230;  No.  232  (as  C.  cinerea)  ;  No. 
233  (as  C.  rugosa).  1910. 

Schaeffer.  Fung.  Bavar.,  pi.  170  (as  C.  albida).  1763;  and  pi.  291  (as 
C.  laciniata).  1770. 

Sicard.  Hist.  Nat.  Champ.,  pi.  62,  fig.  320  (as  C.  cinerea),  figs.  314  and 
330  (as  C.  cristata).  1883. 

Swanton.  Fungi,  pi.  29,  fig.  7  (as  C.  rugosa),  fig.  9  (purplish  form  of 
C.  cinerea  ).  1909. 


PLATE  26 


Clavaria  pyxidata.  No.  3103. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


77 


Taylor.  Food  Products  I,  Frontispiece,  fig.  8  (as  C.  cinerea),  fig.  9  (as 
C.rugosa).  1894. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2221.  Swamp  of  New  Hope  Creek, 
June  24,  1916.  No.  2251.  Mossy  grass  under  oaks,  June  25,  1916. 
No.  2384.  Mossy  soil,  June  28,  1916.  No.  2387.  On  ground  in  low 
place  in  woods,  July  18,  1916.  No.  2417.  In  low  woods  near  branch, 
July  22,  1916.  Large  plants,  8  cm.  tall  and  4  cm.  wide.  No.  2591. 
Rocky  hillside,  mixed  woods,  July  5,  1917.  No.  2627.  Upland  woods, 
July  10,  1917.  Spores  5.5-7.4  x  6.6-8|Lt.  No.  2636.  Under  cedars  at 
“The  Rocks,”  July  11,  1917.  No.  2647.  Low  damp  woods,  July  11, 
1917.  Basidia  5-7.4/x  thick.  No.  2660.  Mixed  upland  woods,  July  12, 
1917.  No.  2686.  Low  damp  woods,  July  16,  1917.  Pure  white  form; 
tips  very  little  crested.  No.  2694.  Low  damp  woods  near  base  of  Laurel 
Hill,  July  17,  1917.  No.  2702.  Mixed  woods  by  branch,  July  17,  1917. 
This  is  a  form  that  might  pass  for  C.  rugosa.  No.  2733.  Mixed  upland 
woods,  July  21,  1917.  No.  2746.  On  earth  in  woods,  July  20,  1917. 
Form  C.  rugosa.  Spores  5.5-7  x7-8/x.  No.  2809.  In  thin  grass  in 
lawns,  July  29,  1917.  Color  varying  from  light  creamy  gray  to  deep 
mouse-gray  or  smoky  lavender.  This  connects  with  C.  rugosa,  C.  cris- 
tata,  and  C.  cinerea.  No.  3293.  On  Dr.  Pratt’s  lawn,  June  1,  1919. 
No.  3573.  Mixed  woods,  October  31,  1919.  Plants  pure  white.  No. 
4561.  Damp  soil,  woody  elevation,  July  27,  1920.  Cinerea  form. 
Threads  of  flesh  closely  packed,  4-7/x  thick;  hymenial  layer  66fjL  thick; 
basidia  6.2-7 ^jl  thick.  No.  4566.  Mixed  woods  but  mostly  pines,  July 
27,  1920.  A  paler,  smaller  form,  approaching  the  typical  C.  cristata,  but 
with  a  smoky  tint.  No.  4899.  Mixed  woods,  October  6,  1921.  Lav¬ 
ender  form. 

Dillingham.  Elevation  of  3400  feet.  J.  S.  Holmes.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Louisiana:  St.  Martinsville.  Langlois.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

West  Virginia:  Fayette  Co.  Nuttall.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

District  of  Columbia:  Takoma  Park.  Williams.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card. 
Herb.). 

New  Jersey:  Newfield.  Ellis.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  Spores  ovate, 
about  6.5  X  8/x. 

Pennsylvania:  Pocono  Lake  Preserve.  Vogler.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Grega¬ 
rious,  much  branched  from  a  distinct,  short  base ;  when  young  rather 
light  drab,  the  tips  quite  pale,  turning  smoky  drab  after  maturity ;  tips 
toothed  as  a  rule,  but  some  decidedly  crested,  easily  blackening. 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  110.  Aug.  1,  1919.  Plants  flesh 
colored  to  white.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

New  York  Botanical  Gardens.  Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.). 

Lake  Placid.  Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.). 

Connecticut:  Redding.  Coker.  Sept.  7,  1919.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Vermont:  Newfane.  Miss  Hibbard.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Ludlow.  Miss  Hibbard.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 


78 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


New  Hampshire:  White  Mountains.  Ellis.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 
Chocorua.  Farlow.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb,  from  Farlow  Herb.,  as  C.  rugosa). 

California:  Pasadena.  McClatcbie,  No.  204.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as 

C.  cine  re  a). 

Canada:  Ottawa.  Macoun.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  Spores  as  in 
Chapel  Hill  plants. 

London.  Dearness.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  cincrea,  E.  &  E.  Fungi 
Columbiana,  No.  1215). 

Newfoundland:  Wagborne.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  Spores  about 

7  X  8.7/4. 

Bahama  Islands:  New  Providence.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herl).,  No.  215). 

Porto  Rico:  Johnston.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  Dark  form.  Spores 
smooth,  subspherical,  7  x  9/4. 


Clavaria  cineroides  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  7 :  367.  1909. 


Plates  20  and  83 


This  species  was  described  from  Chapel  Hill  plants  collected 
by  us,  and  the  following  is  the  original  description  by  Atkinson: 

“Plants  very  much  branched  from  base,  7  cm.  high,  S-6  cm. 
broad,  trunk  absent.  Plants  uniformly  gray  when  fresh.  Base 
of  branches  whitish  in  drying,  upper  portion  of  plant  becoming 
pale  ochre  or  buff.  Branches  dichotomous,  slightly  clavate,  nu¬ 
merous.  Axils  acute  or  rounded.  Tips  usually  bidentate,  teeth 
rounded.  Plants  somewhat  tough.  Basidia'  slender,  4-spored, 
40-45  X  7[ji.  [We  make  them  5.5-6.2p,  thick  when  measured  in 
water  from  the  dried  state;  hymenium  about  75[i.  thick,  packed 
with  small  crystals.]  Spores  globose,  smooth,  white,  pedicellate, 
with  large  oil  drop,  4-6p..  The  plant  resembles  Claz’aria  cinerea  in 
color  when  fresh  but  the  spores  are  much  smaller,  the  branches 
more  slender.  In  size  and  shape  the  spores  resemble  those  of 
Clavaria  fusiformis  but  the  plant  is  very  different  from  that 
species.’’ 


This  species  has  not  been  reported  except  from  Chapel  Hill,  but 
we  have  recently  found  it  in  the  mountains  and  we  find  several 
American  collections  and  one  European  that  appear  the  same.  Of 
the  American  lots  one  was  in  Peck’s  herbarium  (Vaughns,  Burn¬ 
ham  collection)  mixed  with  C.  Kunaei]  two  others  were  sent  us 
by  Burnham  for  determination.  The  lot  from  Vaughns  has  just 
the  shape  of  the  type,  with  long  slender  branches  which  divide 
two  or  three  times  with  open  axils,  the  primary  branches  scurfy 


PLATE  27 


ClAVARIA  PYXIDATA.  No.  1611 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  79 

and  fused  together  into  the  ground  and  one  or  two  centimeters 
above  it.  One  collection  from  Tripoli  is  shorter  and  stouter,  with 
thicker  tips,  but  otherwise  like  the  others.  The  Chapel  Hill  plants 
were  pale  gray  when  fresh,  and  it  is  probable,  since  they  have  been 
mistaken  for  C.  Kun^ei,  that  they  may  vary  to  almost  white.  The 
species  is  nearest  C.  miiscoides,  which  is  very  similar  in  spores  and 
other  microscopic  characters,  but  which  is  easily  separated  by  dif¬ 
ferent  color  and  usually  smaller  size.  Our  plants  are  entirely  dif¬ 
ferent  from  C.  cinerea  and  are  larger  and  stouter  than  C.  Kunzei 
and  with  quite  distinct  spores.  The  European  plants  were  sent 
us  by  Romell  (Carlberg’s  Park,  Stockholm),  who  was  much  in¬ 
terested  in  them  and  could  not  place  them  in  any  European 
species.  He  makes  a  note  that  “as  to  shape  not  unlike  CL  fas- 
tigiata  but  color  white.  Spores  globose,  We  find  the  spores- 

smooth,  spherical  with  a  distinct  mucro  and  large  oil  drop,  6-7\k 
thick.  All  collections  show  the  base  to  be  scurfy  as  in  C.  miis¬ 
coides,  the  tips  of  the  branches  (when  dry)  abruptly  sub-translu¬ 
cent  and  cartilaginous-looking*. 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  8,  fig.  61.  1922. 

North  Carolina :  Chapel  Hill.  No.  100.  On  ground  among  pine  needles, 
mixed  woods  on  hillside  by  Fern  Walk,  October  2,  1908.  Type  (Cornell 
Herb.,  No.  22640  and  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Linville  Falls.  Coker  and  party.  No.  5751.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Tripoli.  Burnham,  Nos.  32  and  99.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Spores  (of  No.  99)  smooth,  spherical,  5-6.2/x  thick  ;  basidia  6.2-7. 7 fi  thick, 
4-spored ;  hymenium  35-50/x  thick,  with  no  crystals;  hyphae  3.7/x  thick, 
roughly  parallel,  closely  packed. 

Vaughns.  Burnham.  (Albany  Herb,  and  U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  sub- 
spherical,  smooth,  5-6/x. 

Ithaca.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.,  as  C.  dcalbata  Berk.).  Spores  sub- 
globose  with  strong  mucro,  4.4-5. 5ja  thick. 

Chappaqua.  Mrs.  Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  No.  542).  Spores 
spherical,  4-5. 5ja  thick. 


80 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


Clavaria  muscoides  L.  Flora  Suecica,  2nd  ed.,  p.  457.  1755. 

C.  fastigiata  L.  Flora  Suecica,  2nd.  ed.,  p.  457.  1755. 

C.  corniculata  Schaeff.  Fung.  Bavar.,  pi.  173.  1763. 

C.  pratensis  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  52  (183).  1797. 

C.  furcataPevs.  Comm.,  p.  52.  1797. 

C.  vitellina  Pers.  Myc.  Europ.  1 :  170.  1822. 

C.  similis  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  43  :  24  (70).  1890.  (Not 
C.  similis  Bond.  &  Pat. ) . 

C.Peckii  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  9:  249.  1891.  (Not  C.  Peckii 
Sacc.  &  D.  Sacc.). 

C.  helve ola  var.  dispar  Pers.  Myc.  Europ.  1 :  181.  1822. 

C.  fellea  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  51 :  292.  1898. 

C.  muscoides  var.  obtusata  Britz.  Hymen.  Siidb.,  Clavariei, 
fig.  45.  1879-97. 

C,  muscoides  var.  obtusa  Pk.  Rept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  47:  151 
(25  in  Bot.  ed.).  1894. 

C.  sir  amine  a  Cotton.  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3:  265,  pi.  11, 
fig.  D.  1909-10. 

Plates  9,  21,  and  83 

Plants  small,  2-5  cm.  high,  slender,  quite  variable  in  form, 
from  simple  and  single  to  clustered  and  fused  at  base  and  several 
times  branched  above,  terete  or  channelled,  stem  distinct,  usually 
long,  branches  none  or  a  few  knobs  to  several  or  many  (usually 
a  few  near  the  top),  the  angles  open;  tips  bluntish;  color  varying 
from  rather  pale  dull  yellow  to  deep  clear  yellow  or  ochraceous 
yellow,  shading  downward  to  darker  brown,  the  base  white-scurfy 
and  more  or  less  rooting  and,  when  clustered,  fused  below;  in 
drying  unchanging  or  becoming  a  light  leather  color.  Flesh  mod¬ 
erately  brittle,  breaking  at  45°,  taste  rank,  farinaceous  and  bitter. 

Spores  (of  one  of  our  collections  from  Lake  George,  N.  Y.) 
white,  smooth,  spherical,  with  an  abrupt  mucro,  5-7.5[x.  Basidia 
about  7-10[k  thick,  with  4  curved  sterigmata  which  are  about  7.5[jl 
long;  among  the  basidia  are  also  found  delicate  hyphae  with  tips 
a  little  swollen. 

Not  rare  in  deciduous  woods  or  pastures  in  humus  or  moss 
from  the  mountains  of  this  state  northward,  and  we  have  found  it 
once  in  Chapel  Hill.  Schweinitz  and  Curtis  also  record  it  from 
North  Carolina.  We  have  seen  no  collections  from  the  southern 


PLATE  28 


Ci-AVARIA  LIGULA.  Buck  Hill  Falls,  Pa.,  fig.  1. 

Clavaria  amethystina.  No.  v3463,  fig.  2;  No.  3423,  fig.  3. 
Ci.AVARiA  CROCEA.  Redding,  Conn.  (No.  21),  fig.  4, 
Clavaria  subbotrvtis.  No.  3297,  fig.  5. 

Clavaria  byssiseda.  No.  4395,  fig.  6. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


81 


states  except  our  own.  The  basidia  in  American  plants  are  cer¬ 
tainly  4-spored  and  so  are  the  British,  according  to  Cotton  and 
Wakefield  (Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  6:  181.  1919).  Patouillard’s 
figure  shows  but  two  sterigmata  (1.  c.,  fig.  564). 

Fries  considered  C.  cornicidata  the  same  as  C.  muscoides,  and 
plants  in  the  Persoon  Herbarium  (collected  by  Persoon)  under  the 
former  name  have  all  the  appearance  of  the  latter ;  another  collec¬ 
tion  from  Chaillet  is  different.  The  types  of  C.  pratensis  in  the 
herbarium  of  Persoon  are  C.  miiscoidcs,  with  spores  subspherical, 
4.5  X  4.8-5. 5 [ji.  In  the  Persoon  Herbarium  is  one  lot  of  C.  vitellina 
(type).  They  are  small,  crowded,  nearly  simple,  cartilaginous- 
looking  plants  with  spores  like  C.  muscoides,  4-5. 5[i.  thick.  Cla- 
varia  fastigiata  is  only  a  more  open  and  spreading  form  with 
blunter  tips.  Clazmria  fcUca  and  C.  similis  Pk.  (C.  Peckii  Sacc.) 
are  also  the  same,  the  plants  looking  exactly  alike  in  the  dried  state 
and  the  descriptions  agreeing  well.  Spores  of  the  types  have  been 
examined  and  agree  with  C.  muscoides.  Clavaria  muscoides  var. 
obtusa  Pk.  is  a  form  with  tips  thicker  than  usual.  The  scurfy  base, 
abruptly  translucent  tips  (when  dry)  and  stalks  fused  from  the 
ground  are  just  like  C.  muscoides  and  the  spores  are  identical. 
Moreover,  there  are  just  such  forms  in  other  herbaria  and  all 
gradations  occur  between  this  and  other  smaller,  more  yellow 
forms. 

No  differences  of  any  importance  between  C.  straminea  and  C. 
muscoides  appear  from  Cotton's  description  of  the  former.  Simple 
plants  of  the  latter  are  not  at  all  rare  (pi.  9,  fig.  3)  and  could 
hardly  be  better  described  than  by  Cotton's  diagnosis  for  C.  stra¬ 
minea.  An  authentic  collection  from  Cotton  (Haslemen,  October 
15,  1913)  studied  by  us  confirms  the  identity  of  the  two  species. 
From  the  description  and  figures  C.  ten  ell  a  Bond.  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc. 
Fr.  33:  11,  pi.  4,  fig.  1.  1917)  strongly  suggests  this  species,  and 
as  there  are  no  discrepancies  we  suspect  their  identity.  Near  this 
species  seems  also  C.  nmhrinella  Sacc.  {=C.  umbrina  Berk.  See 
Sylloge  6:  695.  1888),  which  differs  in  color  and  more  branched 

habit.  A  bit  of  the  type  from  Kew  Herbarium  has  spores  smooth, 
nearly  pip-shaped,  4-5  x  5-6(jl  ;  basidia  about  6.2p.  thick,  with  4  long 
sterigmata;  hymenium  about  40[i.  thick  (pi.  92,  figs.  9  and  10). 


82 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


Juel  (cited  under  C.  cristata)  finds  that  two  transverse  nuclear 
divisions  occur  in  the  tips  of  the  basidia,  that  the  young  spore 
contains  a  visible  nucleus,  but  that  as  a  rule  in  the  ripe  spore  none 
can  be  seen;  basidium  4-spored  (pi.  3,  figs.  75-80).  He  has  sent 
us  good  plants  of  this  species  which  are  like  ours,  with  spores 
4.5-6[x  thick. 

Illustrations :  Bernard.  Champ.  Rochelle,  pi.  42,  fig.  3.  1882. 

Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Siidb.,  Clavariei,  figs.  44  and  (as  var.  obtusata)  45. 

Bulliard.  Herb.  Fr.,  pi.  358,  hgs.  D,  E.  1787 ;  pi.  496  (as  C.  coralloides) 

1790. 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot,  Card.  9:  pi.  7,  fig.  56  (as  C.  Pcckii)  ;  fig.  57  (as  C. 
in.  var.  obtusa)  ;  fig.  58  (as  C.  fellea).  1922. 

Cooke.  Brit.  Fungi,  pi.  696. 

Cotton.  As  cited  above. 

Dufour.  Atl.  Champ.,  pi.  69,  No.  153  (as  C.  fastigiata) .  1891. 

Flora  Danica,  pi.  775,  fig.  3.  1778;  pi.  836,  fig.  2  (as  C.  muscoides  var.). 
1780. 

Gillet.  Champ.  Fr.  5:  pi.  106  (112). 

Holmskjold.  Beata  Ruris  1 :  pi.  21  (as  Ramaria  muscoides)  and  pi.  22 
(as  R.  fastigiata) .  1790. 

Lanzi.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  13,  fig.  3.  1902. 

Michael.  Fuhrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  3,  No.  29  (as  C.  fastigiata) .  1905. 

Patouillard.  Tab.  Fung.  2 :  fig.  564.  1887. 

Persoon.  Comm.,  pi.  4,  fig.  5  (as  C.  pratensis).  1797. 

Schaeffer.  Fung.  Bavar.,  pi.  173  (  as  C.  corniculata) .  1763.  Photo¬ 

graphed  in  part  by  Burt  in  Ann.  IMo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  7,  fig.  55.  1922. 

Swanton.  Fungi,  pi.  29,  fig.  2  (as  C.  fastigiata) .  1909. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  7131.  By  ln*anch  below  athletic  field, 
September  20,  1923.  Spores  4.8-6.2/x  thick. 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party,  No.  5807.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores 

4.4-5.3/x  thick. 

District  of  Columbia:  Washington.  Braendle.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Pennsylvania:  Buck  Hill  Falls.  Mrs.  Delafield.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Burnham.  No.  41.  August,  1912.  Spores  spher¬ 
ical,  about  5.5^  thick.  B.  No.  42.  September  15,  1912.  B.  No.  45. 
“Yellowish  when  fresh.”  B.  No.  66.  August  13,  1915.  C.  &  B.  No. 
116.  In  maple  woods,  September  2,  1917.  Clustered  and  fused  below, 
rarely  single.  B.  No.  118.  Octol:)er  19,  1919.  Spores  4-6/x  in  diameter. 
(All  in  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Lake  George.  Coker,  No.  7.  ( L.  N.  C.  Herb.) .  Spores  spherical,  smooth, 
white,  S-G.Sfx  thick. 

Jamesville.  Underwood.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 


Clavaria  Kuxzkl.  No.  1704. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


83 


Bronx.  Murrill  and  Volkert.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  This  is  the 

largest  specimen  we  have  seen,  and  is  very  much  branched ;  dried  plant 

5  cm.  broad.  Spores  subspherical,  smooth,  4-5  x  5-5. 5/x. 

Catskill  Mts.  Gereshoy.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Connecticut:  Belleville.  Macoun.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

West  Goshen.  Underwood.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb,  and  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Redding.  Coker.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

New  Hampshire :  Meredith.  Miss  Hibbard,  No.  8.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Clavaria  pistillaris  L.  Flora  Suecica,  2nd.  ed.,  p.  456.  1775. 
Crater elhis  pistillarisYv.  Epicr.,  p.  534.  1838. 

Craterellus  unicolor  Berk.  &  Rav.  Grevillea  1 :  148.  1873. 

Craterellus  corrugis  Pk.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  26:  69.  1899. 
Clavaria  truncata  Lovejoy.  Bot.  Gaz.  50:  385.  1910. 

Plates  22,  23,  and  83 

Plants  very  variable  in  form  and  size,  up  to  20  cm.  long, 
typically  long-pestle-shaped,  the  thick  tip  as  a  rule  rugose-chan- 
nelled,  the  center  often  flattened  or  even  depressed  and  at  times 
perforated  into  a  central  hollow  after  maturity;  tapering  down¬ 
ward  to  a  small  encrusted  base  which  when  growing  among  loose 
leaves  and  twigs  may  penetrate  them  for  some  distance ;  not  rooted 
when  growing  on  earth ;  commonly  single,  again  growing  in  clus¬ 
ters  with  connate  bases,  as  shown  by  the  form  represented  in  plate 
23,  where  the  tips  were  in  several  cases  flattened  and  forked  like 
an  antler  and  the  young  plants  sharply  pointed  and  rosy;  color  at 
maturity  ochraceous  or  leather  color  or  discolored  to  darker  (at 
times  chocolate,  Mcllvaine).  Flesh  white,  tender,  soft,  dryish, 
often  collapsing  irregularly  in  age  so  as  to  form  a  hollow;  taste 
pleasant  but  mildly  bitter-peppery ;  odor  none. 

Spores  (No.  27  of  Redding,  Conn.)  variable  in  size,  pure 
white,  smooth,  elliptic,  with  mucro  end  often  curved,  3. 7-4.5  x 
7.4-10[i.;  in  a  typical  New  York  plant  from  the  Albany  Herbarium 
they  were  5.5-7  x  10-1 1.5[i..  Basidia  6.8-7.7[ji  thick;  hymenium 
about  65 [i.  thick,  covering  the  top  as  well  as  the  sides  of  the  plant; 
hyphae  of  context  about  4.8[l  thick,  with  clamp  connections. 

Edible  and  very  good.  Not  rare  in  the  northern  states,  less 
common  in  the  south  except  in  the  mountains.  At  Chapel  Hill  we 
have  never  found  very  large  plants,  but  that  is  not  surprising  as 
we  are  near  the  coastward  limit  of  the  species  in  the  southern 
states.  Most  of  our  plants  represent  Craterellus  unicolor  (and 


84  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

with  this  Burt  agrees),  but  some  are  larger,  and  after  studying 
fresh  plants  both  here  and  in  the  north  we  see  no  reason  to  con¬ 
sider  the  southern  form  distinct.  Peck’s  Cratcrellus  corrugis  has 
spores  no  longer  than  C.  unicolor  and  a  collection  from  Redding, 
Conn.,  (pi.  23)  has  spores  even  smaller. 

This  species  with  C.  ligula,  represents  apparently  an  approach 
toward  Craterellus  and  there  has  been  confusion  in  its  treatment, 
some  authors  treating  forms  of  C.  pistillaris  as  Craterellus  species, 
for  example  C.  unicolor  which  Burt  retains  in  Craterellus.  Burt 
follows  Fries  in  accepting  both  Craterellus  pistillaris  Fr.  and 
Clavaria  pistillaris  L.  (Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  1 :  340,  pi.  16,  figs. 
11-13;  pi.  17,  fig.  14.  1914).  In  our  opinion  they  are  the  same 
thing  if  Schaeffer’s  plate  169  which  is  referred  to  by  both  Fries 
and  Burt  is  accepted  as  representing  Craterellus  pistillaris. 
Schaeffer’s  plate  290  (as  Clavaria  gemmata)  cited  by  Fries  as 
Craterellus  pistillaris,  may  represent  a  different  plant,  as  the  spores 
are  shown  by  Schaeffer  as  spherical.  However,  if  the  spores  are 
spherical  it  is  not  the  plant  that  Fries  and  Burt  have  in  mind. 
See  Harper’s  good  photo  of  Craterellus  pistillaris  in  Mycologia 
5:  pi.  95.  1913.  He  says  he  agrees  with  Atkinson  that  the  plant 
he  shows  should  be  considered  a  ‘Variety”  of  Clavaria  pistillaris. 
Atkinson  says  “form,”  not  variety,  and  is  in  this  correct,  we 
think.  None  of  the  rather  numerous  named  varieties  of  this 
species  seems  to  be  anything  more  than  growth  forms.  The  C. 
pistillaris  of  Persoon’s  herbarium  is  like  ours.  Those  labelled  var. 
minor  are  somewhat  larger  than  our  smallest  specimens.  Clav¬ 
aria  mira  Pat.  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  23  :  71.  1907)  should  be  com¬ 
pared  with  this  species.  Craterellus  taxophilus  Thom  (Bot.  Gaz. 
37:  215,  figs.  1-8.  1904),  a  small  plant  with  small  spherical  spores, 
approaches  the  shape  of  C.  pistillaris  and  has  been  transferred  to 
Clavaria  by  Lloyd  (Myc.  Notes  No.  64:  1008,  fig.  1856.  1920). 
Burt  retains  it  in  Craterellus.  In  all  forms  of  C.  pistillaris  we 
have  seen  the  hymenium  is  continuous  over  the  top.  Where  the 
apex  is  caved  in  and  the  surface  layer  fissured,  the  hymenium  ex¬ 
tends  to  the  very  edge  of  the  fissure.  There  is  therefore  no  an¬ 
alogy  in  this  respect  to  Craterellus. 

Juel  (cited  under  C.  cristata)  studied  microscopically  both 
Craterellus  pistillaris  and  Clavaria  pistillaris  (as  he  calls  them) 
and  decides  that  they  are  so  similar  that  the  former  is  only  a 


PLATE  30 


Clavaria  angulispora.  No.  844. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


85 


variety  of  the  latter  (pi.  2,  figs.  42-48  for  Crater ellus  and  pi.  2,  figs. 
49-52  for  Clavaria).  In  both  the  basidia  are  4-spored,  the  spores 
uninucleate,  the  basidia  with  4  or  not  rarely  8  nuclei. 

Illustrations :  The  species  has  been  very  often  illustrated,  and  some  of  the 
least  good  or  most  inaccessible  figures  are  here  omitted.  (See  also  Burt 
and  Harper  as  cited  above)  : 

Atkinson.  Stud.  Am.  Fungi,  fig.  192.  1900. 

Buller.  Researches  on  Fungi  2:  fig.  61.  1922. 

Bulliard.  Herb.  Fr.,  pi.  244.  1785. 

Corda.  Icon.  Fung.  5 :  pi.  10,  fig.  76.  1842.  Basidia  and  spores ; 

basidia  4-spored. 

Flora  Danica,  pi.  1255.  1799. 

Gillet.  Champ.  Fr.  5:  pi.  107  (113). 

Hard.  Mushrooms,  fig.  396.  1908. 

Holmskjold.  Beata  Ruris  1 :  pis.  4  and  5.  1790. 

Krombholz.  Abbild.  u.  Beschr.,  pi.  54,  figs.  1-11.  1841. 

Lanzi.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  12,  fig.  2.  1897. 

Lorinser.  Die  Schwamme,  pi.  2,  fig.  6.  1876. 

Lloyd.  Myc.  Notes  No.  64:  pi.  158,  fig.  1755  (as  C.  unicolor  and  C. 
triincata  ).  1920. 

Mcllvaine.  Am.  Fungi,  pi.  138,  figs.  2  and  3.  1900. 

iMigula  in  Thome.  Krypt.-Fl.  Deutsch.  3,  2,  1  :  pi.  24.  1912. 

Mofifat.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  Bull.  7 :  pi.  22,  fig.  2.  1909. 

Patouillard.  Tab.  Fung.,  fig.  260.  1884. 

Peck.  Mem.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  3:  pi.  66,  figs.  15-17  (as  var.  umbonata). 
1900. 

Persoon.  Comm.,  pi.  3,  figs.  8-9.  1797. 

Ouelet.  Champ.  Jura  Vosg.  1 :  pi.  21,  fig.  2.  1872. 

Rolland.  Atlas  Champ.,  pi.  104,  No.  235.  1910. 

Schaeffer.  Fung.  Bavar.,  pi.  169.  1763. 

Sicard.  Hist.  Nat.  Champ.,  pi.  62,  fig.  322.  1883. 

Sowerby.  Engl.  Fungi,  pi.  277  (C.  Iierculanca) .  1800. 

Venturi.  I  miceti  del  agro  Bresciano,  pi.  36,  figs.  1-3.  1845-1860. 

Venturi.  Studi  Micol.,  pi.  12,  figs.  114-115.  1842. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  1913.  On  ground  in  woods,  October 
22,  1915.  Spores  pure  white,  ovate  to  elliptic,  smooth,  5. 1-5.5  x  7.2-9/a. 
No.  1994.  In  mixed  woods  by  stream,  November  23,  1915.  No.  3793. 
Mixed  woods  by  branch,  November  23,  1919.  Spores  5-6  x  8.5-11.5/a. 
No.  3885.  In  loose  sandy  soil,  December  13,  1919.  No.  4770.  In 
humus,  January  16,  1921.  Spores  4-5x8-11/a. 

Hillsboro.  Curtis.  (Curtis  Herb.). 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party.  No.  5623.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Linville  Falls.  Coker  and  party.  No.  5759.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Pink  Beds.  Miss  Burlingham,  No.  280.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 


86 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


New  York:  Tripoli.  Burnham,  No.  15.  (C.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  68.  Spores  smooth,  elliptic,  3.8-5.5  x  8-1 1.8/x. 

B.  No.  71.  Spores  large,  5.5-7  x  9.3-12. 5/x.  C.  and  B.  No.  139.  In 
fronclose  woods,  September  2,  1917.  (All  in  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Connecticut:  Redding.  Coker,  No.  27.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Clavaria  ligula  Schaeff.  Fung.  Bavar.,  p.  116,  pi.  171.  1763. 

C.  caespitosa  Wulfen  in  Jacq.  Misc.  2 :  98,  pi.  12,  fig.  2.  1781. 
C.  piilvinata  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  65.  1797. 

C.  luteola  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  66.  1797. 

Plates  28  and  84 

Plants  about  2-7  cm.  high  and  3-12  mm.  thick  above,  simple, 
single  or  at  times  two  or  three  fused  at  base,  long-claviform,  thick¬ 
ened  upward  and  there  crumpled  and  channelled  and  often  flat¬ 
tened;  obtuse  or  less  often  pointed  or  even  cuspidate;  the  bases 
scurfy-villose  nearly  or  quite  up  to  the  hymenium;  color  when 
fresh  (in  plants  we  have  seen)  dull  pink,  soon  fading  to  leather 
color  or  with  tints  of  fawn  or  buff  added,  the  base  white  and  ex¬ 
panding  into  the  mycelium ;  not  rooted.  Flesh  soft,  white,  pliable 
when  fresh,  very  brittle  and  friable  when  dry. 

Spores  (collection  from  Adirondacks,  New  York  Botanical 
Garden  Herbarium)  white,  smooth,  subelliptic,  4.5-5  x  15-18.5p.. 
Basidia  7-8.5[j.  thick,  4-spored ;  hymenium  about  74[ji  thick,  and 
containing  many  brownish  granules ;  hyphae  of  context  about  4.4p. 
thick,  much  twisted,  without  clamp  connections. 

Always  growing  on  coniferous  leaves  or  trash  and  apparently 
not  rare  in  the  northern  states.  Not  yet  reported  from  the  south. 

Juel  (cited  under  C.  cristata)  finds  two  transverse  nuclear 
divisions  near  the  basidiurn  tip  which  is  4-spored,  the  spores  elong¬ 
ated,  smooth,  uninucleate.  Three  or  four  chromosomes  were  ob¬ 
served  in  the  spindles  (pi.  3,  figs.  70-74). 

Illustrations :  Clements.  Minnesota  Mushrooms,  fig.  75.  1910. 

Dufour.  Atlas  Champ.,  pi.  69.  1891. 

Flora  Danica,  pi.  837,  fig.  1.  1780. 

Krombholz.  Abbild.,  pi.  54,  fig.  12.  1841. 

Lanzi.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  12,  fig.  1.  1897. 

Michael.  Ffihrer  f,  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  2,  No.  21.  1901. 


PLATE  31 


AVAKIA  BOTRVTIS.  N<).  2395 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


87 


Migula  in  Thome.  Krypt.-Fl.  Deutsch.  3.2,  1  :  pi.  24B,  fig.  1.  1912.  Color 
wrong. 

Schaefifer.  As  cited  above.  Photographic  copy  by  Burt  in  Ann.  Mo.  Bot. 

Card.  9 :  pi.  10,  fig.  95.  1922. 

Wulfen.  As  cited  above. 

Pennsylvania:  Buck  Hill  Falls.  In  pine  leaves,  September  20,  1919.  Mrs. 
J.  R.  Delafield.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb,  and  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Tripoli.  Burnham,  No.  70.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Adirondacks.  In  pines,  August,  1915.  Murrill.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Spores  smooth,  hyaline,  4.5-5  x  15-18.5ja. 

Westport.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.).  Cespitose  form. 

Catskills.  Gereshoy.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.  ).  Spores  about  4.2  x  15jit. 

New  Hampshire:  White  Mountains.  Underwood.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Maine;  Friendship.  Morris.  (Albany  Herb,  and  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Utah:  San  Juan  County.  Among  coniferous  trash,  August  21,  1911.  Gar¬ 
rett.  (  U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  very  large,  5.5-6  x  18.5-23/>t. 

Canada:  Quebec,  Seven  Islands.  Robinson.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb,  and 
U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Clavaria  fistulosa  Holmsk.  Annalen  d.  Botanik  17 :  64.  1796. 
?C.  contorta  Holmsk.  Beata  Ruris  1 :  29.  1790. 

C.  tuberosa  Sow.  Engd.  Fungi,  pi.  199.  1799. 

C.  Ardenia  Sow.  Engl.  Fungi,  pi.  215.  1799. 

C.  macrorhi::a  Schwartz.  Sv.  AUt.  Akad.  Nya.  Handl.  32 : 
155,  pi.  6,  fig.  1.  1811. 

?C.  brachiata  Fr.  Hymen.  Europ.,  p.  677.  1874. 

?C.  alnca  Schulz,  in  Kalch.  Icon.  Hymen.  Hung.  4:  pi.  35,  fig. 
7.  1877. 

C.  pilipes  Mull.  Flora  Dan.,  pi.  1076,  fig.  1. 

Plate  84 

We  have  not  met  with  this  or  any  of  the  other  species  or  forms 
in  this  well  marked  group  in  the  living  state,  and  draw  the  descrip¬ 
tions  from  dried  plants  and  from  notes  of  other  collectors. 

Plants  simple,  single,  about  7-20  cm.  long,  slenderly  clavate, 
with  the  tips  acute  in  youth,  but  usually  blunt  later,  and  often  in¬ 
flated  or  flattened  above,  slender  below ;  stem  at  base  covered  with 
dense  more  or  less  matted  fibers  which  extend  among  the  twigs 
and  leaves ;  color  varying  from  rather  pale  leather  color  through 
yellowish  to  reddish;  entire  plant  very  hollow;  flesh  thin  and 
toughish. 


88  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Spores  white,  smooth,  oblong  to  pip-shaped,  size  (in  a  plant 
from  Ithaca,  N.  Y.)  5-7  x  10-14[t;  in  a  plant  from  Sweden  (Rom- 
ell)  5-6  X  12-14[jl ;  and  in  another  from  Saxony  (Wagner)  5-5.5  x 
12-14[/.. 

Growing  on  ground  from  rotting  twigs  and  other  detritus  in 
coniferous  (and  deciduous?)  woods  in  northern  regions.  Not  re¬ 
ported  from  the  southern  states  but  should  be  looked  for  in  the 
balsam  and  spruce  forests  of  our  high  mountains. 

In  the  Curtis  Herbarium  are  collections  from  Virginia, 
Massachusetts,  and  Maine,  all  of  which  seem  true.  In  the  same 
herbarium  is  a  collection  received  through  Schweinitz  from  Massa¬ 
chusetts  (Torrey),  which  is  a  Mitrula  as  shown  by  asci  and  spores. 
This  is  the  collection  on  which  Schweinitz  based  his  report  of  C. 
contorta  from  Massachusetts,  which  is  therefore  an  error  (Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  11,4:  182). 

Von  Hohnel  (Oesterr.  Bot.  Zeit.  54:  425.  1904)  regards  C. 
contorta  as  a  morbid  form  of  this  (an  opinion  shared  by  others), 
but  for  this  he  is  criticised  by  Lind  (Ann.  Myc.  5:  272.  1907), 
who  says  that  they  are  quite  distinct  and  that  C.  fistulosa  is  found 
on  beech  and  C.  contorta  on  alder  and  that  the  spores  of  the  former 
are  much  smaller  than  those  of  the  latter.  Harper,  however,  finds 
the  spores  of  two  typical  plants  of  C.  contorta  practically  the 
same  as  those  of  C.  fistulosa,  6-9  x  14-18[ji,  and  other  characters  the 
same  also,  the  plants  very  hollow  after  the  early  stages.  Spores 
of  a  European  plant  of  C.  contorta  from  Bresadola  at  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden  are  said  to  be  7-9  x  14-20[jl.  We  find  them 
to  be  5. 5-7.4  x  12-1 5[jt..  Two  other  collections  in  his  herbarium 
have  spores  in  one  case  6.5-8  x  15-1 8[i.,  in  the  other  about 
8x18.5[jl.  Another  collection  from  America  on  dead  birch 
(Ithaca,  Atkinson),  labelled  C.  Ardenia,  has  spores  6-7.4  x  13-16[a. 
From  the  looks  of  things  in  Bresadola’s  herbarium  it  would  seem 
certain  that  C.  contorta,  C.  brachiata,  and  C.  alnea  are  the  same, 
and  also  that  C.  fistidosa,  C.  Ardenia,  and  C.  macrorhiza  are  the 
same,  but  that  the  two  groups  are  possibly  different. 

The  usual  description  of  C.  contorta  is  as  follows :  “Simple, 
erumpent,  stuffed,  spongy-fleshy,  soft  to  the  touch,  somewhat 
twisted,  rugose,  obtuse,  pruinose,  watery-yellow.  On  dead 
branches  of  alder,  hazel,  etc.,  2.5-3  cm.  high,  6-9  mm.  thick.’’ 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


89 


The  spore  measurements  given  by  different  authors  for  C.  con- 
torta  are  so  different  as  to  indicate  errors  in  determining  it. 
Clavaria  molaris  Berk.  (Grevillea  7:  5.  1878)  was  originally 
described  as  allied  to  C.  contorta,  but  no  type  exists,  and  the  color, 
size  and  habit  of  growth  suggest  Corticium  pe:3i^oidetim.  The 
typical  C.  fistidosa  certainly  grows  on  coniferous  twigs,  whether 
on  deciduous  twigs  also,  we  do  not  know.  See  Harper  for  a  good 
discussion  with  photographs  of  all  the  forms  and  species  of  this 
group  (Mycologia  10:  53.  1918).  Clavaria  Ardenia  is  the  form 
with  inflated  end,  while  C.  macrorhim  is  the  form  with  a  long, 
root-like  extension  among  the  leaves.  Harper  has  found  all  these 
forms  at  Neebish,  Michigan. 

Illustrations:  Boudier.  Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  33:  pi.  1,  fig.  5  (as  C.  con¬ 
torta).  1917. 

Flora  Danica,  pi.  1852,  fig.  1. 

Harper.  Mycologia  10:  pi.  3  (as  C.  Ardenia)  ;  pi.  4,  fig.  A  (as  C.  fis- 
tulo-sa),  fig.  B.  (as  C.  macrorhisa) ,  fig.  C.  (as  C.  contorta).  1918. 

Holmskjold.  Beata  Ruris  1 :  pi.  6  (as  C.  fistulosa)  and  pi.  12  (as  C. 
contorta).  1790.  Photographed  in  part  by  Burt  in  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard. 
9 :  pi.  10,  figs.  96,  97.  1922. 

Kalchbrenner.  Ic.  Hymen.  Hung.,  pi.  35,  fig.  7.  1874.  * 

Krombholz.  Abbild.,  pi.  5,  fig.  19.  1831. 

Michael.  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  2,  No.  22  (as  C.  Ardenia).  1901. 

Migula  in  Thome.  Krypt.-Fl.  Deutsch.  3,  2,  1 :  pi.  24B,  fig.  2  (as  C. 
Ardenia).  1912. 

Sowerby.  Engl.  Fungi,  pi.  215.  1799. 

New  York:  Bassadoga.  Peck  and  Clinton.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Catskill  Mountains.  Peck  and  Clinton.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Ithaca.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.,  as  C.  Ardenia). 

Maine:  Cumberland.  Blake.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.).  “Solitary  on 
ground  in  woods.” 

Canada:  Avon,  Ontario.  Dearness.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.).  “On 
ground  in  coniferous  swamps.” 


90  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Clavaria  amethystina  (Batt.)  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  46.  1797.  (Not 
C.  amethystea  Bull). 

Coralloides  amethystina  Batt.  Fung.  Agr.  Arim.  Hist.,  p.  22, 
pi.  1,  fig.  c.  1759. 

?C.  purpurea  Schaeff.  Fung.  Bavar.,  p.  117,  pi.  172.  1763. 
(Not  C.  purpurea  Mull). 

C.  lavendula  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  139:  47.  1910. 

Plates  24,  25,  28,  and  84 

Plants  small,  densely  cespitose  and  more  or  less  connate  at 
base;  height  1. 5-7.5  cm.,  usually  simple  to  near  the  top  and  there 
branching  dichotomously  or  irregularly  into  two  or  several  short 
branches,  which  usually  divide  again  at  their  tips  into  a  few 
sharp  teeth;  color  when  quite  fresh  a  beautiful  deep  clear  violet, 
which  is  darkest  upwards  and  very  light  and  tinted  with  buff  at 
base.  Flesh  very  brittle  and  tender,  solid,  pellucid,  violet;  taste 
mild,  odor  none. 

Spores  white,  smooth,  ovate-elliptic,  pointed  at  one  end, 
3.3-4  X  3.7-6.6[ji. 

This  attractive  little  plant  is  not  common,  but  we  find  it  every 
year  on  the  ground  in  deciduous  woods.  No  other  Clavaria  is 
quite  so  fragile,  the  branches  snapping  with  a  clean  break  at  the 
slightest  pressure.  In  drying  the  color  fades  rapidly  to  buffy  or 
grayish  tints  and  the  texture  becomes  more  pliable.  It  has  not 
been  reported  before  from  this  state,  and  is  scantily  represented 
in  herbaria.  There  has  been  much  confusion  both  in  this  country 
and  in  Europe  in  regard  to  it,  due  largely  to  Bulliard’s  plate  496 
which  as  C.  amethystea  represents  an  entirely  different  plant,  a 
form  of  C.  eristata,  which  is  also  Fries’s  C.  lilacina.  As  a  result 
both  species  appear  in  herbaria  under  either  name  or  as  C.  pur¬ 
purea.  Spore  measurements  given  by  Saccardo  and  a  good  many 
others  are  wrong. 

The  descriptions  by  Per  soon  and  Fries  leave  little  doubt  of 
what  plant  they  had  in  mind  as  C.  amethystina.  Fries  refers  to 
Schaeffer’s  plate  as  good  and  to  Bulliard’s  as  hardly  good  (Epicr., 
p.  571),  and  later  (Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Er.  24:  79.  1877)  says  that 
there  is  no  doubt  that  C.  lilaeina  and  C.  amethystina  are  different 
and  that  Bulliard’s  hgures  may  be  the  former.  Our  plants  are 


Clavakta  botrytis.  No.  2899 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


91 


exactly  like  Schaeffer’s  plate  172  (C.  purpurea)  in  shape,  the  only 
difficulty  being  the  large  spores  as  figured.  We  can  at  least  safely 
say  that  our  plant  is  the  same  as  Ramaria  anietJiystina  as  under¬ 
stood  by  Holmskjold  (Beata  Ruris,  p.  110,  pi.  28).  His  figures 
are  excellent,  and  he  speaks  of  the  flesh  as  pellucid,  a  clear  dis¬ 
tinction  between  this  and  C.  cristata.  The  reference  to  Holmsk¬ 
jold  is  the  only  one  given  by  Persoon  in  Syn.  Met.  Fung,,  p.  590. 
For  C.  Schaejferi  see  under  C.  cristata.  Clavaria  lavendiila  Pk. 
is  the  same,  as  shown  by  the  type,  which  has  similar  appearance 
and  spores  (about  3x6[j.).  A  few  other  collections  in  Peck’s 
herbarium  labelled  C.  amethystina  are  also  the  same. 

Illustrations  :  Battarra.  As  cited  above.  Photographic  copy  by  Bnrt  in 
Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard,  9:  pi.  8,  fig.  62.  1922. 

Berkeley,  (butlines  Brit.  Fungi.,  pi.  18,  fig.  2.  1860. 

Cooke.  Plain  and  Easy  British  Fungi,  2nd  ed.,  pi.  17,  fig.  2. 

Gibson.  Edible  Toadstools  and  Mushrooms,  pi.  31.  1895. 

Hard.  Mushrooms,  fig.  387.  1908. 

Holmskjold.  Beata  Ruris  1:  pi.  28  (as  Ramaria  amethystina).  1790. 

Lanzi.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  13,  figs.  4a,  b,  c.  (b  is  good;  the  others  are 
probably  C.  cinerea  forms).  1897. 

Mcllvaine.  Am.  Fung.,  pi.  139,  fig.  1.  1900. 

Roques.  Atlas  Champ.,  pi.  1,  fig.  2.  1864.  Good. 

Schaeffer.  As  cited  above. 

Venturi.  Studi  MicoL,  pi.  12,  fig.  113.  1842. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2282.  Damp  soil  in  path.  June  28, 
1916.  No.  2622.  By  path  in  low  mixed  woods,  July  9,  1917.  Spores 
3. 3-3. 7  X  5. 5-6. 7^.  No.  3423.  By  road  west  of  cemetery,  August  6, 

1919.  No.  3463.  In  deciduous  woods,  August  16,  1919.  Plants  very 
deep  purple.  No.  4363.  On  damp  ground  in  deciduous  woods,  July, 

1920.  Very  large  for  this  species.  Spores  ovate  to  pip-shaped, 
3. 5-4.4  X  5.4-6. 5ft. 

South  Carolina :  Aiken.  Ravenel.  (Curtis  Herb.).  Two  collections. 

Alabama:  Auburn.  Earle.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.;  no  name).  Spores 
about  3.5  X  6ft. 

New  York:  Several  localities.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  C.  lavendiila  and 
C.  amethystina). 

Onondago  Valley.  Underwood.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.). 

Massachusetts:  Stow.  Davis.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  type  of  C.  lavendida) . 
Spores  about  3  x  7.2ft. 


92  Clavarias  of  tfie  United  States  and  Canada 

Clavaria  pyxidata  Pars.  Comm.,  p.  47  (179).  1797. 

C.  coronata  Schw.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  4:  182.  1832. 

?C.  chondroidcs  Berk.  London  Journ.  Bot.  1 :  140,  pi.  6,  fig. 
3.  1842. 

C.  Petersii  B.  &  C.  Grevillea  2 :  7.  1873. 

C.  javanica  Sacc.  &  Syd.  Syll.  Fung.  14:  238.  1890.  (C. 
coronata  Zipp.  in  Lev.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  3rd.  Ser.,  2:  215. 
1844.) 

Plates  26,  27,  and  84 

Plants  up  to  12  cm.  high,  often  small,  springing  in  clumps 
from  an  amorphous  base  which  may  enter  the  wood  or  may  form 
a  resupinate  mass  on  the  surface  of  the  wood,  these  masses  vary¬ 
ing  in  extent  from  1  to  several  cm.;  main  stem  slender,  1.5-2. 5 
mm.  thick,  densely  coated  at  base  (if  it  is  at  all  protected)  with  a 
dense,  rather  long,  whitish  or  brownish  pink  pubescence,  which 
also  covers  the  entire  resupinate  mass  when  present;  stems  round 
or  flattened  and  channelled,  enlarging  upward  and  dividing  si¬ 
multaneously  like  an  umbel  into  several  branches  which  spread  out 
rather  strongly  and  then  turn  up  again ;  primary  branches  expand¬ 
ing  suddenly  at  their  tips  into  little  cups  from  the  margins  of 
which  spring  the  branchlets  of  the  third  degree;  these  may  again 
end  in  cups  with  similar  branches  which  finally  terminate  in  small¬ 
er  cups  with  little  teeth  on  the  rims.  Color  of  all  parts  when 
young  and  fresh  a  rather  light  clear  yellow,  about  baryta  yellow 
of  Ridgway  (or  varying  to  a  soaked  straw-color),  which  in  age  or 
on  drying  or  bruising  becomes  a  dull  ochraceous,  beginning  at  the 
tips.  Sometimes  certain  parts  become  pallid  pinkish  before  be¬ 
coming  ochraceous.  Flesh  quite  pliable  and  not  at  all  brittle, 
tough  and  very  peppery  to  the  taste,  as  a  rule,  but  varying  to 
nearly  mild  (rarely). 

Spores  (of  No.  1875)  pure  white,  smooth,  ovate  to  pip-shaped, 
about  2.3x4[jl.  Basidia  (of  No.  3593)  4-spored,  3.7-4.4[jl  thick, 
very  inconspicuous;  hymenium  about  26[ji  thick,  set  with  a  few 
small  crystals  and  with  many  cystidia  of  two  kinds :  one  kind  is 
fusiform,  pointed,  hyaline,  and  almost  empty;  the  other  is  cylin¬ 
drical  with  rounded  tips  and  dense  contents,  resembling  some¬ 
what  a  gleocystidium.  Both  kinds  project  several  microns  beyond 
the  basidia.  Hyphae  parallel,  3,7{j.  thick  just  under  the  hymenium, 
up  to  12[k  thick  and  much  intertwined  in  center.  Clamp  connec¬ 
tions  present. 


PLATE  33 


Clavaria  subbotrytis.  No.  2621. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  93 

This  is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  of  all  species  of 
plants.  It  is  easily  recognized  by  the  cup-shaped  expansions  at 
the  end  of  the  branches  and  by  the  peppery  taste  and  small, 
white  spores.  Young  plants  often  lack  the  cups  and  if  halted 
may  reach  maturity  without  their  formation.  In  such  cases  the 
peppery  taste  which  persists  in  drying  will  usually  prevent  con¬ 
fusion.  Such  small  forms  without  cups  are  C.  Petersii,  as  shown 
by  good  collections  (the  types  and  co-types)  from  Pieters  at  Kew 
and  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium.  One  of  the  Curtis  plants  was  exam¬ 
ined  for  spores  which  proved  to  be  like  those  of  C.  pyxidata, 
smooth,  minute,  2.5-3  x  4-4.5 [j..  The  very  characteristic  brown 
hairs  at  the  base  are  rarely  mentioned,  but  if  looked  for  are  a 
decisive  character.  When  the  plant  springs  from  very  dense, 
smooth  wood  the  tomentum  is  scarcely  visible,  but  between  bark 
and  in  crevices  it  is  very  conspicuous.  One  collection  of  C.  pyxi- 
data  in  the  Bresadola  Herbarium  (Fungi  Schemnitzienses)  shows 
well  the  characteristic  tomentose  base.  The  types  of  C.  Petersii 
(at  Kew)  show  the  tomentose  base  only  slightly.  Ravenebs 
Fungi  Car.  Exs.  Fasc.  5,  No.  33  (as  C.  Petersii),  shows  fine 
examples  with  good  cups  and  brown  tomentum  at  the  base. 

That  this  is  C.  coronata  Schw.  is  almost  certain.  The  latter  is 
represented  in  his  herbarium  by  a  plant  not  in  good  condition,  but 
not  different  apparently  and  with  exactly  the  same  spores,  which 
are  about  2-2.4  x  3.5-4[jl.  In  PersooiFs  herbarium  plants  labelled 
C.  coronata  are  well  shown  to  be  typical  C.  pyxidata.  Bresadola 
also  regards  C.  coronata  and  C.  pyxidata  as  the  same,  as  shown  by 
a  note  in  his  herbarium. 

Clavaria  chondroides  from  Surinam  (type  at  Kew)  looks  ex¬ 
actly  like  C.  pyxidata  (dark  reddish  cartilaginous)  except  that 
there  are  no  cups.  The  absence  of  cups,  however,  is  not  impor¬ 
tant  as  the  plants  are  small  and  the  branches  are  clustered.  As 
spores  could  not  be  found,  the  identity  is  not  certainly  established. 
Plants  on  the  same  sheet  from  Ceylon  (no  name)  are  typical  C. 
pyxidata.  Clavaria  javanica  Sacc.  (C.  coronata  Zipp.)  is  not  dif¬ 
ferent.  Authentic  plants  from  Leveille  (Java)  at  Kew  are  like 
C.  pyxidata  in  the  dried  state,  and  the  spores  are  the  same, 
3-3.5  X  3.8-4.2(jl.  Clavaria  candelabra  Massee  (Kew  Bull.  Miscell. 
Information  Nos.  153-154:  172.  1899)  seems  closely  related  to  C. 


94  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

pyxidata  and  may  be  the  same,  but  has  distinct,  slender  stalks  with 
white  mycelium  at  the  base  and  somewhat  larger  spores.  The 
type  of  C.  colens oi  Berk,  (in  Hooker,  Flora  Novae-Zelandiae  2: 
186.  1855)  is  in  the  dried  state  exactly  like  C.  pyxidata,  with 
cupped  tips,  cartilaginous  color,  etc.,  and  furthermore  has  brown 
hairs  at  base,  according  to  the  description.  However,  a  slide  fails 
to  show  the  spores  of  C.  pyxidata,  but  does  show  a  much  larger, 
dark,  smooth,  ovate  spore,  5-6.5  x  7-8.5[jl. 

Illustrations:  Buller.  Researches  on  Fungi  2  :  fig.  63.  1922. 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  6,  fig.  48  (as  C.  Petcrsii)  ;  pi.  7,  fig.  49 
(3.3  C .  coronata) .  1922. 

Flora  Danica,  pi.  1304,  fig.  1.  1806. 

Hard.  Mushrooms,  fig.  389;  also  fig.  394  (as  C.  coronata).  1908. 

Persoon.  Comm.,  pi.  1,  fig.  1.  1797.  Photographed  in  part  by  Burt  in 

Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  6,  fig.  47.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  359.  On  a  very  rotten  log,  October  11, 
1911.  Spores  about  2.5  x  4.2/^.  No.  1611.  On  rotting  wood,  July  15, 
1915.  Spores  short-elliptic,  about  2.2  x  4/a.  No.  1875.  On  a  rotting 
log  of  a  deciduous  tree,  September  24,  1915.  No.  3103.  On  a  deciduous 
stump.  May,  1918.  Taste  very  peppery.  No.  3593.  On  leaves,  mixed 
woods,  November  4,  1919.  Taste  very  peppery;  color  pallid  tan,  brown¬ 
ish  below.  Spores  pure  white. 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party.  No.  5687.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores 

typical. 

South  Carolina:  Santee.  Ravenel.  (Curtis  Herb.,  Cornell  Herb.,  Kew 
Herb.). 

Alabama:  Pieters.  (Curtis  Herb.,  as  C.  Petersii). 

Louisiana:  Langlois.  (Path,  and  Myc.  Herb.,  Washington,  as  C.  Berkeleyi) . 

Pennsylvania:  Ohiopyle.  Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Burnham.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  “Acrid  when 
fresh.”  Also  another  collection.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  “Taste  not  very 
peppery.” 

Clyde.  Cook.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Connecticut :  Redding.  Seen  by  the  author. 

Massachusetts:  Stockbridge.  Murrill  and  Thompson.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card. 
Herb.). 

New  Hampshire:  Chocorua.  Farlow.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb,  from  Farlow 
Herb.). 

Indiana:  Fern.  Underwood.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Michigan:  Hicks.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Missouri:  Demetrio.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Cul3a :  Wright.  (Kew  Herb.). 


PLATE  34 


ClAVAKIA  SUBBOTKYTIS  VAR.  INTERMEDIA 

No.  2847  [right];  No.  2825  [left]. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


95 


Clavaria  Kunzei  Fr.  Syst.  Myc.  1 :  474.  1821. 

?C.  subtilis  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  51  (183),  pi.  1,  fig.  2.  1797. 

C.  chionea  Pers.  Myc.  Europ.  1 :  167.  1822. 

C.  subcorticalis  Schw.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  TI,  4:  182.  1832. 

ILachnodadinm  sabsimile  B.  &  C.  Grevillea  1 :  161.  1873. 

C.  vclutina  E.  &  E.  N.  Am.  Eungi,  Ser.  2,  No.  2024.  1888. 

C.  asperula  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6:  54.  1908. 

?C.  asperulans  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6:  55.  1908. 

Plates  29  and  84 

Branching  from  the  ground  into  clustered  and  often  fused 
stalks  of  variable  length.  Individual  tufts  delicate,  slender 
throughout,  about  2-6  cm.  tall,  and  1.5  cm.  broad,  usually;  at 
times  up  to  9  cm.  high  and  6  cm.  broad;  branching  quickly  or 
tardily  into  several  branches  which  curve  outward  at  base,  mak¬ 
ing  broad,  more  or  less  lunate  angles,  then  upright  again,  and 
branching  about  twice  more  into  two  or  three  branchlets,  which 
terminate  in  rather  abruptly  pointed  prong-like  tips;  main  stems 
and  usually  the  lower  parts  of  the  main  branches  often  decidedly 
rough  pubescent,  with  sterile,  scurfy-velvety  lines  and  areas  ex¬ 
tending  higher  up  the  plant  in  most  cases,  but  often  this  pubes¬ 
cence  is  practically  absent ;  entire  plant  pure  milk  white,  but  in 
drying  the  plant  turns  a  tan  or  buff  brown,  the  upper  parts  usually 
becoming  reddish  translucent  like  cartilage,  or  less  often  a  deep 
opaque  brown ;  flesh  white,  toughish,  not  brittle,  but  soft  and 
flexible  ;  cells  of  flesh  closely  packed,  parallel,  somewhat  sinuous, 
about  4-5  [JL  thick  ;  taste  and  odor  none.  Sometimes  the  main  and 
secondary  divisions  broaden  before  branching  and  rather  resemble 
the  horns  of  an  elk.  There  is  much  variation  in  the  extent  of  the 
sterile  areas,  some  of  the  plants  showing  them  over  most  of  the 
middle  region,  others  having  very  few  of  them.  All  parts  are 
typically  slender,  but  there  is  great  variation  in  this  respect,  at 
times  the  branches  and  stems  are  so  numerous  and  delicate  as  to 
almost  resemble  a  Typhula  when  dried;  again  they  are  few  and 
much  coarser. 

Spores  white,  spherical,  minutely  asperulate  (under  oil  immer¬ 
sion)  or  some  apparently  smooth,  2. 5-3. 5  x  3.5-4.5[j..  Hymenium 
(of  No.  4683)  55-65[t  thick,  apparently  2-layered;  basidia  about 
4-6[t  thick,  4-spored. 

Gregarious  on  soil,  rotting  bark,  or  moss  in  moist  deciduous 
woods,  rarely  in  coniferous  woods.  Miss  Hibbard,  as  well  as 


96  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Burnham  and  Allen,  notes  that  the  plant  turns  pinkish  at  base 
when  rubbed  or  on  exposure.  We  have  not  noted  this.  The  color 
may  soon  become  less  pure  white,  sordid,  or  yellowish  as  fading  or 
drying  begins. 

This  is  a  well  marked  species  distinguished  by  small  size,  white 
color,  delicate  habit,  usually  scurfy-tomentose  stem  and  areas, 
tenacious  substance,  and  very  small,  subspherical  spores.  Aside 
from  its  near  relatives,  C.  subcaespitosa  and  C.  angulispora,  which 
see  for  comparison,  the  species  is  superficially  most  like  C.  gracilis 
from  which  it  differs  in  the  white  color,  tomentose  areas,  lack  of 
odor,  shorter  spores,  preference  for  deciduous  woods  and  absence 
of  stringy  mycelium. 

Clavaria  Kiinzei  has  been  variously  interpreted  by  European 
authors,  and  has  been  badly  confused.  The  difficulties  were  indi¬ 
cated  when  Krombholz  figured  a  plant  as  C.  KunBci  (Abbild.,  pi. 
53,  figs.  14-17.  1841)  which  Fries  denied  as  that  species  and  re¬ 
ferred  to  as  illustrating  a  new  species  which  he  called  C.  Kromb- 
holm  (Epicr.,  p.  572.  1838).  It  is  evident  that  Krombholz's 
plates  (pi.  53,  figs.  15  and  16;  pi.  54,  figs.  18-20)  were  issued  be¬ 
fore  the  text  (1841)  or  that  Fries  had  seen  the  drawings  before 
they  were  published.  Krombholz  refers  in  the  text  (heft  7,  p. 
20)  to  Fries’s  new  name  C.  KrombhoMi  as  a  synonym  of  C.  Kun- 
zei,  but  from  the  former’s  good  figures  we  have  little  doubt  that 
his  species  is  a  coarse,  non-cristate  form  of  C.  cristata,  as  repre¬ 
sented  by  our  Nos.  2702  and  2746. 

Quelet  describes  C.  Kiinzei  (Champ,  du  Jura,  etc.,  pt.  3,  p.  16, 
pi.  2,  fig.  11.  1875)  as  sub-hyaline,  snow  white  (citrine  on  drying), 
inodorous;  spores  oblong,  white,  etc.  The  figure  looks  like  our 
plant,  but  judging  from  the  figure  and  description  of  the  spores, 
they  are  quite  different  (no  dimensions  given).  Britzelmayr 
(Hymen.,  p.  287,  Clavariei,  fig.  12)  describes  and  figures  a  very 
different  plant  from  Quelet’s  with  spores  subspherical,  9-12  x  8|x 
(apparently  a  form  of  C.  cristata).  In  another  place  (Hymen., 
pt.  10,  p.  179)  he  gives  the  spores  as  colorless  with  a  yellowish 
nucleus,  9-10x8[ji.  Saccardo’s  note  ‘‘spores  globose,  9-12  x8[x, 
hyaline,”  was  probably  taken  from  Britzelmayr,  and  is  incorrect. 
That  Schweinitz  followed  Krombholz  in  his  conception  of  C. 
Kiinmi  is  shown  by  a  collection  in  his  herbarium  which  is  C. 


PT. ATE  35 


ClAVAKIA  SAiNGUliMiA.  No.  2656 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  97 

Kromhholmi  Fr.  with  spherical  spores  about  6[i.  in  diameter.  A 
collection  at  Albany  from  Finland  by  Karsten  shows  that  Karsten’s 
idea  of  the  species  is  entirely  different.  The  plant  is  on  pine  bark 
and  does  not  look  at  all  like  ours  (no  spores  could  be  found). 

Cotton  has  recently  referred  an  English  species  to  C.  Kiinzei, 
and  has,  it  seems  to  us,  interpreted  the  species  correctly  (Trans. 
Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3 :  180.  1909).  He  does  not  associate  it  with  our 
American  names,  but  a  plant  from  Chelsea,  England,  sent  us  by 
him  is  like  ours  and  has  similar  spores,  about  thick  and  minutely 
warted.  F'ries’s  original  description  and  Cotton’s  description  also 
agree  well  with  our  plant. 

Our  species  is  certainly  C.  chionea,  as  shown  by  the  well  pre¬ 
served  type  specimens  in  Persoon’s  herbarium.  They  are  just 
like  our  plants  and  have  spores  minutely  rough,  subspherical,  3.7(jt. 
in  diameter.  One  of  the  typical  plants  sent  from  Persoon  may 
now  be  found  at  Kew.  Fries  himself  later  asserted  the  identity 
of  his  and  Persoon’s  plant.  The  type  of  C.  subtilis  is  not  repre¬ 
sented  in  the  Persoon  Herbarium  and  its  identity  is  very  doubtful. 
A  plant  labelled  C.  subtilis  in  the  Bresadola  collection  at  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden  (Sontagberg,  Strasser)  is  exactly  like  our 
Maine  plant  in  appearance  and  spores.  The  tips  are  translucent 
and  tend  to  split  up  into  fibers  in  both  this  and  ours.  Another 
from  him  (Trentino)  labelled  C.  gracilis  is  not  our  C.  gracilis  but 
the  above,  with  the  same  appearance  and  spores  (4x4.8[ji,  min¬ 
utely  warted),  and  this  is  true  of  several  collections  labelled  C. 
gracilis  in  the  Bresadola  Herbarium  at  Stockholm..  The  interpre¬ 
tation  by  Bourdot  and  Galzin  of  C.  subtilis  differs  from  that  of 
Bresadola.  They  give  the  spores  as  ‘Tnely  rugose,  5-6  x  7-8[ji.” 
(Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  26:  216.  1910).  We  have  received  several 
collections  of  C.  Kunj^ei  from  Romell :  one  (Stockholm,  Sept.  4, 
1898)  labelled  with  a  question  has  spores  subspherical,  minutely 
rough,  3.4-3.8  X  3.8-4.8[i. ;  another  (Aug.  8,  1912),  spores  about 
3  X  3.7[ji;  and  a  third  (Sept.,  1915)  labelled  C.  gracilis  has  spores 
subspherical,  about  4[jl  thick.  For  another  collection  of  C.  Kunzei 
see  so-called  C.  flaccida  in  the  Fries  Herbarium. 

In  the  Schweinitz  Herbarium  is  part  of  a  plant  of  his  C.  sub- 
corticalis  in  good  condition  which  proves  his  species  to  be  C. 


98  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Kimzei.  The  spores  of  the  specimen  are  subspherical,  asperulate, 
about  3[jl  in  diameter.  We  have  examined  plants  of  C.  aspemla  in 
the  Cornell  Herbarium  from  Ithaca  and  from  North  Carolina,  and 
find  them  identical  in  appearance  and  spores  with  our  Chapel  Hill 
plants.  There  is  also  an  authentic  specimen  from  Ithaca  in  the 
Farlow  Herbarium.  We  have  not  been  able  to  find  the  type  of  C. 
asperiilans  at  Ithaca,  but  from  the  description  it  is  probably  the 
same  as  C.  asperula.  Clavaria  vehitina  is  shown  by  the  type  from 
Newfield,  N.  J.,  to  be  this  species,  with  spores  minutely  warted, 
subspherical,  about  2.5-3.2[jl  thick.  A  letter  from  Dr.  Farlow  to 
Ellis  at  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  shows  that  he  had  com¬ 
pared  specimens  of  C.  vehitina  from  Ellis  with  L.  siihsimile  in  the 
Curtis  Herbarium  and  thought  them  the  same.  In  Bresadola’s 
herbarium  a  collection  from  Atkinson  of  typical  C.  Kunzei  is 
labelled  “C.  vehitina  E.  &  E.=L.  semivestitum  B.  &  C.’',  but  we 
find  the  spores  of  the  latter  species  quite  different.  Clavaria 
dealbata  Berk.  (Hooker’s  Journ.  Bot.  8:  275.  1856.  Lachnocla- 
dium  dealbatnm  (Berk.)  Cooke.  Grevillea  20:  10.  1901)  is  very 
near  this  species.  The  spores  of  the  type  at  Kew  (Spruce,  No. 
159)  are  almost  identically  like  those  of  the  present  species, 
spherical,  minutely  asperulate,  3-3. 4[i.  thick  (pi.  91,  fig.  10)  ;  but 
the  dried  plants  look  more  like  C.  angiilispora.  From  the  types 
at  Kew  and  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium  C.  pallida  B.  &  C.  (Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  10:  338  [1868]  1869)  does  not  seem  separable  from  C. 
dealbata.  The  spores  are  the  same  in  both  the  Kew  and  Curtis 
specimens,  minutely  warted,  spherical,  about  3-3.7[jl  thick. 

It  is  apparently  this  species  that  Oudemans  had  in  mind  in  re¬ 
porting  C.  subtilis  (Kruidk.  Arch.,  3rd  ser.,  2  :  674.  1902).  He 
says :  “Species  growing  on  the  ground,  small,  simple  or  branched 
(once  or  twice  forked)  at  the  stem,  branches  slender,  white  or 
pale  gray,  reaching  about  the  same  level.  Spores  colorless, 
2  X  3.5(jt.  in  diameter.  Height  of  our  examples  1-2  cm. ;  thickness, 
0.5-1.5  mm.  On  earth  in  shady  places.” 

Our  microscopic  study  of  sections  of  a  number  of  specimens 
that  we  are  referring  to  C.  Kiinzei,  while  agreeing  rather  closely 
in  the  size  and  appearance  of  the  plant  as  well  as  in  the  size  and 
form  of  the  spores  and  basidia,  and  size  and  arrangement  of  con¬ 
text  threads,  show  on  the  other  hand  certain  differences  that  may 


ro 

H 

< 


Clavaria  flava.  No.  2855. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  99 

or  may  not  indicate  varietal,  or  possibly  specific  distinction.  We 
have  not  been  able  to  correlate  these  dififerences  and  they  are 
moreover  of  doubtful  systematic  value.  We  give  below  three 
examples  illustrating  some  of  this  variation : 

No.  40.  Vaughns,  N.  Y. 

Spores  obscurely  asperulate,  2.8  x  3.2/x. 

Basidia  about  4-4.4/x  thick. 

Hymenium  25-35ja  thick,  densely  packed  with  large  and  small  crystals 
which  are  insoluble  in  KOH. 

Threads  of  flesh  2-6[jl  (average  about  4/x)  thick,  parallel  in  longitudinal 
section,  closely  packed ;  no  clamp  connections  seen. 

No.  59a.  Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (Part  of  the  collection  in  Albany). 

Spores  minutely  but  obviously  asperulate,  2. 7-3. 5  x  3-4/x. 

Basidia  3.7-6.6ju,  thick  (usually  about  4ju,),  4-spored. 

Hymenium  about  lOOfi  thick ;  a  few  crystals  present. 

Threads  of  flesh  4-7.5ju,  thick  (most  about  5/x  thick),  parallel  in  longitudinal 
section ;  clamp  connections  present. 

No.  63a.  Long  Island,  N.  Y. 

Spores  smooth  or  nearly  so,  3  x  4/x. 

Basidia  4.8-6.2/x  thick,  4-spored,  fusiform. 

Hymenium  30-37/x  thick. 

Threads  of  flesh  3-4.8/x  thick,  parallel  in  longitudinal  section ;  no  clamp 
connections  seen. 

Juel  (cited  under  C.  cristata)  finds  in  C.  subtilis  (determined 
by  Dr.  R.  E.  Fries)  the  basidia  and  hymenium  much  as  in  C.  miis- 
coides,  basidia  4-spored,  spores  uninucleate  (pi.  3,  figs.  81-83). 

Illustrations:  Britzelmayr.  Hymen,  Siidb.,  Clavariei,  fig.  13  (as  C.  suh- 
tilis).  (Fig.  69,  so  labelled,  cannot  be  the  same). 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  6:  272,  fig.  11  (as  L.  subsimile).  1919;  9: 
pi.  6,  fig.  44  (as  C.  aspcrula)  ;  fig.  45  (as  C.  asperulans)  ;  pi.  11,  fig.  103 
(as  C.  siibcorticalis) .  1922. 

Persoon.  Comm.,  pi.  1,  fig.  2  (as  C.  subtilis).  1797. 

Rea.  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  6:  pi.  2,  fig.  5  (as  C.  chionca).  1917. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  1704.  In  tufts  in  colonies,  wet  soil  in 
woods,  September  8,  1915. 

Asheville.  Beardslee.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  exactly  like  those  of 
Chapel  Hill  plants,  asperulate,  3,5/x  in  diameter. 

Blue  Ridge  Mountains.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.,  as  C.  asperula). 

Pink  Bed  Valley.  Murrill  and  House.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  mi¬ 
nutely  asperulate,  subspherical,  3.4  x  4/>t. 


100  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


Salem.  Schweinitz.  (Curtis  Herb.,  as  C.  siihtilis) .  Spores,  minute, 
rough,  3  X  4.5/x.  Other  collections  so  labelled  there  are  not  this. 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Dillingham.  Elevation  3600  feet.  J.  S.  Holmes,  No.  4683.  (U.  N.  C. 

Herb.).  Very  slender,  nearly  simple  collection,  once  forked  or  with  a 
few  prongs;  channelled  and  ridged,  the  axils  flattened.  Spores  minute¬ 
ly  rough,  3.5-4/x  thick. 

South  Carolina:  Ravenel.  (Kew  Herb.,  as  C.  subtilis).  The  plants  are 
like  ours.  Spores  typical,  3.4-3.8  x  4-4.5jit. 

District  of  Columbia :  Washington.  Braendle.  (Albany  Herb.). 

New  Jersey:  Newfield.  Ellis.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  type  of  C. 
velutina). 

Pennsylvania:  Buck  Hill  Ealls.  Mrs.  Delafield.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Burnham.  No.  22.  “White  when  fresh;  hand¬ 
some.’’  Spores  about  2.6  x  3.5/a.  No.  36.  Spores  rough,  3/a  thick. 
No.  37.  Spores  3. 5-3.9  x  4-5.2/a,  minutely  warted.  No.  40.  Septem¬ 
ber  22,  1912.  See  microscopic  data  above.  No.  64.  “Pure  white  when 
fresh.”  Spores  smooth  or  nearly  so,  3  x  3.5/a.  No.  111.  “Snow  white. 
No  odor  or  taste  when  fresh  unless  very  slightly  farinaceous.”  (All  in 
U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Also  collection  (Albany  Herb.,  our  No.  59a)  with 
which  was  mixed  C.  cineroides.  See  microscopic  data  above. 

Forge.  Peck.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  minutely  rough,  2. 2-3. 5  x  3-4/a. 

Sand  Lake.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.).  Spores  rough  (?),  2.5  x  3.3/a. 

Monengo  Creek.  (Schw.  Herb.,  as  C.  siibcorticalis) . 

Croghan.  Peck.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  rough,  2.5  x  3.5/a. 

Adirondack  Mountains.  Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  Spores 
nearly  smooth,  2.5  x  3/a. 

Long  Island.  Dodge  and  Seaver.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.,  No.  63a).  See  micro¬ 
scopic  data  above. 

Massachusetts:  Newtonville.  Allen.  (Albany  Herb.).  “Pure  white,  turn¬ 
ing  pink  at  base  when  touched.”  Spores  as  usual,  nearly  smooth. 

Vermont:  Newfane.  Miss  Hibbard,  No..  7.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.)  .  “Pure 

white  when  growing,  but  turns  pink  when  picked.”  Spores  smooth  or 
nearly  so,  2.2-3  x  3.5-4/a. 

New  Hampshire:  Chocorua.  Farlow.  (U,  N.  C.  Herb,  from  Farlow 
Herb.,  as  C.  corniciilata) .  Spores  spherical,  3-4/a  thick. 

Maine:  Calais.  L.  F.  MacNichol.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  “Among  moss  and 
hemlock  or  spruce  leaves,  September,  1916.”  Spores  nearly  smooth, 
2.6-3  X  3-3.5/a. 

Bar  Harbor.  Miss  White.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  No.  150). 

Michigan:  Mrs.  J.  A.  Calm.  (Cornell  Herb.,  as  C.  velutina). 

Ohio:  Waynesville.  Morgan.  (Kew  Herb.,  as  C.  subtilis).  Spores  as 
usual,  about  4/a  in  diameter. 


PLATE  37 


Clavakia  flava.  No.  3150. 
[Small  pale  form]. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  101 


Canada:  Ottawa.  Macoiin.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  Lachnocladium  semives- 

tituni) .  Spores  minutely  asperulate,  3.5-4.5|Lt  thick. 

Jamaica.  Morce’s  Gap.  On  ground  in  woods,  5000  ft.  elevation.  Murrill. 

(N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb,  and  U.  N.  C.  Herb.C 

Clavaria  subcaespitosa  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St  Mus.  167 :  39.  1913. 

Plate  84 

We  have  not  seen  this  except  in  the  dry  state,  but  have  exam¬ 
ined  the  type  at  Albany,  two  other  collections  from  the  type  lo¬ 
cality  sent  us  and  the  N.  Y.  Botanical  Garden  by  Miss  Hibbard, 
and  also  two  collections  sent  by  her  from  Newfane,  Vermont. 
The  types  are  as  large  as  any  of  the  other  specimens,  brittle,  tan 
to  cream  color,  the  base  rooting  and  branching  at  or  below  the 
ground,  less  than  a  cm.  thick,  a  little  scurfy  tomentose  below  but 
not  so  much  so  as  C.  Kvm^ei,  which  seems  to  be  a  near  relative. 
The  spores  are  small,  but  distinctly  larger  than  in  the  latter 
(3.4-4  X  4-5. 2p,)  and  are  shaped  much  as  in  C.  pulchra,  the  min¬ 
ute,  warty  spines  much  more  numerous  than  in  C.  Kunsei.  Ac¬ 
cording  to  Miss  Hibbard  the  spores  are  white.  Other  differences 
from  C.  Kiinzei  are  larger  size  and  greater  fragility. 

We  believe  that  this  is  the  same  as  C.  lento fragilis  Atk.,  the 
spores  being  the  same  and  the  descriptions  agreeing  in  all  impor¬ 
tant  respects.  However,  we  have  not  been  able  to  compare  an 
authentic  specimen  of  the  latter  side  by  side  with  this,  so  are  re¬ 
taining  both  for  the  present.  It  is  also  possible  that  this  is  C. 
elongata  Britz.  His  entire  description  is,  “Entirely  white;  spores 
3-4^,  very  rough,  with  fine  and  short  spines.’'  His  figure  50  is 
like  our  plants. 

In  size,  form  and  color  in  the  dry  state  C.  cineroides  is  similar, 
but  that  has  very  different  spores.  Peck’s  description  of  C. 
subcaespitosa  is  as  follows : 

“Forming  dense  tufts  7.5-12.5  cm.  tall,  fragile,  white  or  whit¬ 
ish,  the  stems  united  at  the  base,  three  to  five  times  dichotomously 
divided,  the  terminal  branchlets  obtuse  or  subacute,  both  stems  and 
branches  solid,  soft,  becoming  thinner  and  flattened  or  angular  in 
drying,  flesh  white,  taste  mild;  spores  broadly  ellipsoid  or  sub- 
globose,  4-5  X  3-4[jt..  Ground.  Ellis.  Mass.  September.” 


102  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Miss  Hibbard  has  kindly  sent  us  her  notes  on  the  fresh  con¬ 
dition  of  the  plants  collected  in  1920,  which  are  as  follows: 

“When  growing  the  color  is  pure  white,  almost  translucent, 
fragile,  tips  when  young  cuspidate,  when  older  the  rounded  tips 
prolong  and  become  pitchfork  shape.  Dichotomous  forking.  As 
the  moisture  dries  out  the  color  becomes  a  pale  cream  white  and 
looks  more  opaque.  On  some  the  bruises  have  turned  a  pale 
brownish  lavender,  or  lavender-brown,  a  tint  combining  both  col¬ 
ors,  and  as  one  glances  across  the  tips  in  certain  lights  there  is  a 
hint  of  the  same  color.  Does  not  bruise  easily.  I  make  the  taste 
to  be  tardily  and  slightly  acrid  but  not  peppery. 

“The  stem  of  all  specimens  are  not  subcaespitose  but  show  a 
very  shallow  trunk  with  the  hrst  branches  creased  to  the  base 
when  not  divided.  Tomentose  at  base.  Base  sometimes  stained 
brown  by  the  earth.” 

Illustration  :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9  :  pi.  6,  fig.  39.  1922. 

Massachusetts:  Ellis.  Miss  Hibbard.  (Albany  Herb.,  type).  Also  speci¬ 
mens  (U.  N.  C.  and  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.)  from  the  type  locality. 

Vermont:  Newfane.  Miss  Hibbard.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  sub- 
spherical,  broader  at  mucro  end,  distinctly  short-spinulose,  3. 5-4.2  x4-6ja. 

Clavaria  lentofragilis  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6:  57.  1908. 

Plate  84 

This  is  known  only  from  the  type,  which  we  have  examined  at 
Ithaca.  It  is  a  large  plant  with  a  distinct  stalk  and  a  vast  number 
of  slender  tips.  It  has  the  general  appearance  of  C.  stricta.  At¬ 
kinson’s  description  follows  : 

“Plants  15  cm.  high,  tufts  12  cm.  broad;  trunks  2-4  cm.  long 
by  2-3  cm.  thick,  dividing  into  several  short  branches  which  are 
repeatedly  dichotomously  branched,  axils  slightly  rounded;  tips 
short,  conic.  Trunk  gray,  branches  white,  tips  soft  and  fragile. 
Spores  white,  oval  to  subglobose,  asperulate,  4-6p.  in  diameter. 
Taste  and  odor  not  marked.” 

Illustration :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  9 :  pi.  7,  fig.  54.  1922. 

New  York :  Long  Island.  On  very  rotten  wood  in  sphagnum  swamp. 
Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.,  type,  No.  20242). 


PLATE  38 


Clavakia  flava  vak.  a  urea.  No.  2851. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  103 

Clavaria  angulispora  Pat.  Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  4:  41,  pi.  13,  fig. 
4.  1888. 

C.  nodulosperma  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  7 :  368.  1909. 

Lachnocladium  diihiostim  Bres.  in  Rick,  Pilze  Bras.  Broteria 
5:  13,  pi.  6,  fig.  3.  1906.  (  No  description,  for  which  see 

Ann.  Myc.  18:  50.  1920). 

Plates  30  and  84 

This  beautiful  species  which  is  usually  pure  white  is  known  in 
North  America  only  from  North  Carolina  and  was  described  by 
Professor  Atkinson  as  a  new  species  from  plants  collected  by  us. 
It  seems  almost  certain,  however,  that  it  had  been  published  twice 
before  from  South  America.  Atkinson’s  description  is  as  follows : 

“Plants  stalked,  very  much  branched,  3-4  cm.  high,  branching, 

2- 3  cm.  broad.  Stems  slender,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter.  Pri¬ 
mary  branching  dichotomous  or  subpalmate.  The  branches 
branching  in  a  similar  way,  more  or  less  flexuous  and  often 
slightly  flattened.  Axils  acute  or  rounded.  Plants  entirely 
white,  hour-white,  soft,  flexible,  not  brittle.  Spores  white,  angu¬ 
lar  to  tuberculate  like  the  spores  of  some  species  of  Inocybe, 

3- 3.5  X  5-7[jl.  C.  U.  Herb.,  No.  22641,  on  ground,  mixed  woods  by 
Fern  Walk  near  Sparrow’s  Pond,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C.,  W.  C. 
Coker,  October  2,  1908.” 

The  plant  is  abundant  in  humus  or  rotting  wood  in  deciduous 
woods  near  branches  in  Chapel  Hill  during  summer  and  fall  and 
since  the  above  description  was  written  we  have  made  numerous 
other  collections,  some  of  which  were  much  larger  plants  than  the 
first.  Our  description  follows : 

Plants  3-11  cm.  high,  and  2-8  cm.  broad.  Stalks  long  and 
slender  and  extended  below  into  an  obvious,  thready,  white  my¬ 
celium  ;  main  branches  often  much  flattened  upward  in  an  antler¬ 
like  fashion,  terminating  in  numerous,  short,  flattened,  pointed 
branchlets ;  entire  plant  pure  chalky  white  as  a  rule,  but  occasion¬ 
ally  varying  to  pale  pink  especially  upward,  tough  and  quite  pliable 
to  rather  rigid  and  moderately  brittle;  taste  pleasant  and  mild; 
odor  distinctly  of  old  ham. 


104  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Spores  (of  No.  2404)  pure  white,  angular-tuberculate,  3-3.8  x 
4.6-7 A[j..  Basidia  6-7[jl  thick,  4-spored;  hymenium  (of  No.  4433) 
40-60[jt.  thick;  threads  of  flesh  2-3[j.  thick,  parallel,  clamp  connec¬ 
tions  present. 

In  drying  the  plant  does  not  become  ochraceous  or  brownish, 
but  remains  white  or  nearly  so.  The  photograph  shows  the  habit 
of  branching  better  than  words.  Small  plants  of  this  species  are 
similar  in  size,  shape  and  color  to  C.  Kimzei,  but  are  easily  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  it  by  absence  of  tomentum  on  the  stalks,  smell  of 
old  ham,  and  larger,  nodular  spores. 

There  is  no  reasonable  doubt  that  this  is  C.  angulispora  Pat., 
described  from  Venezuela  on  earth  in  woods,  which  agrees  in  every 
important  respect  except  that  he  gives  the  basidia  as  2-spored. 
The  spore  drawings  show  the  same  surface  as  ours  and  the  shape 
may  be  easily  matched  in  our  collections. 

LacJmocladiuni  diibiosum  is  certainly  this  species.  The  appear¬ 
ance  of  the  type  in  Bresadola’s  herbarium  is  identical,  and  the 
spores  also  agree. 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  6,  fig.  46  (as  C.  nodulo- 
spenmi,  in  error  nodulospora) .  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  844.  On  ground  in  mixed  woods,  Sep¬ 
tember  26,  1913.  Spores  2.7-3.3  x  4.6-5.2/x.  No.  1169.  By  path  in 
oak  leaves.  Spores  elliptic,  nodular-roughened,  2. 5-3.4  x  4.2-5. l/z.  A 
fine  lot  of  plants.  No.  1281.  Under  pines  near  branch,  September  29, 
1914.  Spores  3.4-5. 1  x  4.2-5.9/x.  No.  1846.  In  damp  woods.  Fern 
Banks,  September  19,  1915.  No.  2404.  On  wooded  bluff  near  Meet¬ 
ing  of  Waters,  July  20,  1916.  No.  3339.  Mossy  cool  bank  by  creek, 
June  12,  1919.  Spores  2.9-3. 7  x  4.8-5. 5^.  No.  3355.  By  branch  near 
Meeting  of  the  Waters,  deciduous  woods,  June  14,  1919.  Typical 
plants,  but  one  distinctly  light  pink  nearly  all  over,  two  others  with  very 
pale  tint  of  pink.  Spores  as  usual.  No.  3466.  Oak  woods  by  spring, 
damp  ground,  August  18,  1919.  No.  3442.  Damp  ground  by  Strowd’s 
spring,  August  16,  1919.  No.  4433.  Deciduous  woods  by  Battle’s 
Branch,  July  17,  1920.  A  very  much  branched,  short-stalked  collection, 
7  cm.  broad  and  6  cm.  high.  No.  4393.  Woods  near  Meeting  of  the 
Waters,  July  13,  1920.  One  of  these  plants  had  a  very  odd  form,  the 
distinct  stem  flaring  out  suddenly  into  a  kind  of  plate,  the  margin  break¬ 
ing  up  into  a  fringe  of  short  branches,  and  a  few  little  branches  stick¬ 
ing  up  from  the  surface  of  the  plate.  Plate  with  fringe  2.5  cm.  broad. 
(Many  other  collections  from  similar  places). 

Winston-Salem.  Schallert.  In  moist  woods,  September  10,  1922.  Spores 
as  usual. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  105 


Clavaria  arborea  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6 :  56.  1908. 

The  following  is  the  original  description : 

“Plants  very  much  branched  dichotomously,  curved  and  some¬ 
times  deformed,  white  to  alutaceous,  terminal  branches  rose-pink, 
or  yellowish  brown  probably  when  old.  Basidia  4-spored. 
Spores  obovate,  asperulate,  white,  3-4  x 

We  have  examined  the  type  and  also  another  collection  in 
Ithaca  from  the  same  place.  The  former  consists  of  one  plant 
and  pieces.  It  is  repeatedly  but  not  abundantly  branched  and 
rather  tall  and  narrow.  No  spores  could  be  found  on  it.  The 
second  collection  is  smaller  and  only  slightly  branched,  the 
branches  spreading. 

As  the  spores  and  basidia  do  not  differ  much  in  the  description 
from  those  of  C.  Kimzei  and  C.  subcaespitosa  it  may  be  a  color 
form  of  one  of  them. 

Illustration  :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  6,  fig.  38.  1922. 

New  York:  Varna.  On  ground  in  woods.  Whetzel.  (Cornell  Herb., 
type,  No.  13647). 

Clavaria  asterella  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6:  55.  1908. 

Plate  84 

This  is  known  only  from  Mt.  Mitchell.  The  type  consists 
of  one  tall,  narrow  plant  with  very  numerous  tips;  the  spores  as 
described.  Atkinson’s  description  is  as  follows : 

“Plants  ochraceous,  5-7  cm.  high.  Trunk  short,  primary 
branches  open,  bases  divaricate,  axils  rounded,  upper  branches 
fastigiate.  Plants  soft,  flexible.  Spores  small,  white,  oboval,  in¬ 
equilateral  in  side  view,  with  an  oil  drop,  4-5  x  2.5-3[x,  with  a  few 
scattered  short  spines.” 

Illustration  :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9  :  pi.  7,  fig.  52.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Mt.  Mitchell.  On  leaf  mold,  September,  1901.  Atkinson. 
(Cornell  Herb.,  type,  No.  11914). 


106  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Clavaria  rufipes  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6:  57.  1908. 

Plate  91 

Plants  isolated,  sparsely  gregarious,  arising  from  a  distinct 
mycelial  pad;  slender  and  delicate,  1-2  cm.  high,  nearly  filiform 
when  dry;  stem  usually  distinct  from  the  club,  6-8  mm.  long,  pale 
brown,  enlarging  into  the  creamy  and  very  pale  brownish  flattened 
club  which  expands  above  and  divides  in  most  cases  into  a  few 
crooked  horns  or  thickish  flattened  lobes  which  may  divide  again; 
surface  glabrous;  texture  pliable,  but  not  tough,  easily  broken. 
The  dry  plants  have  brown  stems  and  dull  ochraceous  hymenium. 

Spores  pip-shaped  to  ovate,  smooth,  hyaline  under  the  micro¬ 
scope,  a  distinct  oil  drop,  3-3.7  x  3.9-S.5[jl.  Basidia  about  thick, 
2-4-spored,  the  sterigmata  often  quite  long,  up  to  lOfx;  hymenium 
about  25[jl  thick. 

The  types  of  C.  rufipes  are  like  our  plants  and  have  identical 
spores,  smooth,  pip-shaped  to  oval,  2.8-3  x  4.5-5. 5[jt..  The  fertile 
parts  of  our  plants  have  a  little  color,  but  are  so  pale  as  to  make 
only  a  slight  discrepancy  in  color  as  described  for  the  type.  The 
species  seems  related  to  C.  delicata  Fr.,  of  which  we  have  exam¬ 
ined  two  lots  from  Fries,  one  at  Kew  and  one  in  the  Curtis  Her¬ 
barium.  They  recall  our  plants  in  appearance  and  have  spores 
exactly  the  same  (in  the  Curtis  specimens)  or  nearly  the  same  (a 
little  longer  in  the  Kew  specimens).  In  the  former  they  are 
2.6-2.9  X  4.4-5(jl;  in  the  latter  2.5-3  x  5-6[jl  (pi.  91,  fig.  9).  The 
branches  are,  however,  more  filiform  and  much  longer,  and  are 
not  flattened,  and  Fries  describes  his  species  as  villose  below  and 
as  white.  Clavaria  delicata  is  not  known  to  occur  in  America. 

Atkinson’s  description  follows : 

“Plants  entirely  white,  base  of  stem  tinged  rufous,  about  2  cm. 
high,  branched  like  Clavaria  muscoides,  tips  blunt  and  slightly  en¬ 
larged.  Basidia  4-spored.  Spores  oboval,  granular,  then  with 
an  oil  drop,  smooth,  4-6  x  2.5-3(jl.” 

Illustration ;  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 ;  pi.  6,  fig.  43.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party,  No.  5501.  On  bits  of 

wood,  twigs  and  leaves  under  Rhododendron,  August  17,  1922.  (U.  N. 

C.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Ithaca.  On  ground  in  woods,  October  10,  1902.  Whetzel. 

(Cornell  Herb.,  No.  14037.  Type). 


PLATE  39 


Clavaria  ilava.  Reckling,  Conn.  (Xo.  26),  figs.  1  and  2 
Llaxaria  apiculata.  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  fig.  3. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  107 

Clavaria  crocea  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  57  (189).  1797. 

Plates  28  and  84 

Growing  separately  or  in  clusters  of  2-4,  with  the  stems  ap¬ 
proximate  but  not  fused.  Plants  very  delicate,  1-1.5  cm.  high, 
6-8  mm.  broad,  stalk  distinct,  about  to  the  entire  height, 
minutely  furfuraceous,  branched  in  an  open  way  3  or  4  times,  the 
angles  lunate,  tips  acute,  the  branches  terete;  color  throughout  a 
rich  chrome-orange  or  in  one  form  golden  yellow ;  texture  tender, 
but  quite  elastic  and  not  brittle;  flesh  color  of  surface;  taste  and 
odor  none.  In  drying  the  color  becomes  more  intense — a  deep 
red-orange  in  the  orange  form,  while  in  the  yellow  form  it  be¬ 
comes  dull  ochraceous. 

Spores  (of  No.  21,  print)  white,  subspherical,  obscurely  as- 
perulate,  2. 5-2.7  x  3-3.3[jl.  Basidia  (of  No.  4660)  about  3[jl  thick, 
4-spored;  hymenium  about  20[jt,  thick;  threads  of  flesh  2.5-5.5(i. 
thick,  clamp  connections  present. 

The  above  description,  except  for  mention  of  a  yellow  form,  is 
drawn  from  our  collection  from  Redding,  Conn.  (No.  21),  which 
may  be  considered  the  typical  form.  The  plants  were  growing  in 
a  flne  colony  covering  an  area  of  less  than  a  square  foot  and  the 
individuals  were  remarkably  regular  in  size,  color  and  form. 

We  do  not  think  there  can  be  any  doubt  that  our  plants  are  cor¬ 
rectly  referred  to  this  species,  which  is  unsurpassed  for  delicacy 
and  beauty,  and  is  one  of  the  rarest  of  Clavarias.  Persoon’s 
description  is  in  perfect  agreement  and  his  colored  figure  is  of  the 
same  shape  and  size  although  of  slightly  different  color  (distinctly 
more  reddish).  Except  the  next  there  is  no  other  earth-growing 
American  species  of  such  extreme  delicacy.  Clavaria  crocea  has 
been  reported  only  a  very  few  times  since  Persoon's  day.  Berke¬ 
ley  includes  it  as  British  in  his  Outlines  (p.  280),  but  Cotton  and 
Wakefield  place  it  among  excluded  species.  The  plants  at  Kew 
on  which  Berkeley  based  his  record  are  very  delicate,  long¬ 
stemmed,  branched  above,  about  1  cm.  tall,  ochraceous  in  dry  state. 
It  may  be  correctly  determined,  but  we  could  find  no  spores. 
Schweinitz  reports  it  as  very  rare  at  Bethlehem  (Syn.  Fung.,  p. 
181),  and  there  is  a  good  plant  so  labelled  in  his  herbarium.  Brit- 
zelmayr’s  figure  of  what  he  calls  C.  crocca  is  something  quite  dif¬ 
ferent  from  Persoon’s  plant  (Hymen.  Siidb.,  Clavariei,  fig.  24). 


108  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

The  spore  measurements  given  by  Saccardo  are  taken  from  Brit- 
zelmayr  and  are  thus  incorrect.  The  only  illustration  of  the  true 
C.  crocea  is  Persoon’s  in  Icon.  Descr.  Fung.,  pi.  9,  fig.  6.  1798. 
The  illustration  by  Pabst  under  this  name  (Crypt. -Flora,  etc.,  2: 
pi.  21.  1875)  is  too  large  and  coarse  to  represent  this  species. 

From  small  branched  forms  of  C.  miiscoides  this  species  dif¬ 
fers  in  much  greater  delicacy,  richer  color,  absence  of  taste  and 
different  spores.  The  form  of  C.  crocea  that  we  have  found  at 
Chapel  Hill  and  Blowing  Rock  is  exactly  like  the  Connecticut 
plants  except  for  the  golden  yellow  color  (a  change  to  green  when 
bruised  was  noted  in  No.  4660),  and  it  is  very  likely  that 
this  last  form  is  the  C.  tctragona  of  Schweinitz  (Schr.  Nat.  Ges. 
Leipzig  1:  112.  1822)  of  which  no  type  or  authentic  specimen  is 
known  to  exist.  We  have  not  noticed  an  angular  tendency  in 
the  species,  but  that  compressed  or  angled  forms  may  occur  is  not 
at  all  improbable,  and  this  is  indeed  suggested  by  the  fact  that 
Atkinson  referred  to  C.  tctragona  an  Ithaca  plant  (No.  23376) 
which  is  the  same  as  our  C.  crocea,  with  spores  minutely  asperu- 
late,  3  X  4p..  The  description  of  C.  sulphur ascens  Schw.  (Trans. 
Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  II,  4:  182.  1832)  strongly  suggests  C.  crocea, 
but  the  color  is  not  just  right.  No  type  or  authentic  specimen  is 
known. 

Clavaria  pulchella  Bond.  (C.  exigua  Pk.,  etc.)  cannot  be  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  this  species  except  by  the  color,  and  it  is  possible 
that  it  is  only  a  color  form  of  C.  crocea.  There  is  also  possibly  a 
white  form  of  this  species.  In  the  Bresadola  Herbarium  is  a  col¬ 
lection  of  C.  crocea  collected  by  O.  Jaap  under  alders  which,  from 
the  determination,  is  presumably  of  a  yellowish  or  saffron  color 
and  has  spores  2.2-2. 5  x  3-3. Stx.  With  these  were  growing  plants 
which  were  pure  white,  but  otherwise  of  exactly  the  same  appear¬ 
ance.  We  find  the  spores  to  be  subspherical,  obscurely  rough, 
2-3  x  2.5-3.7[Ji.  Bresadola  has  referred  these  to  C.  subtilis,  with 
which  they  agree  except  for  very  small  size  and  somewhat 
smaller  spores.  The  two  species  are  evidently  related,  as  is  also 
C.  vestitipes. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  4660.  Mixed  woods  in  hog  pasture, 
September  28,  1920.  Small  specimens,  agreeing  with  the  Connecticut 
plant  in  all  particulars  except  depth  of  color  and  change  to  green  when 
crushed ;  3-5  mm.  high,  several  times  forked,  orange  yellow,  somewhat 


40 


Clavaria  divaricata.  No.  1250 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  109 

paler  toward  base,  tips  pointed.  Flesh  color  of  surface,  green  when 
crushed,  tender  but  not  very  brittle,  splintering  when  bent  at  45°.  Spores 
about  2.6/x  thick.  No.  4805.  In  humus  under  rotting  oak  limb,  January 
20,  1921.  Base  attached  by  a  little  mat  of  mycelium.  Branches  of  very 
unequal  length.  Spores  subspherical,  2.2-2.8  x  3-3.6/x.  No.  4843.  In 
woods  mold  under  rotting  oak  log,  March  14,  1921.  Spores  subspher¬ 
ical,  with  one  distinct  oil  drop,  3.4-3.7jU  in  diameter. 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party.  No.  5599.  In  deep  mold,  mixed  woods, 
August  20,  1922.  Golden  yellow.  Spores  smooth  or  obscurely  rough, 
1.8-2.5  X  3-3.7/x.  Also  two  other  collections.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Pennsylvania:  Bethlehem.  Schweiiiitz.  (Schw.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Ithaca.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.,  No.  23376,  as  C.  tctragona. 
and  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Connecticut:  Redding.  Coker,  No.  21.  In  black  woods  mold  at  foot  of  a 
dead  chestnut  tree,  “The  Glen,”  September  7,  1919.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Clavaria  pulchella  Boud.  Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  3  :  146,  pi.  13,  fig. 
2.  1887. 

C.  teniiissima  Sacc.  Michelia  1 :  436.  1878.  (Not  C.  tenuissi- 
ma  Lev.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  3rd  Ser.,  5:  156.  1846). 

C.  Biz!2o.^eriana  Sacc.  Syll.  6:  693.  1888. 

C.  exigiia  Pk.  Rept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  54:  155.  1901. 

C.  conchyliata  Allen.  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3 :  92.  1908. 

Plate  84 

We  have  not  seen  this  in  the  living  state  and  adapt  the  follow¬ 
ing  from  PecUs  description  of  C.  exigua : 

Very  small;  stem  slender,  dichotomously  or  somewhat  irregu¬ 
larly  branching,  white,  branches  delicate  lavender  color  or  the 
lower  white  toward  the  base,  tips  subacute,  axils  rounded ;  spores 
minute,  globose,  2-2. 5[l  broad.  Among  fallen  leaves  in  woods. 
Floodwood.  September.  The  whole  plant  is  scarcely  more  than 
six  lines  high.  The  coloring  of  the  upper  part  is  very  delicate 
and  beautiful. 

We  have  examined  the  type  of  C.  exigua  and  find  the  plants  to 
be  minute,  delicate,  branched,  almost  hair-like,  with  a  few  minute 
hyaline  spores  (many  large  brown  spores  of  a  mold  intermixed). 
The  plants  are  springing  from  fallen  leaves  of  deciduous  woods. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  it  is  the  same  as  the  species  entered 
above  as  synonyms,  of  which  C.  pulchella  has  precedence.  As 
Cotton  and  Wakefield  give  certain  structural  details  not  mentioned 
by  others,  we  quote  the  following  from  them  (as  C.  Bi2^o:^eriana)  : 


110  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


“Plants  branched,  very  small,  not  more  than  1  cm.  in  height, 
solitary  or  in  groups,  at  first  violet,  becoming  discoloured  with  age. 
Stem  reddish-yellow,  pubescent  below,  with  rooting  base. 
Branching  irregular,  dichotomous,  the  axils  of  the  branches  pat¬ 
ent;  branches  very  slender,  0.5  mm.  thick,  erect,  apices  blunt. 
Flesh  white.  Internal  structure  filamentous,  filaments  3-4[jl  in 
diameter.  Basidia  15-18  x  3-4{jl;  sterigmata  2-4.  Spores  hyaline, 
smooth,  globose  or  subglobose,  2.4-3. 5(ji  in  diameter,  1-guttulate.’’ 

A  bit  of  the  co-type  of  C.  tcmiissima  at  Kew  Herbarium  is  ex¬ 
actly  like  C.  exigiia  in  the  dried  state  and  has  the  same  spores, 
2.5-3.6[jt.  thick.  Clavaria  conchy liata  is  not  represented  at  Kew, 
but  Cotton  and  Wakefield  consider  it  a  synonym  of  C. 
ana,  and  the  description  agrees  well.  In  the  Bresadola  Herbarium 
at  Stockholm  are  plants  from  Nice  (Barla,  coll.)  determined  by 
Bresadola  as  C.  pulchella.  They  are  also  like  C.  exigiia  with  the 
same  spores,  which  are  subspherical,  very  minutely  rough,  2.2-3[jl 
thick.  Bresadola’s  notes  gives  the  spores  as  “4  x  2.5-3;  basidia 
25  X  5-6[i..’’ 

In  every  way  except  color  this  species  seems  to  agree  perfectly 
with  C.  crocea,  and  we  have  but  little  doubt  that  it  is  simply  a  color 
form  of  that  species.  Saccardo  gives  the  spores  of  C.  crocea  as 
2-3  X  6-7[jl,  taking  the  figures  from  Britzelmayr  apparently.  The 
latter,  in  our  opinion,  had  an  entire  misconception  of  the  species. 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  '9:  pi.  8,  fig.  64  (as  C.  exiqua). 
1922. 

New  York:  Floodwoocl.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  type  of  C.  exigiia). 

Clavaria  vestitipes  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  116:  34.  1907. 

C.  bicolor  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  54:  954.  1902.  (Not  C. 

bicolor  Massee  or  C.  bicolor  Rafinesque). 

C.Peckii  Sacc.  &  D.  Sacc.  Syll.  17:  196.  1905.  (Not  C. 

Pcckii  Sacc.  Syll.  9 :  249.  1891 ) . 

Lachnocladiiirn  vestitipes  (Pk.)  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card. 
9:  67,  pi.  11,  fig.  104.  1922.  (In  error  as  L.  vestipes). 

Plate  84 

This  species  is  known  only  from  the  type  and  the  following  is 
adapted  from  the  original  description  of  C.  bicolor: 


PT.ATE  41 


ClAVARIA  FORMOSA.  No.  2841. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  111 


^  Small,  1.7-2. 5  cm.  high,  gregarious;  stem  slender,  1-2  mm. 
thick,  straight  or  flexuous,  solid,  tomentose,  pale  yellow,  divided 
above  into  two  or  more  short,  orange  colored  compressed  branches 
which  are  themselves  once  or  twice  dichotomously  divided,  tips 
acute,  concolorous. 

Under  pine  trees.  Bolton.  September. 

The  rather  tough  tomentose  stem  indicates  an  affinity  to  the 
genus  Lachnocladium. 

We  have  examined  the  type,  which  is  well  preserved  at 
Albany,  and  find  the  spores  to  be  subspherical  to  ovate,  minutely 
asperulate,  3-3.7  x  3.5-4.5[j.;  basidia  4-spored,  4.4-5. 5(jt.  thick;  hy- 
menium  about  20[/.  thick.  The  species  is  apparently  very  near  C. 
crocea,  but,  as  now  known,  differs  in  larger  size,  more  tomentose 
stem  and  slightly  larger  spores.  As  the  species  name  bicolor  was 
antedated,  it  was  changed  to  Peckii  by  Saccardo,  but  as  this  was 
also  antedated  (Syll.  9:  249.  1891,  see  under  C.  muscoides) ,  it 
was  changed  again  to  vestitipes  by  Peck. 

Illustration :  Burt.  As  cited  above. 

New  York:  Bolton.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  type  of  C.  bicolor). 

Clavaria  botrytis  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  41  (174).  1797. 

?C.  acroporphyrea  Schaeff.  BTiig.  Bavar.,  pi.  176.  1763. 

?C.  picheja  Wulfen  in  Jacq.  Misc.  2  :  101,  pi.  13.  1781. 

C.  piiTpurascens  Paulet  in  Paulet  &  Lev.  Icon.  Champ.,  p. 
113,  pi.  194,  fig.  6.  1855. 

C.  botrytoides  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  94:  21  and  49,  pi.  93, 
figs.  5-7.  1905. 

C.  conjuncta  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  105 :  16  and  42,  pi.  102. 
1906. 

Plates  31,  32,  and  85 

Plants  usually  about  7-11  cm.  tall  and  3-6  cm.  wide,  but  often 
larger  and  reaching  15x15  cm.,  branching  at  the  ground  from  a 
short  white  base  which  is  pointed  below  and  rooting,  but  not 
deeply;  branches  usually  rugose,  upright  or  the  marginal  ones 
broadly  spreading,  rather  crowded,  much  branched  near  the  top 
and  finally  terminating  in  a  usually  crowded  mass  of  delicate  and 


112  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

pointed  to  very  blunt  and  thick  cusps ;  angles  open  and  spreading ; 
color  white  at  base,  pallid  cream  on  the  main  branches,  the  upper 
parts  with  a  slight  tint  of  flesh,  with  the  tips  rather  abruptly  a 
clear  rose-pink  in  youth,  but  usually  fading  completely  before  ma¬ 
turity  (in  some  cases  the  entire  plant  at  maturity  is  very  pale,  al¬ 
most  white).  Flesh  delicate  and  very  brittle,  but  firm  and  turgid 
(crisp),  colored  like  the  surface  in  all  color  forms;  taste  mild  and 
pleasant,  krauty,  somewhat  like  green  peanuts  or  pea  hulls,  at 
times  faintly  bitterish;  odor  similar.  There  are  often  very  small 
aborted  branchlets  at  the  base,  and  these  nearly  always  retain  the 
pink  tip-color,  even  when  it  has  quite  faded  elsewhere.  In  age 
the  color  becomes  a  deeper  tan  or  brownish  tan  and  the  tips  if 
bruised  or  fading  slowly  turn  a  deep,  dull  brick-brown.  Whitish 
forms  with  tips  quite  faded  cannot  easily  be  distinguished  from 
pale  forms  of  C.  flava. 

Spores  elliptic,  light  buff-yellow,  minutely  rough  to  almost 
smooth,  usually  about  3. 8-4. 2  x  7.S-10[;..  Basidia  (of  B.  No.  72) 
8[j!.  thick,  very  irregular,  4-spored;  hymenium  about  30[i.  thick; 
threads  of  flesh  roughly  parallel,  no  clamp  connections  seen. 

An  abundant  species  and  one  of  the  most  esteemed  as  an  escu¬ 
lent.  It  is  more  cauliflower-like  than  most  others,  the  crowded 
tips,  particularly  in  youth,  presenting  a  series  of  abrupt  terraces. 
There  is  great  variation  in  the  stoutness  of  the  tips,  which  are 
sometimes  delicate,  sometimes  very  thick  and  blunt. 

The  rose-tipped  plant  here  described  is  one  of  several  closely 
related  and  variable  color  forms  that  might  with  some  reason  be 
considered  as  one  species.  W e  have  thought  it  best  to  separate  the 
pink-bodied  form,  after  much  hesitation,  as  a  species,  because  of 
its  much  deeper-colored  spores  that  average  longer.  All  these 
forms  or  nearly  related  species  have  the  following  characters: 
Flesh  turgid,  brittle  and  with  a  krauty  taste  and  odor;  branches 
usually  rugose,  arising  at  the  ground  from  a  short,  tapering,  white 
root;  tips  abruptly  of  a  different  color  in  youth,  concolorous  in 
age ;  the  flesh  colored  like  the  surface. 

This  species  has  been  much  confused  with  C.  rufescens,  both 
in  this  country  and  in  Europe,  as  is  shown  by  the  ambiguous 
descriptions  and  antagonistic  spore  measurements.  In  1873  Peck 
referred  a  plant  with  pinkish  red  tips  to  C.  rufescens  (Rept.  N.  Y. 


PLATE  42 


ClAVARIA  FORMOSA.  No.  2826 


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57 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  113 


St.  Mus.  25:  83),  this  being  probably  C.  botrytis,  but  later  he 
gave  a  new  name,  C.  botrytoides  (above  cited),  to  a  plant  with 
short,  roughish  spores  (the  real  C.  botrytis)  and  referred  the 
species  with  long,  smooth  spores  ( C.  rufcsccns)  to  C.  botrytis 
(  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  48:  309.  1894.  The  colored  figures,  pi.  39, 
figs.  5-7,  are  doubtful.)  Many  of  Peck’s  plants  in  the  Albany 
Herbarium  labelled  C.  botrytis  are  really  C.  riifesccns.  The  latter 
species  can  be  easily  distinguished  by  the  tips  being  a  light  wine 
color  (pinkish  purple),  not  at  all  the  deep,  clear,  rosy  pink  of  this; 
and  also  by  the  less  brittle  texture,  bitterish  taste  and  quite  dififer- 
ent  spores. 

That  we  have  referred  the  correct  plant  to  C.  botrytis  does  not 
seem  doubtful  if  we  accept  the  interpretation  of  C.  rufescens  as 
expressed  by  Fries,  Krombholz,  Britzelmayr,  Rolland,  and  others. 
Schaefifer’s  plate  288,  on  which  C.  rufescens  is  based,  shows  a 
plant  with  more  dull  red  tips  than  the  clearer  pink-red  tips  of  his 
plate  176  (upper  fig.),  on  which  Persoon  based  his  C.  botrytis. 
In  Persoon’s  herbarium  there  is  nothing  authentic  under  this 
name.  There  is  one  plant  and  a  fragment  labelled  C.  botrytis 
with  a  question.  They  are  not  typical  looking,  but  the  spores 
are  about  like  those  of  our  plants,  4-5.5  x  8-10[ji,  and  are  certainly 
not  those  of  C.  rufescens  (C.  botrytis  of  Maire  and  others). 
Bresadola  seems  to  have  confused  this  species  and  C.  rufescens, 
in  some  cases  certainly  reversing  them,  as  shown  by  both  the  ap¬ 
pearance  of  the  plants  and  the  spores.  For  example,  one  plant 
examined  in  his  herbarium,  labelled  C.  botrytis,  has  spores  lon¬ 
gitudinally  striate,  4-5.5  x  which  agrees  with  our  C.  rufes¬ 

cens.  Britzelmayr’s  figure  of  C.  rufescens  (Clavariei,  fig.  16) 
shows  a  yellowish  plant  with  dull  brown  tips  (‘Teddish  to  brown¬ 
ish-red,”  he  says),  and  Krombholz’s  fine  and  unmistakable  colored 
figures  (pi.  53,  figs.  1-3)  of  C.  botrytis,  to  which  Fries  refers, 
should  establish  the  species  definitely.  Clavaria  acroporpJiyrea 
Schaefif.  may  be  this,  but  the  tips  are  shown  and  described  as 
purplish  and  it  may  be  C.  rufescens. 

British  authors,  as  Stevenson  (  British  Fungi)  and  Cotton  and 
Wakefield,  do  not  recognize  C.  rufescens,  and  have  evidently  in¬ 
cluded  it  under  C.  botrytis.  The  C.  botrytis  of  the  latter  authors 
(Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  6:  172.  1919)  is  quite  a  different  plant 
from  ours  if  the  spores  be  considered  the  distinguishing  charac- 


114  .  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

ter.  Their  description  may  be  a  composite,  but  the  spores  they 
give  are  like  those  of  our  C.  riifescens  both  in  size  and  in  the 
characteristic  longitudinal  striations.  In  the  Kew  Herbarium  is  a 
good  collection  from  Epping  Forest  (Berkeley,  1879)  now  in  the 
botrytis  fascicle  with  spores  given  as  'T5  x  6[jl,  reticulated’'  by  Cot¬ 
ton.  This  seems  to  be  the  C.  botrytis  of  Cotton  and  Wakefield. 
Miss  Wakefield  examined  our  slide  of  the  spores  of  the  plant  and 
said  they  answer  to  their  C.  botrytis.  Maire’s  interpretation  of 
C.  botrytis  is  certainly  our  C.  rufescens.  He  mentions  the  charac¬ 
teristic  markings  of  the  spores  and  the  peculiar  spotted  appearance 
of  the  mature  plant  due  to  the  gnawing  of  grubs  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc. 
Fr.  27:  449.  1911).  He  thinks  his  plant  probably  the  same  as 
C.  scnlpta  Beck  (Verh.  KK.  Zool.-bot.  Ges.  Wien,  34:  603,  pi.  15, 
fig.  1.  1889).  Burt  (1.  c.,  p.  7)  has  followed  the  interpretation  of 
Cotton  and  Wakefield. 

Clavaria  conjunct  a  seems  certainly  this  (or  C.  flava  with  tip 
color  wrongly  shown),  the  dried  plants  having  the  same  charac¬ 
teristic  appearance  and  the  spores  being  alike,  rough,  3.5-4.4x8- 
10(jt.  in  the  type.  It  is  probable  that  C.  plcbc  ja  is  this  species,  but 
the  tips  are  shown  as  pinkish  purple. 

Illustrations :  Atkinson.  Stud.  Am.  Fungi,  pi.  70  (as  C.  formosa)  and 
fig.  191.  1900. 

Badham.  Esculent  Fung.  Engl.,  pi.  16,  fig.  2  (as  C.  coralloidcs.)  1847. 

Barla.  Champ.  Nice,  pi.  40,  figs.  1-3.  1859. 

Bresadola.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  101.  1899. 

Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Siidb.,  Clavariei,  fig.  2. 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  '9:  pi.  1,  fig.  2  (as  C.  botrytoides)  ;  fig.  3  (as 
C.  conjuncta  ) .  1922. 

Corda.  Icon.  Fung.  5:  pi.  10,  fig.  75.  1842.  (Basidia  and  spores). 

Cordier.  Champ.  Fr.,  pi.  47,  fig.  2.  1874. 

Fries.  Sverig.  Atl.  Svamp.,  pi.  35.  1861.  Fine.  Photographic  copy  by 
Burt  in  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  1,  fig.  1.  1922. 

Gillet.  Champ.  Fr.  5:  pi.  101  (107).  1874-78. 

Hard.  Mushrooms,  fig.  392  (as  C.  formosa)  and  fig.  386.  1908. 

Harzer.  Abbild.  Pilze,  pi.  67.  1842-45. 

Jacquin.  As  cited  above.  Deformed. 

Krombholz.  Abbild.,  pi.  53,  figs.  1-3.  1841.  Fine. 

Lanzi.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  14,  fig.  1.  1902.  Fine. 

Lenz.  Pilze,  pi.  17,  fig.  66.  1890.  (7th  ed.). 

Leuba.  Champ.  Comest.,  pi.  40.  1890. 

Lorinser.  Die  Schwamme,  pi.  3,  fig.  1.  1876. 


Clavaria  coxjunxtipks.  Linvillc  Falls.  No.  5732 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  115 


Michael.  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  1,  No.  24.  1898. 

Migula  in  Thome.  Krypt.-Fl.  Deutsch.  3,  2,  1 :  pi.  24D,  fig.  2.  1912. 

The  spores  (fig.  3)  are  wrong. 

Paulet.  As  cited  above.  Good. 

Peck.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  105:  pi.  102  (as  C.  conjuncta) .  1906;  48: 

pi.  39,  figs.  5-7  (doubtful;  tip  color  right,  but  body  more  like  C.  rufes- 
ccns).  1894;  94:  pi.  93,  figs.  5-7  (as  C.  hotrytoides) .  1905. 

Price.  Illustrations  of  Fungi,  pi.  11,  fig.  76.  1865. 

Richon  &  Roze.  Atl.  Champ.,  pi.  67,  figs.  1-3.  1887. 

Rolland.  Atlas  Champ.,  pi.  103,  No.  231.  1910.  Good. 

Sowerby.  Engl.  Fungi,  pi.  278  (as  C.  coralloides) .  1803. 

Venturi.  Studi  Micol.,  pi.  12,  fig.  111. 

Vittadini.  Descr.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  29,  fig.  1.  1835. 

Viviani.  Funghi  Ital.,  pi.  54,  figs.  1-3.  1834. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  343.  Woods  back  of  South  Building, 
September  16,  1910.  No.  344.  Mixed  woods,  September  15,  1910. 
Spores  minutely  rough,  3.7-4.4  x  7.4-9.4ja.  No.  661.  By  path  from 
east  gate  of  campus,  October  29,  1912.  Spores  nearly  smooth,  3.8-4.4  x 
7.4-9.3/x.  No.  2395.  In  oak  woods,  July  18,  1916.  No.  2596.  On 
rocky  hillside,  mixed  woods,  July  5,  1917.  Not  very  brittle.  Spores 
minutely  rough,  3.8-4  x  7.7-9.3/a.  No.  2628.  Upland  woods,  July  10, 
1917.  Taste  scarcely  bitter.  Spores  3.3-4  x  7. 5-10. 3/x.  No.  2854.  Mixed 
woods  south  of  campus,  October  2,  1917.  No.  2863.  Mixed  woods, 
October  4,  1917.  Spores  3. 3-3. 7  x  7.3-8.2/a.  No.  2899.  Mixed  woods 
October  8,  1917.  Typical.  Spores  nearly  smooth,  3.5-4  x  6.6-9.5/a. 

Salem.  (Schweinitz  Herb.). 

Hillsboro.  Curtis.  (Curtis  Herb.). 

South  Carolina:  Aiken.  Ravenel.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb,  and  Kew 
Herb.). 

Pennsylvania:  Bethlehem.  (Schweinitz  Herb.). 

New  York:  Bolton  Landing.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  type  of  C.  conjuncta) . 
Spores  rough,  3. 5-4.4  x  8.1-9.3/a. 

Port  Jefferson.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  type  of  C.  hotrytoides) .  Spores  rough, 

4.5  X  8.5-1  1.5/a. 

Alcove.  Shear.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.). 

Long  Island.  Bauer.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.).  Also  collections  from 
Sandlake,  Gansevoort,  and  other  places.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Minnesota:  Clements.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.,  as  C.  formosa). 

California:  Trappers’ Lake.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.). 


116  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Clavaria  subbotrytis  n.  sp. 

Plates  28,  33,  and  85 

Plant  7.5-10  cm.  high,  5.5-9  cm.  broad,  branches  numerous, 
upright,  close;  tips  not  terraced,  short,  bluntly  rounded;  color 
coral  pink  all  over  when  young,  fading  to  creamy  ochraceous  ex¬ 
cept  in  the  upper  part  at  full  maturity  (the  stem  base  remaining 
pinkish  or  white).  Flesh  concolorous  and  remaining  pink  longer 
than  the  surface,  tender  but  hardly  so  brittle  as  in  C.  botrytis; 
odor  and  taste  slightly  krauty.  Stem  short  but  clean  and  smooth, 
glabrous  and  without  aborted  twigs,  tapering  to  a  clean  point  be¬ 
low. 

Spores  (of  No.  4679)  nearly  smooth,  elliptic,  cinnamon- 
ochraceoiis,  with  a  distinct  tint  of  rose  in  the  denser  parts  of  a 
print,  3-3.7  x  7A-9{k.  Basidia  (of  No.  3297)  6.5-9. 5(ji  thick, 
irregular,  4-spored;  hymenium  55-65[jl  thick;  threads  of  flesh 
variable  in  diameter.  No  clamp  connections  seen. 

Distinguished  from  C.  botrytis  by  the  deeply  colored  spores, 
the  clean,  smooth,  sharply  pointed  stem,  pink  color  all  over  until 
near  maturity  (the  upper  part  remaining  pink  until  well  after 
maturity),  absence  of  sharply  contrasting  red  tips  in  youth,  and 
by  the  quite  different  appearance  in  the  dry  state.  Distinguished 
from  C.  conjunctipes  var.  odor  a  by  slight  odor,  narrower  and 
rougher  spores,  much  more  solid  and  brittle  flesh,  the  threads  of 
which  are  narrower;  much  deeper  flesh  color  with  tips  soon  con¬ 
colorous  ;  base  not  so  slender  and  plants  not  so  compound  towards 
base.  From  C.  formosa,  which  has  yellow  tips  in  youth,  it  differs 
in  greater  brittleness,  deeper  pink  color,  narrower  and  smoother 
spores  of  a  more  cinnamon  color,  and  in  the  quite  different  tex¬ 
ture  when  dry.  The  imbedded  part  of  the  stem  base  may  be 
either  pink  or  white.  In  No.  4679  it  remained  pink  after  the 
central  region  of  the  plant  had  turned  ochraceous.  Wounds  and 
bruises  do  not  turn  red  or  wine  color.  When  quite  young  the 
very  tips  were  creamy  in  No.  2621,  but  soon  lost  this  and  became 
concolorous.  In  No.  4679  this  was  not  obvious  as  the  plant  was 
nearly  mature  when  collected. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2621.  At  base  of  a  hickory  tree,  low 
damp  woods,  near  Woodland  Theatre,  July  9,  1917.  Pink  all  over  ex¬ 
cept  for  the  very  tips  which  are  creamy  in  youth.  Spores  very  minutely 


PLATE  44 


Clavaria  subspin ulosa.  No.  2631. 


Clavarias  of  tfie  United  States  and  Canada  117 

rough,  3.3-37  X  7-9.3 fx.  No.  3297.  In  humus,  deciduous  woods,  June 
6,  1919.  Delicate  pinkish  salmon  all  over  with  tints  of  light  ochraceous 
in  maturing  parts ;  tips  scarcely  creamy  when  young.  Flesh  distinctly 
pink  and  with  a  tendency  to  sliver  when  broken.  Spores  3. 3-3. 7  x 

7.7- 9.3/x.  No.  4679.  IMixed  woods  by  Battle’s  Branch,  October  21, 
1920.  (Type). 

Clavaria  subbotrytis  var.  intermedia. 

Plates  34  and  85 

Plants  about  5-12  cm.  high  and  3.5-11  cm.  broad;  base  usually 
rather  massive  and  more  or  less  set  with  little  aborted  twigs,  con¬ 
tracted  in  the  ground  to  a  point,  and  at  times  branched  at  the 
ground;  branches  very  numerous,  more  or  less  cauliflower-like, 
moderately  rugose,  the  tips  blunt  and  simple  or  cusped ;  deep  flesh 
color  or  a  clear  coral  pink  or  rarely  salmon-yellow  (No.  3055)  all 
over  except  the  white  base,  the  tips  concolorous  or  paler  with  tints 
of  cream;  when  very  young  all  parts  lighter,  the  tips  whitish  or 
creamy;  in  age  or  on  drying  becoming  light  ochraceous.  Flesh 
flesh  colored  or  clear  coral,  very  brittle  and  Arm,  tender  and  al¬ 
most  tasteless  and  odorless  (a  faint  krauty  taste  and  odor)  ;  when 
dry  rather  soft  and  pliable,  not  chalky-friable  or  very  fragile. 

Spores  (of  No.  2847)  cinnamon-ochraceous  in  a  thick  print 
(not  yellowish  ochraceous),  elliptic,  nearly  smooth,  3.5-4.5x9.4- 
llp. ;  basidia  4-spored,  about  7.5[jl  thick;  threads  of  the  flesh  (in 
middle  region)  densely  packed,  slender,  5. 5-6. dp-  thick. 

This  plant  is  intermediate  between  C.  botrytis  and  C.  sub¬ 
botrytis  as  is  shown  by  the  body  and  base  of  the  one  and  the  plant- 
color  and  deeply  tinted  spores  of  the  other.  The  spores  average 
longer  than  in  C.  subbotrytis  and  a  little  longer  than  in  C.  botrytis 
and  C.  flava.  We  are  treating  the  plant  as  a  variety  of  C.  sub¬ 
botrytis  because  of  the  deep  spore  color  which  is  just  the  same  in 
both. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  781.  In  woods  south  of  athletic  field, 
two  plants,  September  17,  1913.  Flesh  white  at  base,  flesh  colored 
above,  moderately  brittle,  not  chalky  when  dry.  Spores  smooth, 
3. 3-3. 7  X  S.3-9.Sfx.  No.  2824.  Rocky  hillside,  deciduous  woods,  Sep¬ 
tember  11,  1917.  Tips  abruptly  pale  lemon-yellow  to  whitish.  Spores 

3. 7- 4. 2  X  9-10. 5/^.  No.  2825.  Rocky  hillside,  deciduous  woods,  Sep¬ 
tember  11,  1917.  Just  like  No.  2824  except  that  most  of  the  plant  was 
strongly  rugose,  a  conspicuous  feature,  and  the  tips  were  only  slightly 
lighter  than  the  flesh  colored  upper  third — middle  region  pallid  cream. 
Flesh  color  of  surface.  Spores  3.5-4  x  8.5-10.6/a.  No.  2847.  Upland 


118  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


frondose  woods,  October  1,  1917.  (Type).  No.  2853.  Under  pine 
and  dogwood  south  of  campus,  October  2,  1917.  Spores  minutely  rough, 
3.8-4  X  8.5-1  Ija.  No.  3055.  Deciduous  woods  in  Strowd’s  lowgrounds, 
May  23,  1918.  Color  white  below,  salmon  yellow  above.  Spores 
slightly  rough  3.7-5  x  8.5-11/x.  No.  4316.  In  cool,  low,  deciduous 
woods.  May  31,  1920.  Spores  rather  light  ochraceous  with  faint  tint 
of  salmon,  2. 8-3. 7  x  7-9.3/^. 

New  York:  Lake  George.  Coker,  No.  112.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Oak  and 

maple  woods.  Prospect  Mountain  trail,  September  3,  1917.  Pink 
throughout  except  the  cinnamon-pink  base ;  rugose.  Flesh  also  strongly 
pink.  Spores  exactly  as  in  No.  2847,  3.8-4  x  9.7-11/x,  but  too  few  for 
color  to  be  seen. 


Clavaria  sanguinea  Pers.  Obs.  Myc.  2:  61,  pi.  3,  fig.  5.  1799. 

Plates  35  and  85 

Plant  about  6-8.5  cm.  high  and  4. 3-7. 5  cm.  broad,  arising  from 
a  single  or  divided  stem  about  1.5-2  cm.  long  above  ground  and 

1- 1.8  cm.  thick,  which  is  typically  pinched  in  at  the  ground  and 
extended  into  a  smaller,  tapering,  pointed  root,  or  the  root  may 
be  so  short  as  to  be  but  a  point  on  the  stem ;  main  branches 

2- 5,  upright  with  narrow  angles  or  more  or  less  flared,  l)ranching 
tardily  or  rather  soon  into  upright,  crowded  branchlets  which  re¬ 
branch  immediately  into  numerous,  closely  crowded,  upright 
terminals,  forming  a  remarkably  plane  surface  exactly  as  in  a 
cauliflower,  which  end  in  several  blunt  cusps;  color  when  young 
pallid  white  below,  light  egg-yellow  above,  the  tips  deepest,  at 
times  with  a  tint  of  pink  added  to  the  yellow  or  the  3^ellow  pale  and 
the  creamy  pink  predominating ;  towards  maturity  becoming  paler 
above,  but  at  all  ages  becoming  stained  when  bruised  with  deep 
blood-red  or  brownish  red  or  brick-brown,  and  in  age  the  whole 
plant  assuming  this  color  in  great  part,  only  here  and  there  the 
pallid  remaining  in  areas  or  strips.  Flesh  colored  like  the  sur¬ 
face,  but  not  changing  to  red  except  superficially,  mild  (faintly 
acid-woody),  odorless  or  with  a  faint  anise  odor  on  standing  a 
while  in  the  laboratory.  Threads  of  the  flesh  about  7.4[i.  thick,  get¬ 
ting  smaller  near  hymenium,  no  clamp  connections  seen. 

Spores  (of  No.  2656)  rather  light  yellow-ochraceous,  smooth, 
elliptic  with  a  large  eccentric  mucro,  3-3.8  x  7.5-8. 5 [jl,  most  about 
3.7  X  7.8[jl.  Basidia  (of  No.  4394)  long-clavate,  4-spored,  7[; 
thick. 

A  distinct  and  well  marked  species,  that  it  seems  to  us  should 
be  referred  to  C.  sanguinea  of  Persoon.  His  figure,  which  is  in 


Clavakia  subsi’ixulosa.  No.  2653. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  119 

color,  looks  much  more  like  our  plant  than  like  any  other,  and  the 
description  fits  unusually  well.  Fries  treats  C.  sanguinea  as  an¬ 
other  na.me  for  C.  spinulosa,  but  Persoon  notes  the  close  relation¬ 
ship  to  C.  botrytis  (also  obvious  in  our  plants)  which  is  very  un¬ 
like  C.  spinulosa.  Persoon  says :  “Stem  subsucculent,  red, 
branches  elongated,  branchlets  multifid,  minute,  yellowish.  Rare 
in  forests.  The  figure  referred  to  shows  only  a  part  of  this 
fungus,  for  the  natural  size  is  larger  by  half.  The  stem  is  mod¬ 
erately  thick,  filled  with  a  reddish  juice,  divided  into  many  elong¬ 
ated  branches,  which  turn  yellow  toward  the  apex.  The  branch- 
lets,  on  the  contrary,  are  very  slender,  short,  slightly  bent,  leather 
color.” 

Recognized  by  the  pointed  base  and  the  red  or  brick-brown 
color  when  rubbed  or  in  age.  The  base  even  in  youth  is  nearly 
always  streaked  with  these  stains.  All  the  plants  we  have  found 
so  far  have  been  reclining  and  one-sided.  Easily  distinguished 
from  C.  nifescens  by  smaller  size,  different  base,  cauliflower-like 
tips  and  different  spores ;  from  C.  formosa  by  the  simple  terete 
stem  without  grooves,  by  the  dark  stains,  by  cauliflower-like  ter¬ 
minals,  and  by  the  different  spores.  The  short,  crowded,  closely 
packed  terminals  and  rather  long  parallel  secondaries  and  tertiaries 
give  the  upper  half  of  the  plant  exactly  the  appearance  of  a  cauli¬ 
flower  head,  more  so  than  in  any  other  species.  The  tips  are  nearly 
always  more  yellow  than  pink  except  in  youngest  plants,  and  are 
never  more  than  very  pale  creamy  flesh-pink.  It  is  in  this  tip  color 
sharply  different  from  C.  botrytis  and  C.  botrytoidcs,  not  to  men¬ 
tion  the  red  stains  and  other  differences. 

Maire  regards  C.  sanguinea  as  the  same  as  C.  flava,  at  least  in 
part.  His  plant  has  red  stains  but  the  spores  are  4-5x9-12[jl 
(Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  27:  450.  1911). 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2629.  Mixed  woods  near  Battle’s 
Branch,  July  10,  1917.  A  single  plant,  7  cm.  high,  5  cm.  broad;  stem 
distinct,  about  4  cm.  long  including  the  underground  part,  about  half 
buried  in  the  ground,  branching  rather  thickly  and  ending  in  numerous 
small  tips ;  color  pallid  creamy  white  all  over  except  the  tips  which  are 
•  tinted  at  first  with  pale  yellow,  but  soon  fade  out,  all  parts  turning  a 
deep  rosy  blood  color  when  bruised  and  the  base  soon  stained  with  this 
color ;  texture  not  very  brittle,  rather  rigid,  taste  mild,  odor  very  little, 
but  faintly  like  that  of  anise.  Too  young  for  spores.  No.  2656.  Damp 


120  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

mixed  woods,  under  pine  tree,  July  12,  1917.  No.  4394.  Woods  near 

Meeting  of  the  Waters,  July  13,  1920.  Spores  creamy  yellow,  smooth, 

3.7- 4.4  X  6.2-8.2/x. 

Massachusetts:  Stockbridge.  Murrill  and  Thompson.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card. 

Herb.).  October  3,  4,  1911.  “Straw-colored  tips  and  brandies,  whiter 

below,  staining  anywhere  and  especially  below  vinosus  when  bruised.” 

Spores  elliptic,  smooth  or  some  apparently  minutely  rough,  3.5-4  x 

7.8- 9.6/x.  There  is  a  photo  accompanying  this  collection  which  looks  like 

our  plants,  and  the  spores  are  the  same. 

Clavaria  flava  Schaeff.  Fung.  Bavar.,  pi.  175.  1763. 

?C.  liifca  \Ynturi.  I  miceti  del  agro  Bresciano,  p.  36,  pi.  41, 
fig.  4.  1845-1860. 

C.  flavobriinescens  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  7 :  367.  1909. 

Plates  36,  37,  39,  and  85 

Plants  of  moderate  to  good  size,  up  to  11  cm.  high  and  same 
breadth,  base  as  in  C.  hotrytis,  tapering,  somewhat  rooting; 
branching  at  the  ground  into  several  rather  slender,  at  times 
broadly  spreading,  main  branches,  and  in  nearly  all  cases  with 
several  or  numerous  small  undeveloped  peripheral  ones  at  the  base ; 
main  branches  soon  rebranching  several  times  in  an  irregular 
manner  to  form  a  rather  open  mass,  the  ultimate  tips  usually  deli¬ 
cate,  but  at  times  much  thickened  and  blunt  (as  in  No.  560), 
more  or  less  crisped;  surface  more  or  less  rugose  upwards;  color 
clear,  not  at  all  tan  or  ochraceous,  varying  from  a  clear  pale  cream 
(in  Nos.  1850  and  1855)  to  a  light  creamy  yellow  (maize-yellow 
of  Ridgway),  or  in  the  northern  form  to  a  deep,  rich,  clear  prim- 
uline  or  chrome  yellow  (Ridgw.)  in  youth,  but  becoming  much 
paler  at  and  after  maturity.  The  color  is  about  the  same  through¬ 
out  in  the  pale  form  or  paler  downwards  in  the  richer  colored 
forms,  only  the  very  base  whitish  at  the  ground  and  not  turning 
rose-wine  when  bruised,  as  in  C.  aiirca  var.  australis  and  C.  rufes- 
cens;  tips  concolorous  when  fresh,  but  usually  turning  a  pale,  clear, 
soaked  brown  and  then  a  darker  brown  when  fading;  if  dried 
quickly  this  change  in  color  of  the  tips  does  not  appear.  Flesh 
very  brittle,  not  white,  but  when  quite  fresh  colored  like  the  sur¬ 
face,  or  at  least  with  a  tint  of  cream  (rarely  almost  colorless)  ; 
taste  and  odor  very  pleasant,  distinctly  krauty  (faintly  like  green 
peanuts).  W(hen  very  young  the  entire  plant  is  nearly  white,  the 
tips  pure  white  and  without  a  trace  of  pink. 

Spores  (of  No.  2855)  about  maize-yellow  (Ridgw.),  minutely 
rough,  elliptic,  3-4  x  7.4-10[i.. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  121 

This  plant  is  just  like  C.  botrytis  in  form,  texture,  taste,  and 
odor,  but  differs  distinctly  in  color  and  does  not  reach  the  large 
size  of  the  latter.  Plants  of  C.  botrytis  with  tips  faded  are  a 
pallid,  dull,  fleshy  cream,  while  the  pink  young  tips  of  C.  botrytis 
and  the  white  tips  of  C.  flava  are  an  unfailing  means  of  distinction. 

From  C.  aiirca  var.  australis  and  C.  rufcscens  (No.  2845)  this 
plant  differs  in  smaller,  more  quickly  branched  base,  different 
color,  and  in  the  very  different  spores.  In  fading  some  of  the 
tips  may  become  colored  like  those  of  C.  rufcscens,  but  the  spores 
will  easily  distingTiish  them.  From  C.  formosa  which  also  has  a 
multiple,  pointed  base,  it  differs  in  color,  greater  brittleness,  and 
smaller,  smoother  spores. 

Clavaria  flavobruncsccns  is  the  same.  The  species  was  de¬ 
scribed  by  Atkinson  from  plants  sent  him  by  us  from  Chapel  Hill. 

In  the  interpretation  of  this  species  there  has  been  great  con¬ 
fusion.  The  plant  taken  for  C.  flava  by  Fries  is  doubtful,  but  is 
probably  this.  Krombholz’s  figure  to  which  Fries  refers  is  not 
good  of  our  plant.  Schaeffer’s  plate  (on  which  the  species  is 
based)  is  much  like  our  plant  and  not  like  our  C.  anrca,  and  the 
same  may  be  said  of  Persoon’s  description.  In  Persoon’s  her¬ 
barium  is  a  good  plant  of  C.  flava  with  spores  3.7-5  x  9-1  ![/.. 
There  are  several  European  mycologists  who  have  made  it  quite 
plain  that  they  interpret  the  species  as  we  do.  Vittadini’s  figure 
of  C.  flava  is  excellent  of  our  plant  with  the  pointed  base  and 
right  color  and  shape,  and  his  figure  of  C.  hitea  (now  accepted  as 
a  synonym  of  C.  flava)  is  equally  as  good  of  ours.  Richon  and 
Roze  also  represent  our  plant  well  as  C.  flava,  showing  some  of 
the  tips  as  brownish,  a  point  not  mentioned  or  shown  by  others. 
Neither  Gillet  not  Quelet  illustrates  C.  flava,  but  the  former’s 
good  description  (Champ.  France  1:  764.  1878)  makes  it  pretty 
plain  that  he  has  in  mind  our  plant.  He  mentions  the  pale  spores, 
fragile  flesh  and  very  agreeable  taste.  Quelet’s  description  is  in¬ 
adequate,  but  does  not  exclude  our  plant.  He  refers  to  Barla’s 
figure  which  might  pass  but  is  not  good.  Bresadola’s  figure  is 
like  ours  in  color  but  diverse  in  form  and  he  describes  C.  flava  as 
staining  red  on  the  stem  and  having  longer  spores.  This  would 
indicate  a  larger  spored  form  of  what  we  are  considering  C. 
sanguinea.  Plants  in  his  herbarium  as  C.  flava  look  like  ours  in 


122  Clavarias  of  tpie  United  States  and  Canada 


the  dried  state,  but  have  much  longer  spores.  Maire  considers 
C.  sangiiinea  the  same  as  C.  flava  in  sense  of  Fries  and  describes 
it  as  having  red  stains  with  spores  4-5  x9-12[a  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc. 
Fr.  27:  450.  1911). 

In  England  neither  Berkeley  nor  his  successors  have  recognized 
C.  flava  and  it  may  be  our  plant  that  they  refer  to  C.  aurea.  Plants 
from  Europe  at  the  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden  labelled  C.  flava  have  been 
examined.  One  from  Karsten  (Finland)  has  spores  like  ours, 
3.8-4. 5  X  7.8-1 0[jL.  One  from  de  Thiimen  (Bohemia)  has  some¬ 
what  larger  spores,  3.7-5  x  9-12[ji.  Both  look  like  our  plant  in 
the  dry  state,  as  does  also  the  one  from  Saccardo.  We  have  re¬ 
ceived  a  good  collection  of  this  from  Juel  (Upsala)  with  spores 
like  ours,  minutely  rough,  3. 7-4.2  x  7.5-10[x.  In  the  Curtis 
Herbarium  is  a  collection  from  South  Carolina  by  Curtis  and  one 
from  the  Schweinitz  Herbarium.  Both  look  like  our  plant  and 
have  similar  spores,  in  the  former  they  are  3  x  7.5-8[j-,  and  in  the 
latter,  3.8x7.5[ji.  Another  plant  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium  from 
Society  Hill,  S.  C.,  labelled  C.  stricta  is  also  this  (spores 
3  X  7.5-8[i-).  In  the  Schweinitz  Herbarium  in  Philadelphia  plants 
from  Salem,  N.  C.,  and  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  are  the  same.  Peck,  At¬ 
kinson,  Mcllvaine,  and  Hard  have  also  interpreted  the  species  in 
the  same  way.  It  would  seem  that  the  American  representative 
of  C.  flava  is  a  form  with  somewhat  smaller  spores. 

Juel  (see  citation  under  C.  cristata)  finds  the  basidia  to  be 
4-spored  with  the  nuclear  spindles  apical  and  transverse.  He  says 
the  species  is  very  similar  microscopically  to  what  he  considers  C. 
aurea,  from  which  it  differs  only  in  the  smaller,  less  warty  and 
paler  spores.  The  spores  of  both  are  uninucleate. 

Illustrations :  Badham.  Escul.  Fung.  Engl.,  pi.  16,  fig.  1  (as  C.  ame- 
thystina).  1847. 

Barla.  Champ.  Nice,  pi.  40,  fig.  5.  1859. 

Bresadola.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  100.  1899. 

Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Sudb.,  Clavariei,  fig.  1. 

Bulliard.  Herb.  Fr.,  pi.  222  (as  C  coralloides) .  1784.  This  is  re¬ 

ferred  to  by  Fries  as  C.  aurea,  but  looks  little  like  it. 

Cordier.  Champ.  Fr.,  pi.  46,  fig.  1.  1874. 

Dufour.  Atlas  Champ.,  pi.  69,  fig.  151.  1891.  Good. 

Fries.  Sver.  Atl.  Svamp.,  pi.  26.  1860-66. 


PLATE  46 


Clavaria  fennica.  No.  2857 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  123 


Gibson.  Edible  Toadstools  and  Mushrooms,  pi.  31.  1895.  Also  pi.  30 

(as  C.  formosa)  is  probably  C.  flava. 

Hard.  Mushrooms,  fig.  385.  1908. 

Holmskjold.  Beata  Ruris  1:  pi.  31  (as  Ramaria  coralloidcs  lutea).  1790. 

Juel.  Above  cited. 

Krombholz.  Abbild.,  pi.  53,  fig.  8  (color  not  good)  ;  fig.  5  (as  C.  botrytis 
var.  alba).  1831-46.  The  nearly  white  form  of  this. 

Lanzi.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  14,  fig.  2.  1902.  (Copied  from  Schaeffer 

and  Cordier). 

Laval.  Champ,  d’apres  Nature,  pi.  32.  1912. 

Lenz.  Pilze,  pi.  16,  fig.  65.  1890  (7th  ed.).  Good. 

Leuba.  Champ.  Comest.,  pi.  41.  1887-90.  This  plate  is  labelled  C. 
anrea  but  is  not  referred  to  under  that  species  but  under  C.  flava, 
which  it  is  more  like. 

Lorinser.  Essb.  Schwamme,  pi.  2,  fig.  7.  1876;  (pi.  2,  fig.  1,  as  C. 

aurea  may  also  be  C.  flava) . 

Lonnegren.  Nord.  Svampb.,  pi.  4,  fig.  58.  1895. 

Marshall.  Mushroom  Book,  pi.  opposite  p.  100.  1902. 

Michael.  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  1,  No.  25  (as  C.  flava).  1898. 
Also  Vol.  2,  No.  25  (as  C.  aurca).  1901.  This  is  just  like  our  C.  flava 
and  cannot  be  distinguished  from  his  C.  flava  above. 

Moffat.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  Bull.  7 :  pi.  23.  1909. 

Murrill.  Edible  and  Poisonous  Mushr.  Chart,  fig.  24.  1916.  Good. 

Nees,  Henry  and  Bail.  Syst.  Pilze,  pi.  27,  figs.  1-3.  1858.  This  differs 

slightly  in  the  pinkish  purple  color  of  the  very  base. 

Peck.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  48:  pi.  39,  figs.  1-4.  1894.  Not  good. 

Richon  and  Roze.  Atlas  Champ.,  pi.  67,  figs.  4-7.  1888.  Very  good. 

Schaeffer.  As  cited  above.  Photographic  copy  by  Burt  in  Ann.  Mo.  Bot. 
Card.  9 :  pi.  4,  fig.  19.  1922. 

Venturi.  As  cited  above  (doubtful). 

Vittadini.  Descr.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  29,  fig.  2.  1835.  Good.  His  fig. 

3  on  same  plate  called  C.  lutea  is  also  the  same.  C.  lutea  Vent,  is 
treated  as  a  synonym  of  C.  flava  by  Saccardo. 

White.  Conn.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.  3 :  pi.  40.  1905. 

.Morth  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  560.  On  ground  in  the  woods,  October 
15,  1912.  Spores  yellow,  3-4  x  7.8-10. 3|a.  No.  562.  Mixed  woods 
back  of  campus,  October  15,  1912.  Spores  3-4  x  7.5-9.8/x.  No.  795. 
In  damp  woods  in  moss,  September  19,  1913.  Spores  smooth  or  a  few 
minutely  rough,  3-3.8  x  8-9.7/x.  No.  2850.  Under  pine  and  dogwood 
south  of  campus,  October  2,  1917.  Spores  3.5-4.2  x  8-10/x.  No.  2855. 
In  mixed  woods,  October  2,  1917.  No.  2870.  Mixed  woods,  October  5, 
1917.  Tips  Naples  yellow,  main  body  pale  creamy  yellow  with  faint  tint 
of  flesh  in  shadows.  Spores  3-3.7  x  7.3-9^.  No.  2895.  Mixed  woods, 
Octol)er  8,  1917.  Spores  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  about  3.2x8.8/x.  No. 
2922.  Mixed  woods  south  of  athletic  field,  October  18,  1917.  Typical 
in  every  way  except  color  very  light  cream,  tips  pallid  white  fading  to 
pale  brown  then  darker.  Spores  nearly  smooth,  3.7-4. 1  x  7-9.4^.  No. 


124  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


3150.  In  deciduous  woods  near  stream,  August  9,  1918.  Small,  up  to 
4  cm.  high  and  2-4  cm.  broad ;  surface  glabrous  all  over,  color  very  pale 
yellow  with  tint  of  flesh,  the  tips  most  yellow  when  young,  fading  to 
pale  flesh  by  maturity.  No  spores  to  be  found  (a  curious  fact,  true 
for  nearly  all  species  of  Clavaria  collected  this  very  hot  week). 

Salem.  Schweinitz.  (Schw.  Herb.). 

South  Carolina:  Society  Hill.  Curtis.  (Curtis  Herb.). 

Pennsylvania:  Bethlehem.  Schweinitz.  (Schw.  Herb.). 

New  Jersey:  Alpine.  Boynton.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  “Yellow, 
taste  sweet,  nutty.” 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  108.  Under  beech.  (U.  N.  C. 
Herb.).  Plant  yellow.  Spores  typical,  4-4.5  x 8.5-9. 3/x. 

Bolton.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.).  Spores  rough,  4.5  x 9.9-1  U. 

Albany  and  Lebanon  Springs.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.).  Spores  nearly 
smooth,  4.5  X  1  l/x. 

Connecticut:  Redding.  Coker,  No.  26.  September  6,  1919.  Spores  pale 
yellow,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  about  3.7  x  8.5/>t. 

Clavaria  flava  var.  aurea  n.  var. 

Plates  38  and  85 

Plant  not  massive,  about  9  cm.  high  and  4-5  cm.  broad,  stem 
distinct,  clean  and  pointed  below,  quite  glabrous,  white  at  base; 
branches  rather  open,  rugose,  between  orange-buff  and  ochra- 
ceous  buff,  with  a  tint  of  chrome  upward  when  quite  fresh,  below 
more  fleshy  or  salmon  orange  or  apricot  color;  flesh  only  moder¬ 
ately  brittle,  colored  like  the  surface;  odor  faintly  rancid,  taste 
mild,  slightly  krauty.  Threads  of  flesh  nearly  parallel,  about 
7.4-10.8p,  thick. 

Spores  (of  No.  2851)  buff-yellow,  nearly  smooth,  elliptic, 
3. 1-3.7  X  6.6-9. 3p..  Hymenium  (of  No.  2893)  about  5S[jl  thick; 
basidia  6.2-7.4[j.  thick  with  4  long  sterigmata. 

This  variety  is  distinguished  by  its  rich  color,  less  brittle  flesh, 
clear,  distinct,  tapering  stem,  which  comes  to  a  point  below  and  is 
not  connected  with  mycelium  except  by  a  basal  point,  and  by  the 
somewhat  smaller  spores.  It  differs  from  C.  flava  var.  snhtilis 
(No.  2843)  in  smaller  and  smoother  spores. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2851.  Under  pine  and  dogwood  south 
of  campus,  October  2,  1917.  (Type).  No.  2893.  Mixed  woods  south 
of  athletic  held,  October  8,  1917.  A  distinct  plant;  no  other  has  so 
clean,  slender  and  perfectly  pointed  a  base.  Base  pure  white,  the 


Clavaria  fknnk'a.  No.  486. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  125 

yellow  color  deepening  upward.  Flesh  not  very  brittle  and  thus  dififer¬ 
ing  distinctly  from  C.  flava  as  well  as  in  color  and  other  ways.  These 
had  faded  when  found  to  a  pinkish  cinnamon  upwards.  Spores  nearly 
smooth,  3.1-3.6  X  6.6-8/x. 

New  York:  Lake  George.  Coker,  Nos.  13  and  14.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  In 

oak  and  maple  woods,  Prospect  Mountain  trail,  September  3,  1917. 
Color  deep  chrome  yellow  above,  shading  to  a  clearer  yellow  in  middle 
and  white  at  the  pointed  base ;  very  delicate,  divaricating ;  flesh  yellow, 
tasteless  and  odorless.  Spores  nearly  smooth,  apparently  yellowish,  of 
No.  13,  3.3-3.8  X  7-9/x ;  of  No.  14,  3. 3-3. 7  x6.6-8.2/>t. 

Clavaria  flava  var.  subtilis  n.  var. 

Plate  85 

A  clear  rather  pale  yellow  upward  (near  apricot  yellow),  pale 
fleshy  cream  elsewhere  except  the  white,  glabrous  base,  which 
tapers  to  a  point  ;  in  most  cases  distinctly  rugose  upwards  ;  odor 
very  slight.  When  dry  hard  and  not  chalky  or  very  fragile. 

Spores  (of  No.  2843)  elliptic,  distinctly  rough,  but  not  so 
much  so  as  in  C.  formosa,  4-4.5  x  10-1  Ip..  Basidia  4-spored,  about 
9p.  thick.  Hymenium  55-70pL  thick;  basidia  7.4-8. 9p.  thick  with  4 
long,  straight  sterigmata.  Hyphae  of  flesh  about  7.5-1  Ip.  thick, 
nearly  parallel,  not  densely  packed. 

Differs  from  C.  formosa  in  the  texture  when  dry,  which  is 
not  chalky  or  very  fragile,  in  absence  of  bitter  taste  when  dry,  in 
decidedly  thicker  and  nearly  parallel  hyphae,  and  in  more  nar¬ 
row  and  less  rough  spores.  Differs  from  C.  flava  var.  aiirea 
(No.  2893)  in  thicker  hymenium,  thicker  basidia  and  larger  and 
rougher  spores.  Differs  from  C.  s^ibbotrytis  (No.  2847)  as  fol¬ 
lows:  less  brittle;  much  less  flesh  color  and  more  yellow;  base 
more  slender ;  flesh  nearly  or  quite  white ;  taste  mildly  acid-bitter 
(C.  subbotrytis  is  nearly  tasteless).  The  flesh  is  dry  and  fibrous 
and  softer  than  in  the  firmer,  more  brittle  and  less  fibrous  C. 
botrytis,  C.  flava  and  C.  subbotrytis. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2843.  Upland  frondose  woods,  October 
1,  1917.  (Type). 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Frondose  woods,  September  2,  1917.  Coker  and 
Burnham,  No.  103.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Color  pale  creamy  flesh,  the 

tips  more  yellow,  base  white;  flesh  color  of  the  surface.  Taste  mild, 
odor  none ;  base  pointed,  channelled.  Spores  yellowish  ochraceous, 
3.8-4. 6  X  9.3-1 1.8/x,  distinctly  rough. 


126  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Clavaria  divaricata  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  2:11.  1887. 

(Not  C.  divaricata  Karsten.  Symbolae  Myc.  Fenn.  32:  10. 
1893). 

Plates  40  and  85 

Plants  about  5-7.5  cm.  high  and  broad  (up  to  10  cm.  high  in 
the  type),  branched  at  the  ground  from  a  pointed  base,  with  a 
rather  open  and  spreading  habit,  tips  minute,  numerous,  very 
sharp  and  tending  to  divaricate;  color  pale  yellowish  flesh  below, 
shading  upwards  to  fleshy  yellow,  the  very  tips  abruptly  very  pale 
when  young,  but  becoming  concolorous  at  maturity.  Flesh  very 
fragile  and  brittle,  colored  like  the  surface;  taste  pleasant  and 
nutty ;  odor  slight. 

Spores  ochraceous  buff,  minutely  rough,  3. 7-4.4  x  9.7-1 1.5[ji. 
Basidia  (of  No.  3063)  6.2-9. 3[jl  thick;  hymenium  50-60[ji  thick; 
hyphae  much  intertwined  just  under  the  hymenium,  clamp  con¬ 
nections  possibly  present  but  difficult  to  make  out. 

The  above  description,  except  where  noted,  is  drawn  from  our 
collection  No.  15  from  Lake  George,  New  York.  The  Chapel 
Hill  collections  listed  are  very  similar  and  the  spores  alike,  but  the 
color  of  the  plants  is  not  identical. 

We  are  referring  these  to  C.  divaricata  which,  on  account  of 
the  form  and  certain  other  discrepancies  (as  the  length  of  the 
spores),  is  being  retained  as  a  species  although  it  is  probably  only 
a  form  of  C.  flava.  The  type  at  Albany  is  a  light,  brittle  plant 
with  a  strong  tendency  to  be  hollow  when  dry ;  the  tips  cartilagin¬ 
ous-looking,  the  remainder  buify  ochraceous ;  spores  slightly 
rough,  4-4.7  x  11.7-12.5[i..* 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  7,  fig.  53.  1922. 

North  Carolina :  Chapel  Hill.  No.  1250.  By  path  in  woods,  September 
23,  1914.  Plants  short,  thick,  very  coral-like,  about  4.5  cm.  high  and 
6-7  cm.  wide,  two  or  three  short  main  branches  from  a  common  base ; 
secondary  branches  short,  spreading,  numerous,  ending  in  several  small 
cusps ;  color  a  clear  light  yellow  all  over,  nearly  citron  yellow.  Flesh 
white,  rigid,  but  exceedingly  brittle  and  fragile,  taste  nutty  and  pleasant, 
exactly  as  in  C.  flava.  No.  3037.  Woods  in  lowgrounds,  pines  and 
oaks  predominating.  May  18,  1918.  Spores  4-4.5  x  9-1 U.  No.  3063. 
Strowd’s  lowgrounds,  deciduous  woods,  May  22,  1918. 

*  To  this  species  Peck  has  referred  a  little  plant  on  wood  from  Floodwood,  N.  Y. 
(Rept.  N.  \.  St.  Mus.  54;  171.  1901).  It  is  evident  from  the  dried  plant  that  this  is 

entirely  different,  and  is  probably  C.  byssiseda.  No  spores  could  be  obtained  from  it. 


’lavaria  get-atixosa,  Ng,  2413 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  127 

New  York:  Lake  George.  Coker,  No.  15.  Prospect  Trail,  under  chestnut 

in  clay  loam,  September  3,  1917.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Sand  Lake.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  type). 

Clavaria  formosa  Pers.  Icon,  et  Descr.  1:  pi.  3,  fig.  6.  1798. 
C.  densa  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  41 :  79.  1888. 

Plates  41,  42,  and  86 

A  medium  sized  to  large  (rarely  small)  plant  up  to  13  cm. 
high  by  11  cm.  broad.  The  main  branches  typically  remain  par¬ 
tially  free  from  each  other  all  the  way  to  the  ground,  being 
separated  at  the  surface  by  channels,  and  looking  like  several  par¬ 
tially  fused  plants  which  spring  from  the  same  spot.  Just  at  the 
ground  they  are  all  suddenly  pinched  together  into  the  little,  in¬ 
conspicuous  rootlet  from  which  they  arise;  branchlets  upright, 
ending  often  in  minute  cusps,  axils  rounded.  Surface  smooth  or 
distinctly  rugose  in  places ;  base  white  and  glabrous,  the  main  body 
in  youth  usually  a  creamy  flesh  color  but  often  a  clearer  pink 
(about  salmon-buff  of  Ridgway),  the  tips  distinctly  yellowish  for 
a  variable  distance,  (often  for  about  5-10  mm.,  at  times  only  ab¬ 
ruptly  at  the  apices)  ;  towards  maturity  the  color  fades  to  a  creamy 
tan  then  to  light  leather  and  finally  a  darker  ochraceous  tan  or 
leather  color,  the  tips  becoming  concolorous.  Flesh  distinctly  pink 
in  youth,  almost  white  after  maturity,  or  often  with  a  tinge  of 
flesh  color  even  in  age  after  the  surface  has  changed  color,  deli¬ 
cate  but  only  moderately  brittle,  not  breaking  with  a  clean  snap 
when  bent  at  45°,  faintly  and  pleasantly  sweetish-bitter. 

Spores  ochraceous,  usually  distinctly  roughened,  4-5.3  x  8.3- 
12.2(jl,  rarely  shorter,  the  great  majority  about  4.5-5  x  9-1  1.3[a. 
Occasionally  there  are  nearly  smooth  spores  among  the  rough  ones 
and  rarely  they  are  all  nearly  smooth.  Basidia  (of  No.  4636) 
7.4-9. 3[jl  thick,  club-shaped  and  usually  distinctly  swollen  at  distal 
end,  with  2-4  sterigmata;  hymenium  80-110(jl  thick;  threads  of 
flesh  very  irregular  and  variable,  4.4-9. 3m.  thick,  with  many  septa 
and  a  few  clamp  connections ;  minute  crystals  present. 

In  the  dried  state  this  species  and  C.  suhspinidosa,  which 
seems  nearest,  are  easily  recognized  by  the  soft  and  chalky- 
friable  flesh  wUich  is  so  brittle  and  fragile  as  scarcely  to  bear 
transportation.  In  herbaria  they  nearly  always  appear  in  a  frag- 


128  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

merited  state.  In  addition  to  this  character  C.  formosa  is  recog¬ 
nized  by  its  compound  base  appearing  like  several  plants  closely 
pressed  or  fused  together,  by  the  pinkish  body  and  yellowish  tips, 
by  the  slightly  bitterish  and  not  very  brittle  flesh,  and  by  the  thick, 
rough  spores.  Forms  of  C.  subbotrytis  with  pink  body  and  yel¬ 
lowish  tips  are  much  more  brittle  when  fresh  and  not  friable  when 
dry,  and  the  taste  and  the  spores  are  quite  different. 

In  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Paris  one  good  collec¬ 
tion  is  correctly  determined  (Desmazieres,  No.  419)  ;  others  from 
various  places  are  different.  At  Kew  Gardens  there  are  typical 
plants  of  our  C.  formosa  determined  as  C.  aurea  by  Cooke  (Here¬ 
ford,  1878).  The  pointed  base,  chalky  flesh  and  plump,  warty 
spores  distinctly  marking  them.  They  are  now  in  the  C.  flava 
fascicle,  but  are  not  referred  to  as  C.  flava  by  Cotton  and  Wake¬ 
field.  Our  plants  do  not  turn  violet  and  then  black  when  bruised, 
as  is  said  by  Cotton  and  Wakefield  to  be  the  case  with  the  plant 
which  they  interpret  as  C.  formosa. 

In  the  Albany  Herbarium  this  species  is  found  under  four  dif¬ 
ferent  names, — C.  formosa,  C.  densa,  C.  compacta  (unpublished), 
and  C.  formosa  var.  pallida  (unpublished).  The  type  of  C.  densa 
is  nearly  destroyed,  but  a  plant  from  Round  Lake,  N.  Y.,  labelled 
by  Peck  C.  densa  with  a  question  is  certainly  this.  The  spores 
of  the  type  are  rough,  4.5-5  x  8.2-9. 5fji  (our  measurements).  The 
northern  plants  seem  to  have  spores  that  average  shorter.  The 
plant  above  mentioned  labelled  C.  compacta  has  spores  4. 5-4.8  x 
7.5-8. 2[x,  rough.  We  have  one  small  plant  from  Chapel  Hill  (No. 
2688)  with  chalky  flesh  and  all  the  other  ear-marks  of  this  species 
in  which  the  spores  are  quite  short  (4-5  x  7-7.8[ji). 

This  species  is  exceptional  among  the  larger  Clavarias  in  that 
it  may  be  determined  with  certainty  from  the  type  in  Persoon’s 
herbarium.  It  is  represented  there  by  one  good  plant  which  has 
all  the  distinguishing  characteristics  in  the  dried  state  that  are 
observable  in  our  plants,  including  the  chalky  flesh  and  identical 
spores,  which  are  4-5  x  8-11[;l.  As  Persoon's  description  and  his 
good  illustration  agree  perfectly,  there  is  no  doubt  that  our  plants 
are  correctly  interpreted.  Gillet’s  illustration  shows  clearly  that 
his  opinion  is  the  same.  There  is,  however,  much  confusion  to  be 


ClaVARIA  (iKLATIXOSA.  No.  2744. 


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1: 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  129 

noticed  in  various  herbaria;  for  example,  there  is  a  plant  from 
Bresadola  at  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  labelled  C.  formosa 
that  is  not  that  but  C.  flava  or  C.  hotrytis  (spores  nearly  smooth, 
3. 7-4.4  X  7.4-8. 5[i.).  In  his  own  herbarium  Bresadola  also  has  at 
least  one  collection  of  C.  flava  or  C.  hotrytis  determined  as  C. 
formosa,  while  one  from  America  (Lloyd)  so  determined  is  like 
the  type.  In  the  Curtis  Herbarium  is  a  plant  from  Society  Hill, 
S.  C.,  (unnamed)  that  is  like  ours  here  described.  The  spores 
also  agree  and  are  4. 5 -6. 3  x  10-1 1.5  [j-.  In  the  same  herbarium  are 
plants  named  C.  formosa  from  Salem  (Schweinitz)  and  from 
Hillsboro  (Curtis).  Both  are  C.  hotrytis  as  shown  by  appear¬ 
ance  and  spores.  At  the  Kew  Herbarium  a  plant  from  Sulphur 
Springs,  N.  C.,  (Ravenel)  labelled  C.  aurea  is  C.  formosa,  as  are 
also  a  number  of  English  collections  labelled  C.  aurea. 

Illustration:  Burt,  Ann,  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  2,  fig.  9  (as  C.  dcnsa). 
1922. 

Corda.  Icon.  Fung.  3:  pi.  9,  fig.  136.  1839.  (Basidia  and  spores). 

Dufour.  Atl.  Champ.,  pi.  69,  No.  152.  1891.  (Larger  volume,  not 

pocket  edition).  Very  good,  typical. 

Gillet.  Champ.  Fr.  5:  pi.  102  (108).  Good. 

Gibson.  Edible  Toadst.,  pi.  30.  1895.  (Doubtful,  probably  C.  flava). 

Hard.  Mushr.,  fig.  391  (as  C.  spinulosa) .  1908. 

Harzer.  Abbild.  Pilze,  pi.  7b,  figs.  1-4  (as  C.  flava).  1842-45. 

Krombholz.  Icon.  Descr.,  pi.  54,  figs.  21-22.  1841. 

Lanzi.  Funghi  Mang.,  pi.  12,  fig.  4.  1902. 

Leuba.  Champ.  Comest.,  pi.  43,  figs.  1-4  (as  C.  dichotoma) .  1890. 

Marshall.  Mushr.  Book.,  pi.  opposite  p.  98  (doubtful).  1902. 

Mcllvaine.  Am.  Fung.,  pi.  139,  fig.  3  (doubtful).  1900. 

Michael.  Fiihrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  2,  No.  27.  1901. 

Persoon.  Icon.  Descr.  Fung.  1 :  pi.  3,  fig.  6.  1798. 

Richon  and  Roze.  Atl.  Champ.,  pi.  66,  figs.  1-2. 

Rolland.  Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  de  France  9:  pi.  4,  fig.  3.  1893.  Also  in 

Atlas  Champ.,  pi.  104,  No.  234.  1910.  Good. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  336.  Upland  woods,  September  22, 
1908.  Spores  4.8-5  x  10.5-1  L,  roughish.  No.  535.  On  ground  in 
Battle’s  Park,  October  9,  1912.  Spores  4.5-5.2  x  9.6-1 1/x.  No.  543. 
Woods  on  side  of  hill  in  Battle’s  Park,  Octol)er  10,  1912.  Spores  elliptic, 
minutely  but  distinctly  tuberculate,  4.5-5.3  x  9.3-1  l/x.  No.  784.  Bat¬ 
tle’s  Park,  September,  1913.  Spores  4.4-5. 2  x  10.4-12.2^.  No.  2439. 
Under  a  beech,  mixed  woods  by  creek,  September  18,  1916.  Spores  dis¬ 
tinctly  rough,  4-5  X  8.5-1 1.5/x.  No.  2634.  Upland  woods,  July  10,  1917. 


130  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


Spores  elliptic,  with  an  eccentric  mucro,  slightly  roughened,  4.8-5. 5  x 
9.7-11. 5/x,  most  about  5.2xl0.5/x.  No.  2655.  Mixed  pine  and  oak 
woods  near  Meeting  of  the  Waters,  July  13,  1917.  Spores  4-5  x  10-1  I/a. 
No.  2688.  Under  beech,  upland  woods,  July  17,  1917.  Spores  slightly 
rough,  4-5  X  7-7.8/x.  No.  2709.  Mixed  upland  woods,  July  19,  1917. 
Spores  4.5-5  x  10-1 1/x.  No.  2826.  Frondose  woods,  rocky  hillside,  Sep¬ 
tember  11,  1917.  Spores  4.8-5.2  x  9.3-1 1/x,  most  about  5  x  10.2/x.  No. 
2827.  Rocky  hillside,  frondose  woods,  September  11,  1917.  Spores 
4. 5-5.2  X  10-1 1/x.  No.  2838.  Frondose  woods  near  Brockwelhs  spring, 
September  24,  1917.  Spores  4.8-5. 5  x  9.3-12. 2/^.  No.  2844.  Upland 
woods,  October  1,  1917.  Spores  distinctly  rough  even  under  low  power, 
4.4-5  X  10-1 1/x.  No.  2849.  Upland  frondose  woods,  October  1,  1917. 
Spores  4-5  X  10-1 1.5/x.  No.  2858.  Frondose  woods,  October  1,  1917. 
Spores  minutely  rough,  4.4-4.8  x  10-11. 8/;t.  No.  2878.  Mixed  woods, 
October  6,  1917.  Spores  4.8-5. 1  x  10-1 U.  No.  2879.  Frondose  woods 
near  Meeting  of  the  Waters,  October  6,  1917.  Spores  about  4.6  x9-lU. 
No.  2903.  Mixed  woods,  south  of  athletic  field,  October  10,  1917. 
Spores  nearly  buff-yellow,  roughened,  4.4-4.8  x  9.3-1 1/x.  No.  3448.  Pine 
and  oak  woods  near  Judge’s  Spring,  August  16,  1919.  Tips  yellow, 
l)alance  pinkish  tan.  No.  4636.  Damp  soil  in  frondose  woods,  August 
16,  1920.  (Many  other  collections  from  similar  places). 

Salem.  (  Schweinitz  Herlv).  Also  Schallert,  No.  15.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Spores  5-6.5  X  9.5-1 1.5/x. 

Pink  Bed  Malley.  Murrill  and  House.  (  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herl).,  No.  363). 
Spores  rough,  4.6-5. 5  x  9.5-1 1/x. 

South  Carolina:  Society  Hill.  Curtis.  (Curtis  Herb.,  unnamed).  Other 
collections  from  Society  Hill,  S.  C.,  and  Hillsboro,  N.  C.,  labelled  C. 
formosa  are  not  this  species. 

Virginia :  Alta  Vista.  Among  rotten  bark  and  humus  on  ground  in  cool 
deep  ravine,  deciduous  woods,  July  15,  1918.  Coker.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 
Very  small  plants ;  color  pale  creamy  flesh  all  over  except  the  creamy 
yellow  tips  and  white,  distinct,  pointed  base ;  flesh  not  very  brittle,  no 
taste  or  odor  of  vegetable,  but  rather  bitterish ;  base  deeply  inserted  in 
mold;  mycelium  attached  only  at  tip  of  base;  spores  4.2- Y2  x  8.5-1 1.2/x. 

Pennsylvania:  Buck  Hill  Falls.  Mrs.  Delafield.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Fort  Ann.  Burnham,  No.  73.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Northeast 

of  Tripoli,  August  19,  1915.  Spores  rough,  4.4-5. 2  x  8.2-10. 5/x. 

Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  96.  Mixed  woods  near  Tripoli,  September  7, 
1917.  Spores  rough,  4.4-5  x9-ll/x.  B.  No.  116.  Same  place  as  No.  96, 
August  31,  1919.  (Both  in  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Sand  Lake.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.  ,  as  var.  pallida).  Spores  rough, 
4.4-5  X  8.5-9.7/x. 

Lake  George.  Coker,  No.  5.  ( U.  N.  C.  Herl).).  In  cliestnut  leaves,  Sep- 

teml)er  3,  1917.  Spores  broadly  elliptic,  rough,  ochraceous,  4.8-5. 2  x 
9.3-1 1/x. 

Gansevoort  and  Adirondack  Mountains.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.).  These 
also  have  the  base  and  general  look  of  the  Chapel  Hill  plants.  Spores 
rough,  elliptic,  5-5.7  x  9.5-1 1.5/x. 


0 


PLATE  50 


Clavaria  gelatinosa.  No.  2677,  fig.  I, 

Clavaria  similis  Bond,  and  Pat.,  from 'Holland,  fig.  2 
Clavaria  decurrexs  var  australis.  No.  3279,  fig.  3. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  131 

West  Park.  Earle.  (N.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  Spores  rough,  broadly 
elliptic,  4.4-5.9  x  8.2-10/t. 

Horicon.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Alcove.  Shear.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  densa,  No.  118  of  N.  Y. 
Fungi).  Spores  3. 5-4.4  X  8-9/x. 

Connecticut:  Redding.  Coker.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Canada:  Ontario.  Dearness.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  rough,  4-5.3  x 
9.3-12.2|U,.  Basidia  8-9.3/x  thick,  2-4-spored. 

Clavaria  conjunctipes  n.  sp. 

Plates  43  and  91 

Cespitose  in  gregarious  clusters  and  arising  in  crowded 
clumps  and  rows  from  deep  in  the  mold;  up  to  7  cm.  high,  their 
bases  very  slender,  string-like,  crowded  and  attached  to  ropy 
white  strands  which  have  branched  to  form  them  and  which  dif¬ 
fuse  into  the  mold;  bases  of  each  clump  touching  but  not  fused, 
white  where  protected,  branched  several  times  upward,  mostly 
dichotomously,  with  acute  angles,  into  rather  few  branches  which 
when  young  and  very  fresh  are  a  beautiful  saffron  (yellow-sal¬ 
mon),  the  tips  rather  abruptly  a  delicate  lemon  yellow;  after  ma¬ 
turity  the  color  fading  to  cinnamon-buff  throughout  except  for  the 
white  base;  surface  smooth  and  even  or  varying  to  pitted  and 
rugose  (as  in  No.  5768).  Flesh  concolorous,  flexible  and  firm, 
cracking  only  when  bent  on  self ;  tasteless  and  odorless. 

Spores  short-elliptic,  smooth  (to  very  minutely  rough?),  pale 
yellow  in  a  light  print  and  under  the  microscope,  4-4.5  x  7.4-8. 5 p.. 

A  remarkable  plant,  with  its  crowded,  slender  stems  arising 
from  deeply  seated  bases.  The  stems  are  only  1.5-2. 5  mm.  thick 
at  the  surface,  not  at  all  or  scarcely  thicker  than  the  branches,  and 
taper  downward  to  slender  strands.  They  may  or  may  not  branch 
below  ground  as  well  as  above  it. 

The  species  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  all  Clavarias,  the 
colors  approaching  very  near  to  those  of  the  most  perfect  plants  of 
C.  formosa.  It  is  easily  different  from  anything  else  we  have 
seen,  being  separated  from  C.  formosa  by  the  quite  different  spores, 
much  more  slender  and  usually  more  numerous  stems  of  a  cluster, 
toughish  texture,  and  very  different  behavior  in  drying,  the 
plants  then  becoming  shrunken  and  wrinkled  with  the  flesh  not  at 
all  chalky  or  friable.  The  slender,  crowded,  deeply  rooting  stems 


132  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

separate  the  species  from  all  colored  Clavarias.  The  form  and 
habit  is  most  like  that  of  C.  cineroides  and  C.  subcaespitosa. 

North  Carolina:  Linville  Falls.  Coker  and  party,  No.  5732.  On  rich  ground 
in  deciduous  woods,  August  24,  1922.  (Type).  No.  5734.  Same  lo¬ 
cality  and  date  as  above.  Plants  fully  mature ;  color  cinnamon-buff. 
Spores  somewhat  flattened  on  one  side,  wall  rather  thick,  4.2-4.8  x 
6.S-S.6fx.  No.  5768.  Same  locality  and  date  as  above.  Surface  wrinkled 
and  pitted.  Spores  oblong,  4-4.8  x  6.5-8/x. 

Tennessee:  Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  tetragona,  and  U.  N. 
C.  Herb.).  Spores  smooth,  elliptic,  4.8-5  x7-8/x. 

Connecticut :  Redding.  Coker,  No.  36.  Hemlock  and  frondose  woods. 
September  7,  1919.  Spores  3.8-5  x  7.4-10/x. 

Clavaria  conjunctipes  var.  odora  n.  var. 

Plates  53  and  86 

Plants  6-7  cm.  high  in  this  case  with  distinct  long  stalks  2.5-4 
cm.  long,  with  tapering  bases,  main  branches  few,  smooth,  branch¬ 
ing  two  or  three  times  and  ending  in  several  small  cusps;  color 
light  pinkish  cream  in  the  central  region,  the  tips  a  light  clear  yel¬ 
low  in  young  plants,  the  stem  pure  white  or  nearly  so.  Flesh 
only  moderately  brittle,  watery  white  with  pale  pinkish  tint  except 
in  stem ;  taste  mild,  not  bitter,  slightly  fungoid ;  odor  faintly  fra¬ 
grant,  medicinal,  something  like  an  old  mowing  machine  (rancid 
oil?)  but  more  aromatic  (lost  in  drying). 

Spores  pale  under  a  microscope  (too  few  to  make  a  print), 
smooth,  short-ovate  with  an  eccentric  or  lateral  mucro  at  the 
larger  end,  4.4-4.8  x  5.5-6.3[x. 

In  this  collection  (No.  2595)  there  were  two  distinct  plants 
which  were  grown  together  in  the  middle  region.  The  plant  is 
remarkable  in  its  clear  color,  pure  light  yellow  above,  clear  creamy 
pink  in  middle  region,  pure  white  below.  The  flesh  is  colored 
like  the  surface  except  at  the  tips  where  it  is  not  so  yellow  as  the 
surface.  In  drying  the  plant  shrinks  greatly  and  becomes  car¬ 
tilaginous-looking  and  not  friable  or  very  brittle.  The  variety 
differs  from  the  type  in  the  thicker  and  less  crowded  stems  and 
in  the  odor. 

North  Carolina :  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2595.  Earth  in  mixed  woods.  Battlers 
Park,  July  5,  1917.  (Type). 


PLAI'I'.  51 


Clavakia  rufesckxs.  No.  2845 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  133 

Clavaria  subspinulosa  n.  sp. 

Plates  44,  45,  and  86 

Plants  6-10.5  cm.  high,  3.5-7  cm.  broad,  stem  distinct,  usually 
not  smooth  but  roughly  felted,  rather  stout,  about  2  cm.  long  and 
1-2  cm.  thick  in  middle,  more  or  less  grooved  by  descending  ridges 
from  the  main  branches,  tapering  downward,  the  base  rounded  or 
moderately  pointed,  scarcely  or  shallowly  inserted,  connected  to 
the  humus  with  fibrous  strands  like  small  rootlets;  main  branches 
few  and  short,  their  angles  open  and  rounded,  or  rather  closely 
or  even  densely  packed,  several  times  rebranched  and  finally 
terminating  in  a  cluster  of  slender,  delicate  tips;  often  longitudi¬ 
nally  rugose-wrinkled  in  the  upper  half ;  frequently  several  plants 
are  partly  fused  at  the  base  as  in  C.  forrnosa,  but  never  in  the 
dense  clumps  often  found  in  the  latter;  color  when  young  a  pale, 
lavender-pink  above,  shading  downward  through  light  cinnamon 
to  the  cinnamon-brown  to  sa3^al  brown  stem ;  or  the  stem  may  be 
at  times  a  paler  cinnamon-buff,  not  pure  white  at  base  even  in  the 
paler  forms;  at  maturity  the  upper  part  of  the  plant  darkens  to 
pinkish  cinnamon,  a  brownish  pink-cinnamon  (between  ochraceous 
salmon  and  light  ochraceous  buff  of  Ridgway),  the  angles  deeper 
colored  from  the  spores  (the  lavender-pink  color  is  quite  obvious 
at  the  tips  in  youth  but  is  scarcely  noticeable  at  maturity)  ;  in  age 
the  color  becomes  a  darker  fleshy  brown.  Flesh  opaque,  colored 
like  the  surface  when  fresh  and  damp,  whitish  when  less  damp, 
moderately  brittle,  taste  decidedly  acid-bitterish,  odor  faintly 
musty  like  rotten  wood;  when  dried  the  flesh  is  chalky  and  friable 
as  in  C.  forrnosa;  hyphae  of  flesh  not  parallel,  much  branched, 
4-8[i.  thick. 

Spores  (of  No.  2664)  elliptic,  nearly  smooth.  4-5  x  9-10.5[jt-. 
Basidia  7-8.3[jt.  with  4  sterigmata;  hymenium  about  90\j.  thick,  mul¬ 
tiple,  containing  many  embedded  spores. 

Not  rare  in  pine  or  mixed  or  deciduous  woods  in  July  and 
August. 

This  species  is  nearest  C.  forrnosa  from  which  it  is  easily  dis¬ 
tinguished  by  the  lavender-pink  tips  in  youth,  the  scurfy-felted, 
cinnamon  colored  and  less  pointed  stem  and  by  the  smoother  and 
somewhat  shorter  spores.  In  youth  the  color  above  the  base  is 
much  lighter  than  in  C.  foruwsa,  which  is  a  clear  pink  with  the 
tips  often  yellowish,  the  white  base  contrasting  strongly,  while  in 


134  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

C.  subspinulosa  the  upper  part  in  youth  is  whitish  pink,  with  a  tint 
of  lavender  or  heliotrope  with  concolorous  tips,  the  deeper  colored 
cinnamon  base  contrasting  strongly. 

A  plant  at  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  from  Italy  de¬ 
termined  by  Bresadola  as  C.  spimtlosa  Pers.  (Obs.  Myc.  2 :  59,  pi. 
3,  fig.  1.  1796)  is  somewhat  like  our  plants  and  has  similar  spores. 
There  is  also  a  collection  from  Blowing  Rock,  N.  C.,  at  Ithaca, 
determined  by  Bresadola  as  C.  spimtlosa  which  is  like  our  plants 
and  has  spores  which  are  identical,  4.8-5  x  9.3-1  Ijj..  Another 
plant  from  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  (Kauffman)  in  the  Bresadola  Her¬ 
barium,  determined  by  the  latter  as  C.  spimilosa,  is  the  same ;  spores 
short-elliptic,  with  bent  mucro,  rough,  4.2-5  x  8.5-1 1.2[ji..  Two 
other  collections  from  Italy  in  his  herbarium  so  determined  have 
similar  spores,  and  from  the  looks  of  the  plants  may  easily  be  the 
same.  Bresadola  is  not  consistent,  however,  in  his  determinations, 
as  he  has  quite  a  different  plant  so  labelled  which  looks  very  like 
our  C.  sccimda  or  C.  obtiisissima.  Another  collection  in  his  her¬ 
barium  from  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  (Fitzpatrick)  labelled  C.  spimilosa 
with  a  question  is  a  slender  form  of  C.  strict  a.  Bresadola  has 
kindly  reported  on  a  typical  plant  of  our  species  sent  by  us  and  says, 
'‘according  to  the  dried  specimen  and  spores  seems  indeed  C. 
spimilosa,  but  the  diagnosis  does  not  agree.”  We  do  not  see  how 
our  plants  can  be  the  real  C.  spimilosa  of  Persoon,  as  the  stem  is 
not  at  all  like  Persoon’s  figure,  nor  have  the  tips  the  peculiar  in¬ 
equality  he  emphasizes  in  his  species.  The  species  is  not  repre¬ 
sented  in  his  herbarium.  It  is  possible  that  C.  spinulosa  is  really 
C.  fcnnica.  A  fragmentary  collection  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium 
from  Schweinitz  labelled  C.  spimilosa  has  hard  flesh  and  is  not 
this.  The  plant  referred  to  C.  pallida  by  Maire  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc. 
Fr.  27 :  451.  1911)  has  lilac  tips  in  youth,  similar  spores,  apparent¬ 
ly,  and  grows  in  pine  woods,  but  the  figures  referred  to  by  Maire 
as  representing  it  are  very  unlike  our  plant. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2390.  On  earth  among  pine  needles, 
July  18,  1916.  Spores  light  ochraceous,  elliptic  with  a  bent  end, 
4.5-5  X  9-10. 5/x.  No.  2631.  Mixed  upland  woods,  July  10,  1917.  No. 
2635.  Upland  woods,  July  10,  1917.  Spores  3.8-5  x  7A-I0fx.  No. 
2649.  Low  damp  woods,  July  11,  1917.  Spores  3.8-4.8  x  7.5-1 1/x.  No. 
2653.  Mixed  pine  and  oak  woods,  July  12,  1917.  Taste  mildly  bitter¬ 
ish  ;  stem  usually  rather  long,  often  several  more  or  less  fused  together 
or  the  stems  nearly  separate.  Spores  4.6-5.6  x  7.5-10.8/x,  mostly  about 


.AVAKiA  VKkNA,  No.  3()5a  |  lai'f’cst  and  smallest  1  ;  No.  306(S  |  medium  plant 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  135 

4.8  X  9.3/x.  No.  2664.  Mixed  pine  and  oak  woods  by  Battle’s  Branch, 
July  13,  1917.  (Type).  No.  2689.  Mixed  upland  woods,  July  17, 
1917.  Spores  slightly  roughened  3. 7-4.8  X  8.9-12.2/x.  No.  2722.  Mixed 
upland  woods,  July  18,  1917.  No.  2724.  Low  mixed  woods,  July  13, 
1917.  Largest  plant  with  lavender  very  conspicuous  in  upper  part  of 
stem.  Spores  4.4-5.4  x  8-9.5/x,  nearly  smooth.  No.  2727.  Mixed  up¬ 
land  woods,  July  20,  1917.  Spores  deep  ochraceous.  No.  2856.  Grow¬ 
ing  from  under  a  rotting  oak  log  south  of  campus,  October  2,  1917. 
Compared  fresh  with  C.  formosa.  The  difference  in  color  was  marked, 
especially  in  the  cinnamon  stem.  Spores  4.4-4.9  x  8.5-9. 5/x.  No.  3151. 
Mixed  deciduous  and  pine  woods  near  Meeting  of  the  Waters,  August 
9,  1918.  No.  3444.  In  deciduous  woods  (no  conifers  near),  August 
17,  1919.  No.  3470.  In  mixed  pine  and  deciduous  woods,  August  16, 
1919.  Tips  of  plants  nearly  mature  still  retain  a  little  lilac.  No.  4635. 
In  mixed  woods  near  Meeting  of  the  Waters,  August  6,  1920. 

Blowing  Rock.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.,  as  C.  spinulosa) . 

Linville  Falls.  Coker  and  party,  No.  5752.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

South  Carolina:  Society  Hill.  (Curtis  Herb.,  unnamed  but  in  the  C.  aurea 
fascicle) . 

Virginia:  Mountain  Lake.  Murrill,  No.  421.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Spores  nearly  smooth,  4.8-5. 5  x  9.5-1 1/x,  rarely  up  to  6.4  x  12.5|ii. 

Clavaria  fennica  Karst.  Nat.  Sallsk  Faun,  et  Flora  Fenn.  9: 
372.  1868.  (Not  C.  fcnnica  Karst.  Bidr.  Finl.  Nat.  Folk 
48:  47.  1889. =C.  decolorans  Karst.  Symbolae  ad  Myc. 
Fenn. 32:  10.  1893). 

?C.  rufo-violacea  Barla.  Champ.  Nice,  p.  87,  pi.  41,  figs.  3-13. 
1859. 

C.  fumigata  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  31 :  38.  1879. 

Ramaria  versatilis  Quel,  in  Assoc.  Fr.  Av.  Sci.  Compte  Rendu 
22,  pt.  2:489.  fl893]  1894. 

C.  versatilis  (Quel.)  Bourd.  and  Galzin.  Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr. 
26:  214.  1910. 

Clavariclla  z'ersatilis  (Quel.)  Maire.  Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  30: 
218,  pi.  9,  figs.  1,  lb.  Is.  1914. 

Plates  46,  47,  and  86 

Plants  from  5  to  10  cm.  high;  main  branches  few,  not  chan¬ 
nelled,  branching  repeatedly  into  many  small,  strongly  ascending 
branchlets  which  end  in  several  cusps.  Flesh  toughish,  not  fragile, 
chalky  white  or  watery  (but  see  No.  921  below)  ;  taste  slightly 
acrid  at  first,  then  mild.  Stem  usually  obvious  and  rather  mas¬ 
sive,  often  bulbous,  from  2.5-5  cm.  in  diameter,  pale  or  clear  lilac. 


136  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

except  at  base,  turning  whitish  on  drying,  rounded  below  and 
rooting  only  by  fibers ;  branches  usually  a  pretty,  rather  light  lilac 
when  young,  soon  becoming  a  smoky  gray  or  smoky  cinnamon, 
the  lilac  tinge  slowly  disappearing  except  on  the  stem. 

Spores  (of  No.  486)  cinnamon-buff,  slightly  rough,  oblong 
with  lateral  mucro  at  one  end,  one  oil  drop,  3.7-4.4  x  9.8-1  l[x. 
Basidia  (of  No.  620)  7-8.4[jl  thick,  4-spored;  hymenium  90-100[jl 
thick;  hyphae  3-8[jl  thick,  much  intertwined,  with  a  few  septa  and 
no  visible  clamp  connections. 

Our  plants  agree  well  with  C.  fennica  as  described  by  Karsten 
and  as  understood  by  Bresadola  (  Fungi  Tridentini,  p.  24,  pi.  28) 
except  that  the  tips  of  the  branches  in  our  plant  are  not  yellow  and 
the  spores  are  narrower.  The  main  distinguishing  features  of  the 
species  are  the  distinct  lilac  colored  stem  and  the  smoky  body.  We 
find  it  rather  plentiful  in  upland  deciduous  woods.  We  have  ex¬ 
amined  Peck’s  plants  of  C.  fumigata  and  find  them  the  same. 
The  spores  of  the  type  are  elliptic,  finely  rough,  3.7-4. 4  x  7.7-9. 3[t. 

We  can  see  no  difference  of  consequence  between  the  present 
species  and  Clavaria  versatilis.  Maire  gives  the  spores  of  the 
latter  as  yellowish,  rough,  3-4  x  9-10.5[j..  Clavaria  Bataillei 
Maire  (Ann.  Myc.  11:  351,  pi.  18.  1913)  is  evidently  related  but 
the  differences  are  sufficient  to  separate  it.  It  should  be  looked 
for  in  coniferous  woods  in  our  mountains.  Compare  also  C. 
cedretorum  Maire  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  30:  217,  pk  9,  figs.  2,  3. 
1914)  which  may  not  be  different. 

Illustrations:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  2,  fig.  10  (as  C.  fumi- 
gata).  1922. 

Maire.  As  cited  above. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  486.  Woods  east  of  school  house, 
October  3,  1912.  No.  619.  On  side  of  hill  near  a  rotting  log,  October 
24,  1912.  No.  620.  Woods  near  Judge  Brockwell’s  house,  October  24, 
1912.  No.  779.  In  woods  by  path,  September  17,  1913.  In  this  beau¬ 
tiful  specimen  not  only  was  the  base  a  clear  and  strong  lilac,  but  the 
upper  part  was  also  tinted  clearly  with  smoke-gray  lilac.  Spores  cin¬ 
namon-buff  (Ridgway),  long,  elliptic,  3.7  x  8.3-9.2fi.  No.  806.  Bat¬ 
tle’s  Park,  September,  1913.  Spores  3.7-5.5  x  8.3-1 1.1/x.  No.  921.  In 
thick  woods,  October  15,  1913.  Color  of  plant  when  young  a  pretty 
lilac  all  over  except  the  very  base,  which  is  white.  This  plant  showed 
the  remarkable  peculiarity  of  the  flesh  turning  flesh  color  when  flrmly 
mashed  and  then,  after  some  time,  becoming  rosy  red.  Spores  4-4.8  x 
10-1 U.  No.  1282.  On  rocky  hillside,  mixed  woods  in  pasture,  Sep- 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  137 


tember  29,  1914.  Plant  clear  uniform  lilac  all  over,  except  white  at 
very  base.  Spores  4.2-5. 5  x  7.6-1 1.9/x.  No.  2857.  In  rocky  upland 
frondose  woods,  October  1,  1917. 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party,  Nos.  5511,  5524,  5550.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Ticonderoga,  Selkirk,  Sand  Lake,  etc.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb., 
as  C.  fumigata).  There  are  several  other  collections  in  paper  folders  at 
Albany.  Peck  gave  some  of  these  the  provisional  name  of  C.  lilacinipes, 
but  never  published  it. 

Lake  George.  Coker,  No.  21.  September  3,  1917.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Spores  elliptic,  rough,  3. 7-4.4  x  9.3-1  U. 

Ithaca.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.). 

Connecticut:  Redding.  Earle.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Massachusetts:  Newtonsville.  Miss  Allen.  (Albany  Herb.).  This  is 
typical,  the  lilac-purple  color  can  still  be  easily  seen  in  the  lower 
branches  and  stem. 


Clavaria  gelatinosa  sp.  nov. 

Plates  48-50,  and  86 

A  strongly  tufted,  spreading  and  heavy  plant  with  much  the 
habit  of  C.  botrytis,  but  not  rooting  and  more  massive  at  the  base 
and  far  less  fragile;  clusters  about  7-12  cm.  high  and  5-14  cm. 
broad,  no  distinct  stem,  the  numerous  crowded  and  conjoined 
branches  arising  from  an  amorphous,  pallid  (creamy  white)  base, 
which  soon  loses  itself  in  the  hbrous  mycelium  and  is  not  rooting : 
branches  very  numerous  and  crowded,  forming  a  dense  mass  and 
repeatedly  rebranching  to 'end  finally  in  several  pointed  cusps. 
The  massive  base  is  nearly  always  furnished  with  small,  undevel¬ 
oped  branches  which  remain  whitish.  Color  when  very  young 
pale  creamy  white,  passing  through  creamy  to  creamy  flesh  then 
deep  flesh  color  (a  brownish  cinnamon-flesh  color,  about  buff-pink 
of  Ridgway)  and  then  darker,  fleshy  brown  in  age;  the  tips  as 
light  as  or  lighter  than  the  branches  at  all  ages.  The  flesh  colors 
appear  first  in  the  middle  region,  the  base  remaining  creamy  white. 
Flesh  remarkable,  gelatinous,  transparent,  toughish,  elastic;  taste 
distinctly  acid,  then  bitterish  and  like  tobacco;  odor  very  slight 
when  fresh  but  somewhat  fruity  when  dry  and  to  us  distinctly 
like  tobacco. 

Spores  (of  No.  2413)  4.4-5  x  7.5 -9p-,  most  about  4.6  x  8a, 
elliptic,  marked  with  numerous  small  warts  under  high  power,  a 
large,  blunt,  eccentric  mucro,  buff-yellow  (Ridgw.)  when  seen  at 
an  angle  across  the  paper,  ochraceous  buff  (Ridgw.)  in  face  view, 
almost  exactly  the  color  of  those  of  C.  botrytis;  they  are  of  a  dif- 


138  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

ferent  color  from  the  hymenium,  a  fact  that  can  be  easily  seen 
where  the  spores  gather  in  the  angle  of  the  branches.  Basidia 
4-spored,  8-1  If;,  thick,  projecting  about  ISf;.  beyond  the  surface; 
sterigmata  about  7\^  long,  straight. 

The  structure  of  the  flesh  is  the  most  peculiar  character  of  the 
plant.  With  the  exception  of  a  thin  surface  layer  it  is  from  base 
to  very  top,  and  at  all  ages  (except  extreme  youth),  a  clear,  trans¬ 
parent,  but  cohesive  and  toughish  jelly,  with  almost  exactly  the 
appearance  and  texture  of  table  gelatine.  It  is  composed  of 
slender,  little  branched  threads  about  2-4. Sy.  thick,  which  run 
openly  through  the  transparent  jelly  (fig.  10).  This  peculiar 
quality  of  the  flesh  can  be  detected  without  cutting  by  the  soft  but 
elastic  feel  of  the  plant.  The  color  of  the  flesh  is  the  same  as  the 
surface  at  all  points.  In  very  dry  weather  the  flesh  loses  its 
peculiar  appearance  in  part  but  a  longitudinal  section  of  the  base 
will  always  show  some  transparency.  As  a  result  of  its  texture 
the  plant  dries  out  very  slowly,  taking  several  times  as  long  as  any 
other  species. 

There  seems  to  be  no  reference  to  gelatinous  flesh  in  the  de¬ 
scription  of  any  Clavaria,  but  we  have  noticed  a  slight  tendency  in 
this  direction  in  C.  botrytis,  as  indicated  by  a  mottled  transparency 
in  the  flesh  of  the  stem  and  larger  branches. 

This  species  seems  nearest  C.  forniosa,  and  in  dry  weather, 
when  the  flesh  has  largely  lost  its  peculiar  transparency,  certain 
forms  of  the  two  might  easily  be  confused  from  the  somewhat 
similar  color  and  form ;  but  the  spores,  while  of  about  the  same  sur¬ 
face  and  width,  are  distinctly  shorter  than  those  of  C.  formosa. 
In  the  dry  state  C.  gclatinosa  is  darker  and  much  harder  than  C. 
formosa  and  there  is  at  times  present  in  the  flesh,  especially  to¬ 
wards  the  base,  a  central  core  or  plate  of  very  hard,  black  tissue 
like  horn.  This  tissue  is  formed  from  the  gelatinous  flesh 
and  its  formation  is  probably  dependent  on  the  rapidity  of  dry¬ 
ing.  It  is  usually  seen  in  the  stem  as  thin  plates  here  and  there. 
Mature  plants  of  C.  suhspimtlosa  are  about  the  same  color,  but 
that  species  is  very  different  in  other  ways. 

This  is  the  plant  that  Schweinitz  referred  to  C.  grisea  Pers.  as 
is  shown  by  a  collection  in  his  herbarium  with  identical  appearance 
and  spores  and  with  the  horny,  black  internal  tissue  unusually 


rc 


ClAVAKIA  AUKEA  VAR.  AUSTRALIS.  No.  2913  lleft]. 
ClAVARIA  CONJUNCTIPES  VAR.  ODORA.  No.  2595  fright 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  139 


developed.  There  is  also  a  bit  of  this  from  Schweinitz  in  the 
Curtis  Herbarium  which  shows  the  same  spores.  In  the  same 
herbarium  is  a  good  plant  from  Hillsboro,  N.  C.,  without  specific 
name,  but  pinned  on  the  same  sheet  with  C.  aitrea.  It  looks  much 
like  C.  gelatinosa  with  the  same  dark,  rather  olive  tint.  The 
spores  are  a  little  larger  and  hardly  so  rough  as  in  our  plants, 
3.7-4.8  X  8-1  l[i..  Cotton  has  shown  (confirmed  by  us)  that  Per- 
soon's  type  plants  of  C.  grisca  are  C.  cinerea  (Trans.  Brit.  Myc. 
Soc.  3  :  184.  1909)  as  Persoon  himself  stated  in  1822.  It  is  pos¬ 
sible  that  our  plant  exists  in  Europe  and  is  the  one  that  Fries 
erroneously  interpreted  as  C.  grisca. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2413.  Upland  deciduous  woods, 
July  22,  1916.  (Type).  No.  2677.  Low  damp  woods,  July  16,  1917. 
No.  2700.  Low  damp  woods,  July  16,  1917.  A  young  plant;  tips  pale, 
flesh  just  becoming  gelatinous.  No.  2715.  Mixed  upland  woods,  July 
19,  1917.  No.  2744.  Mixed  upland  woods,  July  21,  1917.  No.  2807. 
On  hillside  in  woods,  July  29,  1917.  No.  2861.  Mixed  pine  and  fron- 
dose  woods,  October  4,  1917.  Spores  distinctly  rough,  4.4-4.8  x  8-9.8/^. 
No.  2880.  Pine  and  dogwood  back  of  athletic  field,  October  6,  1917. 
Spores  4.4-4.8  X  7.7-9.2/x.  No.  2915.  Mixed  woods  south  of  athletic 
field,  October  18,  1917.  No.  3436.  Deciduous  woods,  August  16,  1919. 
No.  3477.  Mixed  woods  near  Meeting  of  the  Waters,  August  22,  1919. 
No.  4397.  Damp  woods  by  north  branch  of  Meeting  of  the  Waters, 
July  14,  1920. 


Clavaria  rufescens  Schaeff.  Fung.  Bavar.,  pi.  288.  1770. 

C.  holoriihella  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6:  57.  1908. 

Plates  51  and  86 

Plants  of  medium  to  large  size,  up  to  15  cm.  high  and  12  cm. 
broad,  usually  about  8-10.5  cm.  high  and  same  breadth;  stem  dis¬ 
tinct,  usually  stout,  short,  glabrous,  whitish,  then  tan  or  leather 
color,  and  often  stained  with  deep,  dull  vinaceous  rose  color ; 
branches  delicate,  very  numerous  and  loosely  crowded,  spreading 
on  the  sides,  terete  or  channelled,  quite  rugose,  or  at  times  not  at 
all  so,  branching  irregularly  and  ending  in  short,  bluntish  cusps; 
color  light  tan  when  fresh,  the  tips  concolorous  when  very  young 
but  soon  becoming*  pale  rosy  vinaceous  then  darker  vinaceous  and 
finally  deep  dull  brick-brown.  Flesh  white  or  often  stained 
vinaceous  rose  below  when  the  surface  is  so  stained;  when  quite 
fresh  moderately  brittle,  but  soon  pliable;  taste  bitterish  or  slightly 
acid  or  at  times  scarcely  any,  not  krauty ;  odor  none,  or  very  slight. 


1-10  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


Spores  (of  No.  2845)  about  cinnamon-buff  (Ridgway),  rod- 
elliptic,  with  a  curved  tip,  characteristically  marked  with  longi¬ 
tudinal  striations,  3. 3-3. 8  x  11-13[jl.  Basidia  (of  No.  2862)  7.4-8[jl 
thick,  4-spored;  hymenium  55-65[;.  thick;  hyphae  3-8[x  thick,  clamp 
connections  present. 

Common  in  upland  woods.  Easily  distinguished  from  C. 
hotrytis  by  the  wine  colored  instead  of  rose-pink  tips,  which  grow 
deeper  in  age  instead  of  lighter  as  in  the  latter  species ;  also  by  the 
different  taste,  less  firm  and  brittle  flesh,  and  different  spores. 
The  striate  spores  separate  it  from  all  other  species.  Clavaria 
ohtusissima  has  spores  of  like  shape,  but  without  the  striations, 
and  the  plant  has  stouter  branches  without  wine  colored  tips. 
A  peculiarity  of  the  plant  is  the  spotted  appearance  that  almost 
always  results  from  the  gnawing  of  grubs  as  maturity  is  passed. 
Another  is  the  open  way  in  which  the  branches  dry.  The  species 
has  been  much  confused  with  C.  hotrytis,  which  see  for  discussion. 
Migula's  figure  referred  to  below  shows  by  the  striate  spores  that 
he  confused  this  species  with  C.  formosa.  Compare  also  C,  pallida 
as  interpreted  by  Maire  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  27:  451.  1911).  The 
variety  frond osarum  Bres.  of  C.  rnfescens  (in  Schulzer,  Hed- 
wigia  24:  148.  1885)  is  said  to  differ  from  the  species  in  the  tips 
not  being  red  and  in  the  white  stem.  It  may  not  belong  to  this 
species.  Quelet’s  interpretation  of  the  species  seems  to  be  the 
same  as  ours.  He  speaks  of  the  purplish  tips,  and  the  spores  also 
agree.  Clavaria  holornhella  is  not  to  be  distinguished  from  this 
species  by  the  description  and  the  spores  are  identical.  We  find 
them  (in  the  type  at  Ithaca)  striate,  3.7-5  x  10.5-13. 3[jl. 

Illustrations :  Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Siidb.,  Clavariei,  fig.  16.  Probably 
true,  but  not  good. 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  2,  fig.  6  (as  C.  holornhella) .  1922. 

Istvanffi.  Icon.  Fung.,  pi.  63,  fig.  3.  1900. 

Migula  in  Thome.  Krypt.-Fl.  Deutsch.  3,  2,  1:  pi.  24  (as  C.  formosa). 
1912. 

Saccardo.  Mycol.  Venetae,  pi.  8,  figs.  9-10.  1873. 

Schaeffer.  As  cited  above. 

Sterbeeck.  Theatr.  Fung.,  pi.  11,  figs.  A-B.  1675. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  531.  Woods  northeast  of  school  house, 
October  8,  1912.  Spores  yellow-ochraceous,  long,  rod-shaped,  smooth, 
3-3.7  X  10.2-12/x.  No.  563.  By  path  to  Meeting  of  the  Waters,  Oc¬ 
tober  15,  1912.  Spores  3-4.3  x  11-13/x,,  most  about  3.5x11.5/^.  No. 


PT.ATE  54 


ClAVARIA  AUREA  VAR.  AUSTRALIS.  No.  2912 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  141 

2845.  In  rocky,  upland,  frondose  woods,  October  1,  1917.  No.  2862. 
Pine  and  frondose  woods  (mixed),  October  4,  1917.  Spores  3. 7-4 .4  x 
ll-13.5ju-.  No.  2868.  Mixed  woods,  October  5,  1917.  Just  as  in  No. 
2845  except  base  not  so  thick  and  tapering  downward.  No.  2877.  In 
mixed  woods,  October  6,  1917.  Tips  a  pretty  light  wine  color.  No. 
2884.  Pine,  oaks  and  a  little  underbrush,  quite  rocky,  October  6,  1917. 
Tips  light  wine  color  even  though  the  plant  was  very  fresh ;  quite  rugose 
upward.  Spores  cinnamon-buff  (exactly  color  of  those  of  C.  fo-rmosa), 
quite  smooth,  3.7-4  x  11-12. 2/x.  No.  2887.  Oaks,  pines,  cedars  and 
much  underbrush,  October  6,  1917.  Very  large  plants.  No.  2901. 
Pines,  oaks  and  some  underbrush,  October  8,  1917. 

Linville  Falls.  Coker  and  party,  No.  5722.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Taste 

quite  bitter.  Spores  4-4.8  x  9.3-12/x. 

Clavaria  xanthosperma  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  94:  21.  1905. 

Plate  86 

We  have  not  seen  this  in  the  fresh  state,  but  from  the  descrip¬ 
tion  and  the  dried  plants  we  take  it  to  be  a  good  species.  The  type 
consists  of  two  plants,  clear,  pale  ochraceous,  3.2-5  cm.  high,  and 
3. 8-4.4  cm.  broad,  bases  pointed  abruptly  below,  tips  numerous; 
brittle,  not  friable;  a  few  distinct  red  stains  on  the  short  stems. 
Spores  nearly  smooth,  3. 8-4. 8  x  12. 2-15. 5p..  The  original  de¬ 
scription  follows: 

“Stem  very  short,  firm,  solid,  divided  into  numerous  branches, 
white,  sometimes  becoming  red  where  wounded,  ultimate  branches 
short,  blunt  or  obtusely  dentate  at  the  apex,  the  axils  rounded, 
the  whole  plant  white,  becoming  yellowish  or  cream-colored  with 
age;  spores  pale  yellow,  oblong,  12.7-15.2  x  4-5p-,  slightly  and 
obliquely  pointed  at  one  end. 

“It  forms  tufts  about  2  inches  high.” 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9;  pi.  3,  fig.  15.  1922. 

New  York:  Smithtowii.  Woods,  August.  (Albany  Herb.,  type). 


Clavaria  verna  n.  sp. 

Plates  52  and  86 

Plant  up  to  10  cm.  high  and  9  cm.  wide,  base  distinct  and 
plump,  pointed  below,  white,  all  above  base  a  pale  fleshy  tan,  the 
tips  concolorous.  Branches  open  and  lax,  the  angles  broad  and 
rounded,  surface  a  little  rugose  towards  the  tips.  Flesh  lax  and 


142  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


soft,  but  not  very  brittle,  not  crisp  and  not  snapping,  but  tearing; 
nearly  odorless  and  tasteless,  mostly  white,  old  bruised  places  are 
ochraceous  at  any  point  of  plant.  Stem  not  very  spongy,  and  tips 
not  wine  color. 

Spores  (of  No.  3039)  light  fleshy  tan,  elliptic,  nearly  smooth, 
small,  3-3.3  X  6.6-7.4[ji.  Basidia  4.8-6. 6[jt.  thick,  4-spored;  hy- 
menium  S0-60[jl  thick ;  hyphae  about  4.4[j.  thick. 

This  was  the  first  Clavaria  to  appear  in  the  spring  of  1918. 
It  seems  nearest  C.  riifescens.  It  is  not  in  the  botrytis  group, 
nor  is  it  like  C.  ohtusissima,  C.  cacao,  etc.  The  pale,  uniform 
color,  lax  and  open  growth,  soft  but  not  brittle  or  crisp  flesh, 
lack  of  taste  and  odor  and  the  distinctly  small,  nearly  smooth 
spores  separate  this  species  from  all  others. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  3039.  Upland  woods,  with  mostly 
deciduous  trees,  May  18,  1918.  (Type).  No.  3053.  Strowd’s  low- 
ground  deciduous  woods.  May  22,  1918.  When  young  very  pale  whitish 
tan,  the  distinct  rounded  stem  pure  white,  except  for  distinct  or  faint 
tints  of  rose  that  may  appear  on  stem  or  larger  branches,  mostly  where 
the  two  meet.  This  is  not  due  to  rubbing  and  may  fade  out  in  large 
measure  after  a  few  hours.  Bruised  or  gnawed  places  do  not  turn  red¬ 
dish  or  rosy.  This  seems  near  pale  forms  of  C.  rufescens,  and  is  like 
it  in  the  soft  flesh  that  causes  the  plant  to  dry  very  open  and  with  sur¬ 
face  much  gnawed  by  snails,  also  in  distinct  stem,  etc.  No  odor  or 
taste  when  fresh,  no  odor  of  ham  in  drying,  only  a  faintly  aromatic  odor 
of  ferment.  Spores  3.7-4  x  7.4-8//,.  No.  3067.  Strowd’s  lowground 
deciduous  woods.  May  22,  1918.  Spores  as  in  No.  3039,  elliptic,  min¬ 
utely  rough,  3.7x7-7.7/^.  No.  3068.  Strowd’s  lowground  deciduous 
woods.  May  22,  1918.  Stem  very  distinct  and  rounded,  and  with  pretty, 
light  rosy  tints  here  and  there,  these  not  from  bruises.  Color  of  plant 
pale  tan  or  buff  except  the  white  stem;  some  of  the  apices  soon  turning 
brick  color  as  in  C.  rufescens,  but  no  wine  color  in  tips.  Flesh  very  soft 
and  delicate,  but  not  snapping  or  crisp,  tasteless  and  odorless.  Spores 
maize  yellow,  minutely  rough,  3. 3-3. 7  x  7. 5-9. 5//,  most  about  3.5  x  8-8. 5/^, 
a  very  few  up  to  10.5/x. 

Clavaria  aurea  Schaeff.  Fung.  Bavar.,  p.  121,  pi.  287.  1770. 

Plate  86 

There  is  no  species  that  has  been  more  confused  than  this. 
One  can  find  almost  all  the  large  Clavarias  so  determined  in 
American  and  European  herbaria.  As  there  is  no  type  in  exist¬ 
ence,  it  seemed  to  us  for  a  time  that  it  would  be  best  to  drop  this 
name  altogether.  It  now  appears,  however,  that  there  is  a  plant 


PLATE  55 


ClAVARIA  AUKEA  VAR.  AUSTRALIS. 


No.  2597. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  143 

that  has  been  determined  as  C.  anrea  by  Bresadola,  Romell,  Peck, 
Atkinson  and  Burnham  and  this  may  be  considered  sufficient 
excuse  for  taking  this  plant  as  entitled  to  the  name.  It  is  true  that 
most  or  all  of  these  students  have  also  determined  other  species 
as  C.  aurea  and  more  or  less  consistently  confused  these  species, 
but  in  most  cases  all  of  their  C.  aurea  except  the  plant  we  have  in 
mind  can  be  referred  to  other  known  species.  As  we  have  notes 
by  Mr.  Burnham  on  color  in  the  fresh  state  of  his  plants,  and  as 
they  agree  well  in  the  dried  state  with  plants  from  the  other 
authors  mentioned,  we  will  take  our  description  of  the  species  from 
his  collections.  The  spores  of  these  New  York  plants  are  slightly 
narrower  than  the  European  ones,  but  this  difference  does  not 
seem  important  in  consideration  of  the  close  resemblance  of  the 
spores  in  other  respects.  We  have  not  found  in  the  living  state 
a  plant  that  we  can  believe  identical  with  Burnham’s,  but  we  have 
in  Chapel  Hill  a  form  which  is  apparently  very  near,  differing 
only  in  the  less  withered  and  cartilaginous  look  of  the  dried  plant 
and  in  the  reddish  stains  when  rubbed.  We  are  calling  this  var. 
australis.  From  Mr.  Burnham’s  plants  and  notes  we  draw  the 
following  description  (Burnham,  No.  102)  : 

Plant  large,  repeatedly  and  densely  branched  from  a  rather 
small,  pointed  root,  reaching  a  weight  of  almost  a  pound.  Color 
a  uniform,  beautiful  orange  except  the  basal  parts  which  are  white 
where  hidden  by  leaves  and  humus.  Texture  tender  and  rather 
brittle.  The  dried  plants  are  dull  brown  to  reddish  brown, 
shrunken,  the  base  and  young  tips  hard  and  cartilaginous-looking*, 
taste  rather  strong  and  a  little  acid. 

Spores  yellowish  under  a  lens,  subelliptic,  with  a  bent  tip, 
minutely  but  distinctly  rough,  4-4.8  x  11-13^.. 

We  have  compared  our  plant  with  two  collections  of  C.  aurea 
from  Bresadola’s  herbarium,  one  marked  “genuina,”  the  other 
'hypica.”  They  look  exactly  like  Burnham’s  plants  in  the  dried 
state  and  the  spores  are  the  same  except  a  little  broader.  One 
lot  (Sopramento,  in  woods,  1901)  has  spores  4-6  x  10-15[ji,  the 
other  (Mendola,  August,  1901)  has  spores  4-5.5  x  11-13.5[ji.  The 
spores  of  both  have  the  minutely  rough  surface  and  bent  tip  of 
those  of  the  American  plant.  Bresadola  gives  an  inadequate  de¬ 
scription  of  a  plant  he  took  to  be  C.  aurea  (Fung.  Mang.,  p.  110, 


144  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

pi.  102),  but  there  is  no  reason  to  think  that  it  is  not  the  plant  so 
labelled  in  his  herbarium.  We  have  two  good  collections  from 
Romell  labelled  C.  aurca,  one  of  which  we  take  to  be  correct  and 
like  the  above  (spores  rough,  4.5-S  x  11-14[/-).  The  other  is  C. 
flava. 

Persoon  did  not  recognize  C.  aurea,  nor  did  Fries  in  his  earlier 
works,  but  in  his  Epicrisis  and  in  Hym.  Europ.  the  latter  includes 
it  and  refers  to  plates  which  agree  very  well  with  the  plant  de¬ 
scribed  above.  Particularly  good  is  Bulliard’s  plate  222  (as  C. 
coralloides)  and  only  a  little  less  good  is  the  lower  figure  in 
Schaeffer’s  plate  287.  A  plant  from  Fries  (Upsala)  in  the  Curtis 
Herbarium  labelled  C.  aurea  is  not  unlike  our  plants  and  has 
spores  slightly  rough,  4. 5-6.5  x  9.3-1  1[jl,  just  like  those  of  the 
Bresadola  specimens  referred  to  above.  In  addition  to  the  above, 
one  of  the  few  plates  that  really  look  like  the  American  species  is 
that  of  Venturi  (Studi  MicoL,  pi.  12,  fig.  112,  as  C.  aurea). 

The  species  has  not  been  recognized  in  the  south  except  as 
our  Chapel  Hill  variety,  but  seems  to  be  common  in  the  northern 
states. 

Juel  (cited  under  C.  cristata)  finds  the  basidium  of  a  plant  he 
determines  as  C.  aurea  to  contain  four  nuclei,  resulting  from  two 
apical  transverse  spindles,  the  number  of  chromosomes  probably 
four.  The  spores  are  larger  and  rougher  than  in  C.  flava,  and 
contain  one  nucleus  (pi.  3,  figs.  56-66). 

Illustrations :  See  above. 

New  York:  Albany.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.).  The  spores  are  slightly 
rough,  4.2-4.6  X  9.5-1 1/x.  A  colored  drawing  shows  the  color  a  pale 
brownish  yellow  and  the  plants  quite  upright. 

Vaughns.  Burnham,  Nos.  51  and  102.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Ithaca.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.).  Spores  rough,  4-5.5  x  9-13/x. 

Clavaria  aurea  var.  australis  n.  var. 

Plates  53-55,  and  87 

Plants  up  to  11  cm.  high  and  broad,  compound  from  a  small 
pointed  base,  and  at  times  cespitose;  delicate  and  soft,  more  or 
less  rugose,  branching  quickly  in  an  irregular  way  into  a  dense 
mass,  the  tips  ending  in  bluntish  cusps ;  color  a  rich  huffy  orange 
(between  capucine-orange  and  orange-buff  of  Ridgway)  all  over 


PLATE  56 


ClAVARIA  OBTUSISSIMA.  No.  2866 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  145 

except  the  base,  which  is  at  hrst  nearly  white,  but  is  easily  stained 
with  vinaceous  brown  when  handled.  Flesh  delicate,  not  so  hrm 
as  C.  botrytis  or  C.  flava  and  not  snapping  at  a  slight  bend,  but 
more  easily  breaking  than  in  most  species,  white,  mildly  bitter, 
odor  musty,  faintly  medicinal. 

Spores  (of  No.  2912)  buffy  ochraceous,  minutely  rough, 
3.9-4.4  X  11-13[jl.  Basidia  7.4-9. 3[jl  thick,  4-spored;  hymenium 
75-110[jl  thick;  hyphae  3-9[ji,  set  with  small  crystals,  often  swollen 
at  septa  but  without  clamp  connections. 

This  all-orange  plant  varies  into  other  color  forms :  one, 
represented  by  No.  2882a,  in  which  only  the  tips  are  orange,  the 
remainder  when  young,  creamy  flesh,  then  creamy  tan;  another 
(No.  2597)  in  which  the  plant  is  brownish  tan  with  a  dull  pink 
tint,  the  base  stained  with  deeper  brown  when  rubbed. 

Distinguished  by  the  quick  branching  from  a  short,  pointed, 
slightly  rooting  base,  by  the  stains  on  basal  region,  by  the  fine 
rich  color,  by  great  delicacy,  by  absence  of  krauty  odor  or  taste, 
and  by  the  long,  narrow  spores.  It  is  evidently  a  close  relative 
of  C.  riifescens.  It  may  be  this  species  that  is  interpreted  as  C. 
flava  by  Bresadola,  one  of  the  foremost  living  mycologists.  In 
his  Fung.  Mang.,  p.  108,  he  describes  the  species  in  a  way  that 
seems  to  exclude  all  others.  He  mentions  the  uniform  yellow 
('‘sulfur  yellow’’)  color,  the  wine-red  stains  on  the  stem  and  the 
elongated  cylindrical  spores,  4-5  x  10-14[jl  long.  At  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden  is  a  plant  from  him  labelled  C.  flava  which 
looks  like  our  C.  atirea  var.  australis  and  with  spores  faintly  rough, 
4-4.5  X  9- 10.5 [jt-.  That  this  is  really  the  C.  flava  of  Schaeffer 
seems  highly  improbable  as  such  an  interpretation  is  at  variance 
with  the  opinion  of  most  European  and  American  students  of  the 
group.  See  under  C.  flaz^a  for  further  discussion. 

North  Carolina :  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2597.  In  woods  mold,  oak  and  pine 
upland  woods,  July  5,  1917.  Spores  ochraceous,  elliptic  with  a  large 
eccentric  mucro,  minutely  rough  or  smooth,  3.7-5  x  7.5-1  U,  average 
about  9.3-10/x  long.  No.  2882a.  Mixed  woods  south  of  athletic  field, 
October  6,  1917.  Spores  ochraceous,  long  and  narrow,  distinctly  rough, 
4-4.5  X  11-13/^,  most  about  4  x  I2fx,  exactly  like  those  of  No.  2912.  Tips 
dull  brick-brown  when  bruised  or  on  withering,  base  white,  but  turning 
dull  wine-brown  when  rubbed  (more  purplish  and  not  so  red  as  in  C. 
rufescens).  Flesh  firm  and  brittle,  light  flesh  color.  No.  2912.  Woods 
south  of  athletic  field,  pines,  oaks  and  underbrush,  October  18,  1917. 
(Type).  No.  2913.  Same  locality  as  No.  2912,  October  18,  1917. 


146  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

New  York:  Bolton.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Albany  and  Lebanon  Springs.  Peck  and  Clinton.  (Albany  Herb.). 
Spores  4.5  xllfx. 

Clavaria  testaceoflava  var.  testaceoviridis  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6: 
58.  1908. 

This  plant  is  known  only  from  Blowing  Rock.  We  have  not 
been  able  to  find  the  type.  The  original  description  by  Atkinson 
is  as  follows : 

“Plants  clustered,  extreme  bases  slightly  joined;  tufts  4-5  cm. 
high,  3-4  cm.  broad;  trunks  short,  1-2  cm.  high,  4-6  mm.  stout, 
above  abruptly  branched,  terminal  branches  somewhat  enlarged 
and  pluridentate ;  trunks  and  branches  pale  drab,  tips  olive  green 
when  fresh;  spores  oblong,  roughened,  10-12  x  4[J!..'’ 

Clavaria  testaceoflava  Bres.  (Fungi  Trid.  1:61,  pi.  69.  1884)  is 
like  the  above  except  that  the  tips  are  yellow,  the  rest  cinnamon 
brown.  Spores  yellow,  elongated,  4-5  x  10-14p.,  roughness  not 
mentioned  or  shown,  but  we  find  from  authentic  plants  in  the 
Bresadola  Herbarium  that  the  spores  are  slightly  rough 
(3.8-5  X  1  l-14.8p-) .  Occurs  in  Alpine  fir  woods.  The  rather 
small  size,  enlarged  or  expanded  pluridentate  or  somewhat 
crested  yellowish  tips  (greenish  in  Atkinson’s  variety)  mark  the 
species. 

Illustration :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  3,  fig.  17.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Blowing  Rock.  On  ground  in  woods,  August  19-Septem- 
ber  22,  1901.  A.  B.  Troyer.  (Cornell  Herb.,  type.  No.  10593.  Not  seen 
by  us.) 

Clavaria  obtusissima  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  167 :  39.  1913. 

C.albida  Vk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  41:  79.  1887.  (Not  C. 
albida  Schaeff. ) 

C.  obtusissima  var.  minor  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  167 :  34. 
1913. 

C.  spinulosa  Pers.  Obs.  Myc.  2:  59,  pi.  3,  fig.  1.  1799. 
(Sense  of  Schw.). 

Plates  56  and  87 

Plants  large,  often  13  cm.  high  and  of  equal  width,  base 
massive,  tapering  downward  to  a  rather  deep  root,  the  stout  main 


ClAVARIA  SRCl'XDA.  No.  2018. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  147 


branches  quickly  divided  into  a  heavy  mass  of  branchlets  which 
finally  terminate  in  blunt  tips;  surface  even,  not  rugose,  some¬ 
times  channelled;  color  pale  cream  when  young,  then  creamy  tan, 
the  tips  concolorous  until  maturity,  then  fading  to  reddish  brown, 
the  base  whitish  or  nearly  concolorous ;  flesh  rather  brittle,  but  not 
so  much  so  as  in  C.  formosa,  not  rigid,  white,  soft,  taste  distinctly 
bitterish,  odor  mildly  rancid,  becoming  somewhat  like  old  ham  in 
drying.  A  pink  form  of  this  seems  to  occur  in  the  north,  as  we 
have  a  collection  from  Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  96),  that 
has  the  same  spores  and  appearance,  but  that  was  flesh  colored 
when  fresh. 

Spores  (of  No.  2866)  ochraceous,  long  rod-elliptic,  often  bent 
or  swaybacked,  smooth,  3. 7-4.4  x  11-13. 8[i-.  Basidia  7.4-9.3[jt. 
thick,  4-spored;  hymenium  90-100[i-  thick;  hyphae  roughly  parallel, 
3-8(ji  in  diameter,  clamp  connections  frequent  but  inconspicuous. 

This  is  much  like  C.  rtifescens  in  shape,  taste  and  spores,  but 
is  without  the  wine  colored  tips  and  stains  of  this  color  on  the 
stem,  and  the  spores  are  without  the  striations  seen  in  those  of 
C.  rtifescens. 

We  have  examined  the  type  of  C.  obtusissima  and  find  it  the 
same  as  our  plants,  with  spores  4-5  x  ll-14.8[x.  From  examina¬ 
tion  of  the  type  of  C.  albida  at  Albany,  we  find  it  to  all  appear¬ 
ances  the  same.  The  spores  are  indistinguishable,  except  for 
slightly  larger  size,  smooth,  3.8-5  x  14-1 5[ji.  The  variety  minor 
is  a  small  form.  We  have  examined  also  the  plant  in  the 
Schweinitz  Herbarium  labelled  C.  spinulosa  which  is  referred  to 
by  Berkeley  in  establishing  C.  secunda,  and  find  it  to  be  not  that 
but  the  present  species.  The  spores  as  well  as  other  appearances 
in  the  dried  state  are  the  same.  There  is  also  a  bit  in  the  Curtis 
Herbarium  from  Schweinitz  with  similar  spores  (4. 5-5. 3  x 
14-16.5[x). 

Illustrations:  Bnrt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  4,  fig.  18;  pi.  3,  fig.  16 
(as  C.  albida).  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  577.  Woods  near  Dr.  Pratt’s  home, 
October  7,  1912.  Spores  smooth,  3.3-4  x  10.5-13/x.  No.  2860.  Mixed 
woods,  October  4,  1917.  Spores  3.7-4  x  11-14/x,.  No.  2866.  Pine, 
oak  and  cedar  woods,  October  4,  1917.  No.  2867.  Pine  and  frondose 
woods,  October  4,  1917.  Spores  3.7-4.4x  10-12.2/x.  No.  2870.  Mixed 
woods,  October  5,  1917.  Spores  3.7-4  x  11-14/x.  No.  2896.  Mixed 
woods  south  of  athletic  field,  October  8,  1917.  Odor  in  drying  dis- 


148  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


tinctly  like  old  ham.  Spores  smooth,  3-4  x  11-14, S/x.  No.  2909.  Pine 
and  frondose  woods,  October  18,  1917.  Odorless  when  quite  fresh, 
taste  mild,  slightly  sweetish-acid;  color  light  yellowish  buff  (about  pale 
orange  yellow  of  Ridgw.),  flesh  pure  white,  firm  and  rather  rigid,  but 
not  very  brittle ;  tips  fading  late  to  dull  then  darker  brown.  Spores 
3.2-3.7  X  8.7-12/x.  No.  2919.  Mixed  woods  south  of  athletic  field,  Oc¬ 
tober  18,  1917.  Spores  3.2-3. 5  x  9.3-1 1.3/x,  very  regular  in  size.  No. 
3200.  In  pine  and  oak  leaves,  mixed  woods,  October  7,  1918.  Base 
stout  and  distinct,  usually  with  many  little  aborted  branches  on  side. 
Texture  pliable,  taste  faintly  bitterish  sweet,  odor  slightly  meaty  in 
drying,  not  strong  of  ham.  Spores  elliptic,  nearly  smooth,  3.8-5  x 
10.5-13.5/x. 

Alabama:  Auburn.  Earle.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  secunda). 
Spores  smooth,  oblong-elliptic,  3.3-4  x  9.3-1 1.1/x. 

New  York:  Bolton.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  type  of  C.  obtusissima  var. 
minor). 

% 

Monands  and  West  Port.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  types  of  C.  albida). 

Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  96a.  Under  hemlocks,  August  19,  1917.  (U. 

N.  C.  Herb.).  “Flesh  colored  when  fresh.”  Spores  smooth,  4-5  x  12-1 5/x. 

Massachusetts:  West  Roxbury.  Miss  Hibbard.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  type  of 
C.  obtusissima). 

Stockbridge.  Murrill  and  Thompson.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C. 
secunda).  Spores  smooth,  12-13/x  long. 

Stow.  Davis.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  C.  obtusissima) . 

Missouri:  St.  Louis.  Glatfelter.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  C.  secunda).  Plant 
“6-8  in.  broad,  4-6  in.  high.”  Spores  3. 5-4.5  x  11-15/x. 

Clavai'ia  obtusissima.  Form  zvith  rough  spores. 

We  have  one  collection  that  would  pass  for  C.  obtusissima 
except  for  distinct  roughness  of  spores.  It  may  be  distinct,  but 
without  more  specimens  we  prefer  to  consider  it  a  rough-spored 
form  of  this  species. 

Plant  9  cm.  tall  to  the  pointed  base,  3-6  cm.  broad.  Stem 
thick,  spongy,  glabrous,  white;  branches  rather  open,  pale  creamy 
tan,  then  creamy  ochraceous;  tips  concolorous;  texture  moder¬ 
ately  brittle ;  odor  none,  taste  faintly  sweetish. 

Spores  ochraceous  yellow,  distinctly  rough,  subelliptic, 
3. 7-5. 5  X  9.5-14.8[jl,  most  about  4.5  x  12p.. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  3792.  Close  to  Strowd’s  spring,  mixed 
woods,  November  22,  1919. 


Clavaria  cacao.  No.  2926. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  149 


Clavaria  Strasseri  Bres.  in  Strass.  Pilzflora  Sontag^berof  2 : 
3.  1900. 

Plate  87 

Plant  7-10  cm.  high,  4-8  cm.  broad,  stem  stout,  distinct,  more 
or  less  rooting,  white  or  stained  with  tan ;  branches  rather  upright 
and  open,  angles  spreading  or  at  times  acute,  twigs  ending  in 
rather  acute  tips,  color  light  creamy  tan,  the  tips  concolorous, 
deeper  cinnamon-tan  in  age,  the  tips  dull  brown  in  withering. 
Flesh  white,  soft,  hbrous,  not  very  brittle;  taste  bitterish,  odor 
faintly  of  old  ham. 

Spores  (of  No.  2897)  yellowish  buff,  oblong-amygdaliform 
(approaching  peach  kernel  shape),  smooth,  4.8-6. 7  x  14- 18. 5 [x. 
Basidia  7.4-9. 3[ji  thick,  4-spored;  hymenium  90-1 10[i.  thick;  hyphae 
4-10[i-  thick,  wavy,  clamp  connections  present. 

Closely  related  to  C.  obhisissima,  C.  secimda,  and  C.  mfescens, 
but  separated  from  all  of  them  by  the  very  large  spores,  and  from 
the  last  bv  absence  of  wine  colored  stains.  The  odor  is  different 

w/ 

from  that  of  C.  sectmda,  but  like  that  of  the  other  two.  We  have 
called  this  C.  Strasseri  because  in  appearance  it  is  just  like  a  plant 
so  named  from  Bresadola  in  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden, 
and  principally  because  the  peculiar  large  spores  are  identical  in 
both.  Bresadola  gives  the  spores  as  4-6  xl2-16[ji.  In  the  above 
specimens  from  him  we  find  them  to  be  5-6.6  x  1 1.8-15.5[i..  Others 
in  his  herbarium  (Sontagberg,  Strasser)  have  spores  3.8-5  x 
13-15[x. 

Except  for  the  spores  the  relationship  of  this  to  C.  obtiis- 
issima  is  so  close  that  it  might  be  best  to  consider  the  former  a 
large-spored  variety  of  the  latter.  The  plant  has  been  recognized 
so  far  in  this  country  only  in  Chapel  Hill. 

Clavaria  inenrvata  Morg.  (Journ.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  11: 
88,  pi.  2,  fig.  2.  1888)  must  remain  doubtful  as  Prof.  T.  H.  Mac- 
Bride  writes  us  that  the  type  is  not  represented  in  the  Morgan  Her¬ 
barium  at  the  University  of  Iowa,  and  no  authentic  specimen  is 
known.  The  figure  somewhat  resembles  C.  Strasseri.  From  its 
spores,  Ramaria  Rieli  would  seem  to  fall  here.  It  is  evidently  an 
abnormal,  dropsical  form  in  any  case. 


150  Clavarias  of  trie  United  States  and  Canada 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2897.  In  pine  and  frondose  woods, 

south  of  athletic  field,  October  8,  1917.  No.  2927.  Same  woods  as 

No.  2897,  October  18,  1917.  Spores  smooth,  5. 5-6. 3  x  14-17 fx. 

Clavaria  secunda  Berk.  Grevillea  2  :  7.  1873. 

C.  crassipes  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  67 :  27.  1903. 

C.  pallida  Schaeff.  Fung.  Bavar.,  pi.  286.  1770.  (Sense  of 
Bres.  Not  C.  pallida  B.  &  C.). 

Plates  57  and  85 

Plants  medium  to  large,  stem  distinct,  usually  short  (about 
2-3.5  cm.  long),  stout  to  very  stout,  up  to  4  cm.  thick,  soft,  white, 
glabrous,  and  usually  very  smooth  and  terete,  main  branches 
numerous,  rather  small,  arising  in  an  open  fashion  from  the  top 
of  the  broad  stem,  smooth  (not  rugose),  branching  a  few  times 
and  ending  in  blunt  or  rather  sharp  tips.  Color  pale  creamy  tan, 
with  a  faint  flesh  tint,  except  the  white  stem,  which  may  be  more 
or  less  stained  with  this  color ;  tips  concolorous,  in  fading  becom¬ 
ing  soaked  reddish  ochraceous.  Flesh  pure  white,  filirous  and 
soft,  spongy,  not  brittle,  taste  quite  mild,  distinctly  sweetish; 
odor  sweetish  medicinal  and  a  little  rancid,  rather  pleasant  and 
fainty  like  old  ham. 

Spores  (of  No.  2876)  ochraceous  buff,  elliptic,  smooth, 
f-4.4  X  8.5-1 1.4p.,  most  about  4.3  x  9.3p.. 

This  is  most  like  C.  obtusissima  in  color  and  general  appear¬ 
ance,  but  is  distinctly  different  in  the  thicker,  more  discrete,  more 
glabrous  and  very  soft  stem,  which  does  not  taper  much  down¬ 
ward  but  is  rounded  below  and  not  much  rooted ;  in  the  sweetish, 
mild  taste,  and  in  the  shorter  spores,  which  are  never  sway- 
backed.  The  stem  is  nearly  always  set  with  a  good  many  short, 
projecting  points,  representing  very  much  reduced  branches,  as 
shown  in  the  photos. 

The  co-type  in  the  Curtis  Herliarium  (  Hillsboro,  N.  C.,  No. 
534)  has  spores  of  the  same  characteristic  shape  and  size,  4. 5-5. 5  x 
10-12. 2[;,.  The  collection  at  Kew  (  Ravenel,  No.  991,  Santee  River, 
S.  C.),  also  referred  to  in  the  original  description,  shows  few 
spores  but  these  seem  to  be  like  those  of  our  No.  2876. 

Our  plants  are  like  Peck's  types  of  C.  crassipes  and  the 
spores  are  identical,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  4-5.5  x  10-12[j..  Tn  a 
later  collection  by  Peck  (1916)  they  are  smooth,  4-4.5  x  8.6-1  l[ji; 


PLATE  59 


Clavaria  byssiseda.  No.  4460. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  151 


in  still  another  collection  made  in  the  same  place  in  1917  they  are 
5-5.5  X  11. 5-12. 5[jl.  From  two  good  plants  in  Bresadola's  her¬ 
barium  we  think  he  has  referred  this  species  to  C.  pallida  Schaeff. 
Both  are  from  coniferous  woods  and  were  collected  by  him.  Of 
one  he  says  ‘hn  growth  pale  flesh  color,  soon  becoming  whitish- 
alutaceous.”  The  spores  are  smooth  or  nearly  so,  4-5.5  x  8.5-1  If/.. 
If  the  type  of  C.  extensa  Herfell  (Hedwigia  52  :  391.  1912)  exists 
it  should  be  compared  with  the  present  species. 

Farlow’s  figure  of  C.  aurea  (see  below)  is  much  more  like 
this  species  than  it  is  like  our  C.  aurea. 


Illustrations:  Bel.  Champ.  Tarn,  pi.  8.  1889  (as  C.  flava  but  not). 

May  be  C.  seciinda. 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  1,  fig.  4;  pi.  7,  fig.  51  (as  C.  crassipcs). 
1922. 


Farlow.  Garden  and  Forest  7:  fig.  15  (as  C.  aurea)  fig.  8  of  separate). 
1894. 

Gillet.  Champ.  Fr.,  pi.  100  (as  C.  aurea).  1874-78. 

Krombholz.  Abbild.,  pi.  53,  figs.  5  and  6  (as  C.  formosa).  1841. 

Richon  and  Roze.  Atl.  Champ.,  pi.  66,  figs.  3  and  4  (as  C.  aurea). 
1885-7.  Good. 


North  Carolina:  Chapel  Flill.  No.  2876.  Mixed  pine  and  frondose  woods 
south  of  athletie  field,  October  6,  1917.  No.  2918.  Among  oaks  and 
pines  with  much  dogwood  underbrush,  October  18,  1917.  No.  2931. 
Mixed  woods  south  of  athletic  field,  October  18,  1917. 

Hills1:)oro.  Curtis.  (Curtis  Herb.,  as  co-type). 

New  York:  Sand  Lake.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  C.  erassipes). 

Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  112.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  slightly  rough 

or  smooth,  3.8-5. 3  x  8-11. l/x. 


Clavaria  cacao  n.  sp. 

Plates  58  and  87 

Two  plants,  7-8  cm.  high,  5-6  cm.  wide,  rather  upright;  stem 
short,  moderately  thick,  somewhat  tapering,  terete  or  channelled, 
glabrous,  firm;  branching  in  a  rather  open  fashion  into  crooked 
branches,  which  terminate  in  short,  stout,  rather  pointed  and 
cusp-like  tips ;  inconspicuously  rugose  in  upper  half  at  least ;  color 
when  young  a  pale  lavender-pink  upward  and  to  some  extent 
throughout;  this  soon  changing  towards  maturity  from  the  base 
upward  to  pale  tan,  through  butfy  tan  to  buff,  the  upper  part  and 


152  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

tips  retaining  some  of  the  lavender-pink  until  maturity,  then 
darkening  at  the  very  points  to  brown  when  fading;  base  and 
stem  whitish,  but  easily  changing  to  wine  color  when  handled, 
and  bruised  flesh  changing  to  this  color  at  any  point,  as  around 
grub  channels.  Flesh  Arm  and  rigid-elastic  when  quite  fresh, 
soon  pliable  in  fading,  not  brittle,  pure  white  or  with  a  faint  tint 
of  surface  color ;  taste  mild,  faint,  not  bitter  or  krauty ;  odor  none 
when  quite  fresh,  but  as  soon  as  fading  begins  becoming  very  dis¬ 
tinctly  medicinal  fragrant — much  like  cocoa  butter  of  the  phar¬ 
macist  (not  like  edible  chocolate),  and  not  like  that  of  C.  secnnda 
(No.  2876).  The  odor  is  moreover  very  persistent,  and  even 
stronger  in  completely  dry  than  in  fading  plants,  and  thus  quite 
different  from  the  disappearing  odor  of  C.  secnnda  and  other 
species.  After  six  years  the  fragrance  is  still  quite  obvious. 

Spores  (of  No.  2926)  ochraceous,  smooth,  long  and  nar¬ 
row,  some  sway-backed,  3.4  x  12.7-16.6[jl.  Basidia  4-spored, 
5.9-9. 3[ji  thick;  hymenium  65-95[t  thick,  with  medium  sized  crys¬ 
tals  ;  threads  of  flesh  very  irregular,  not  parallel  in  longitudinal 
section,  3-7.7[jl  thick,  clamp  connections  present. 

This  species  is  much  like  C.  rnfescens  in  shape,  texture,  and 
in  the  vinaceous  stains,  but  the  color  is  otherwise  not  the  same,  as 
the  whole  upper  part  is  a  faint  lavender-pink,  not  the  vinaceous 
color  of  C.  rnfescens,  which  moreover  is  confined  to  the  tips 
and  is  much  more  vivid  and  contrasting ;  also  the  upper  part  of  C. 
cacao  does  not  darken  much  in  fading,  only  the  very  tips  becoming 
dull  brown,  and  the  spores  are  without  striations.  The  very 
noticeable  fragrance  is  the  most  distinctive  character  and  sepa¬ 
rates  it  from  all  others  near,  the  odor  of  C.  secnnda  being  differ¬ 
ent  and  the  plant  very  different.  Clavaria  flava  has  like  stains 
on  the  stem,  but  is  not  otherwise  similar. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2926.  On  ground  in  woods  (pine,  oak 

and  dogwood),  October  18,  1917. 

Clavaria  byssiseda  Pers.  Obs.  Myc.  1:  32.  1796. 

C.  pinophila  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  35 :  136.  1884. 

^Clavaria  cpiphylla  Schw.  (herb.  name.  Not  C.  epiphylla  Quel.). 

Plates  28,  59,  60,  and  87 

Plants  1.5-5. 6  cm.  high,  0.5-4. 5  cm.  broad;  stalk  distinct,  3-4 
mm.  thick,  1-1.4  cm.  long,  distinctly  rough  or  scurfy,  nearly  white, 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  153 


irregularly  branched  and  rebranched  3  or  4  times,  the  ultimate  tips 
fine,  short  and  a  little  divaricating;  rather  dense;  color  of  main 
body  when  quite  fresh  a  delicate,  very  pale  rosy  pink  or  fleshy 
tan,  becoming  brownish  when  bruised ;  the  tips  shading  gradually 
to  whitish  cream ;  after  maturity  darkening  to  about  leather  color 
(avellaneous  to  wood-brown)  in  main  region,  the  tips  unchanging 
or  becoming  very  faintly  tinted  with  green;  no  sterile  plush-like 
areas  among  the  branches,  except  in  some  of  the  angles  (or  such 
sterile  lines  present  in  some  of  the  New  York  plants).  Flesh 
quite  tough  and  pliable,  easily  bending  on  self  without  breaking; 
taste  slight,  faintly  woody;  odor  slight,  reminding  one  of  a  sewing 
machine.  (No  odor  to  be  noticed  in  plants  from  Vaughns, 
N.  Y.) 

Spores  long*,  narrow,  sway-backed,  cream  or  faintly  brown  in  a 
good  print,  narrowed  toward  the  proximal  end,  (of  No.  4395) 
3.7  X  12-13.7[jl.  Basidia  clavate,  4-spored,  7A[x  thick  ;  hymenium 
40-50[jl  thick,  deep  yellow  in  section  ;  hyphae  of  flesh  loosely  packed, 
septate,  with  clamp  connections,  4-5[ji  thick. 

Growing  on  twigs  and  leaves  or  fragments  of  rotting  wood  of 
beech  or  less  often  of  maple,  and  probably  under  oak  also ;  some¬ 
times  on  these  and  white  pine  leaves  mixed ;  often  appearing  in  a 
row  on  twigs  and  bound  together  by  rhizomorphic  strands. 

When  quite  fresh  the  bruised  surface  and  cut  flesh  turn  brown 
rather  quickly.  After  standing  in  dry  air  a  little  while  some  of 
the  minute  tips  turn  deep  reddish  brown  for  about  1  mm.  or  less. 
When  growing  on  leaves  the  plants  spring  immediately  from  a 
dense,  flat,  white  pad  about  5-13  mm.  wide  on  top  of  the  leaf.  This 
pad  is  connected  beneath  to  the  byssoid  strands  between  the  leaves, 
which  are  characteristic  of  the  species.  In  older  plants  even  the 
tips  may  become  tinted  with  leather  color.  At  times  several  stems 
may  be  compounded  and  fused  to  make  a  denser  mass. 

Since  Fries’s  time  this  species  has  not  been  well  understood. 
It  has  often  been  confused  with  C.  crispula  and  is  very  rarely  met 
with  in  herbaria.  What  may  be  considered  the  type  is  repre¬ 
sented  in  Persoon’s  herbarium  by  some  mycelium  and  a  few, 
minute  prongs,  the  larger  parts  having  been  broken  away.  There 
is  nothing  in  its  appearance  to  exclude  our  C.  byssiseda,  but  no 
spores  were  found.  Except  for  the  tips  being  frequently  greenish 
our  plants  agree  perfectly  with  Persoon’s  description  and  figure; 


154  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

and  they  are  certainly  the  species  so  interpreted  by  Bresadola, 
who  has  recently  put  the  species  on  a  sure  basis  (Ann.  Myc.  1 : 
112.  1903),  although  he  is  wrong  in  his  list  of  synonyms  (see 
note  under  C.  strict  a).  His  was  the  first  correct  description  of 
the  spores  and  it  is  in  exact  accordance  with  our  own  except  that 
in  our  plants  the  spores  are  not  quite  so  thick.  There  are  no 
other  spores  at  all  like  them  among  related  species.  (He  says 
“Spores  hyaline,  elongate-sinuate,  as  if  subsigmoid,  13-18x4-6[x.”) 
Plants  from  Atkinson  (U.  S.  A.)  in  the  Bresadola  Herbarium, 
determined  by  Bresadola  as  C.  byssiseda,  are  just  like  ours,  the 
spores  the  same  shape  but  a  little  shorter,  3-4  x  8-10[jt..  Schweinitz 
distributed  plants  as  C.  epiphylla,  a  herbarium  name,  that  he 
refers  to  under  C.  crispiila  in  Syn.  Fung.  Am.  Bor.,  p.  181,  saying, 
“formerly  called  C.  cpiphyUa  by  us.”  In  the  Curtis  Herbarium 
there  are  two  fragments  from  Schweinitz  labelled  C.  epiphylla  on 
the  sheet  with  C.  crispiila.  There  is  also  a  plant  at  Kew  from 
him  under  the  first  name.  We  think  these  plants  from  appearance 
and  the  name  are  C.  byssiseda,  although  we  have  not  been  aide  to 
find  spores  on  any  of  them.  They  are  not  what  we  are  calling  C. 
decurrens.  Patouillard’s  idea  of  the  species  is  not  the  same — the 
very  small  spore  excluding  it  (Tab.  Analyt.  Fung.,  p.  28,  fig. 
567).  The  colored  figures  by  Pettersson  made  under  the  direction 
of  Fries,  now  at  Stockholm  in  the  Riks  Museum  are  exactly 
like  the  plants  collected  by  us  on  twigs  at  Lake  Georg'e,  but 
Fries’s  idea  of  the  species  is  certainly  in  part  different.  At  Kew 
there  are  two  collections  from  him  (Upsala)  so  determined,  one 
on  spruce  and  one  on  pine  cones.  Both  have  the  appearance  of 
C.  apiciilata,  but  no  spores  could  be  found.  Two  collections  from 
Romell  (Upsala  and  Stockholm)  labelled  C.  clastica  v.  Post  (a 
herbarium  name)  are  C.  byssiseda.  Notes  by  Romell  on  C. 
byssiseda  agree  very  well  with  ours.  He  gives  the  spores  as 
10-14  X  4.5-5. S[T.  Basidia  4-spored.  Collections  by  Schweinitz 
labelled  C.  byssiseda  (Bethlehem,  Pa.),  in  both  the  Schweinitz 
and  Curtis  Herbaria  are  apparently  C.  Patouillardii.  Peck’s  ref¬ 
erence  is  probably  correct  (  Rept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  39:  44.  1886). 
We  have  seen  his  Adirondack  plants  and  they  seem  the  same  as 
ours.  Quelet’s  conception  of  this  species  as  given  in  Bull.  Soc. 
Bot.  de  France  26:  232,  1879,  seems  not  to  be  this  but  our  C. 
stricta. 


PLATE  60 


Clavaria  Patou-illakdii.  C.  &  B.  No.  lOla  [lower  left  fig.] 
Ci.AVARiA  Bv.ssisKDA.  C.  &  B.  No.  113  [all  other  figs.]. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  155 

Peck’s  C.  pinopJiila  is  this  species.  The  type  collection  repre¬ 
sents  a  more  compacted  form  than  usual,  but  all  important  charac¬ 
ters  are  the  same.  The  spores  of  the  type  (East  Berne,  N.  Y.)  are 
hyaline,  smooth,  3.5-4  x  12. 5-14. 5[;.,  curved  as  usual.  Peck  de¬ 
scribed  his  C.  pinopJiila  as  growing  under  pine,  but  later  wrote 
Morgan  that  it  grew  under  deciduous  trees  as  well  (note  by  Mor¬ 
gan  at  New  York  Botanical  Garden).  For  discussion  of  LacJino- 
cladinm  MicJiencri  see  under  C.  stricta. 

In  size  and  habit  this  is  most  like  C.  apiculata  (which  looks 
very  like  it  in  the  dried  state)  and  C.  gracilis,  but  these  have  quite 
different  spores.  There  is  nothing  in  Fries’s  descriptions  to  clearly 
exclude  C.  cpicJinoa  from  this  as  the  spores  are  much  nearer  white 
than  in  C.  botrytis  which  Fries  also  places  among  the  white-spored 
species. 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  7,  fig.  50  (as  C.  pino- 
pliila).  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  4395.  On  a  thick  layer  of  beech  leaves 
near  Meeting  of  the  Waters,  July  12,  1920.  No.  4460.  Mixed  woods, 
beech  and  oak  with  some  pine,  near  branch  southwest  of  Pritchard’s, 
arising  from  the  leaves  and  twigs,  July  20,  1920.  Spores  faintly  brown¬ 
ish  in  a  good  print.  No.  4639.  From  same  spot  as  No.  4395,  August 
6,  1920.  No.  5302.  On  deciduous  and  pine  leaves  mixed,  July  6,  1922. 
Spores  distinctly  cream  in  a  good  print,  crooked,  3. 4-3. 7  x  11-16.6/x. 

Cranberry.  Thaxter.  (Thaxter  Herb.). 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party.  No.  5589.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores 

typical. 

Winston-Salem.  Schallert.  (U.  N.  C.  Herl).).  Spores  long,  crooked, 
smooth,  3.4-4.4  X  12-15;a. 

Also  reported  by  Schweinitz  (Syn.  Fung.  Car.  Sup.,  p.  85)  who  says: 
“Radiculis  distincta.  Rara  inter  folia  putrescentia.” 

Pennsylvania:  Bethlehem.  Schweinitz.  (Schweinitz  Herb.,  Curtis  Herl). 
and  Kew  Herb.  All  as  C.  epiphylla) . 

New  York:  Adirondacks.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Lake  George.  Coker.  Two  colls.  Under  beech  on  twigs,  and  on  leaves  of 
maple  and  pine  mixed,  September  3,  1917.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Vaughns.  Coker  and  Burnham.  Several  colls,  on  leaves  under  beech, 
August  2,  1917;  August  16,  1917;  September  2,  1917.  (U.  N.  C. 

Herb.).  Spores  exactly  as  in  the  Chapel  Hill  plants  and  all  other 
essential  points  agreeing.  Spores  (of  B.  No.  90)  2.9-3. 7  x  10-14/t. 
Tips  often  compressed  and  palmate  in  appearance,  faintly  greenish  on 
drying;  taste  mildly  bitterish,  no  odor. 

Ithaca.  Kauffman.  (Bresadola  Herb.). 


156  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

East  Berne.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  type  of  C.  pinophila) . 

Jamesville.  Underwood.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  pinophila) . 

Spores  typical,  3.5-4  x  12-16.6/x. 

Connecticut:  Redding,  September  7,  1919.  Coker.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Plants  up  to  6  cm.  high.  Spores  curved,  3.8  x  13-15ja. 

Clavaria  Patouillardii  Bres.  Fungi  Trid.  2:  39;  pi.  146,  fig.  1. 
1892. 

Plates  60  and  88 

Gregarious,  often  crowded,  broom-like,  slender  and  delicate 
throughout,  much  and  closely  branched  from  the  base  or  with  a 
short  stalk,  2-6  cm.  high,  about  2-4  cm.  broad,  tips  slender  and 
sharp,  numerous,  open  but  scarcely  divaricating;  surface  smooth, 
not  pubescent  below  except  for  the  mycelium  in  protected  places; 
color  a  pale  leather-tan,  the  base  darker  leather  color,  the  tips 
nearly  white;  when  dry  becoming  a  very  even  and  distinctive 
umber  brown  (about  drab  or  buffy  drab),  and  often  with  an  olive 
tint,  particularly  upward.  Flesh  not  brittle,  but  bending  on  self 
without  breaking,  odorless  and  tasteless,  not  changing  color  when 
bruised;  when  dry  very  brittle  and  delicate.  Mycelium  white, 
farinose-flocculent,  delicate  and  abundant,  scarcely  stringy,  con¬ 
spicuous  in  the  leaves  or  humus. 

Spores  (of  B.  No.  781)  very  hyaline  (white?),  narrow, 
subelliptic,  sigmoid,  smooth,  2.2  x  7.4-7.7p-;  basidia  about  5[ji.  thick, 
4-spored.  Hymenium  (of  C.  &  B.  No.  101a)  simple,  without  em¬ 
bedded  spores  and  very  few  on  the  surface,  48-5 5p.  thick. 

This  interesting  species  is  evidently  rare.  We  have  it  only 
from  Pennsylvania  and  from  Vaughns,  N.  Y.,  where  it  has  been 
found  by  Mr.  Burnham  in  two  old  groves  of  deciduous  trees  where 
it  occurs  from  year  to  year,  and  by  us  in  pure  hemlock  leaves 
under  hemlock.  Mr.  Burnham  says,  “The  plants  usually  spring 
from  the  old  humus  of  decaying  leaves  of  several  years,  with  more 
or  less  decaying  twigs  mixed  with  the  vegetable  mold:  some  of 
the  plants  (of  No.  78)  were  found  growing  on  rotten  wood;  so 
that  the  plants  are  not  wholly  dependent  on  decaying  leaves  for 
habitat.’' 

From  C.  flaccida  and  C.  subdecurrens  which  are  nearest  in  size 
and  habit  and  with  which  it  may  be  associated  the  species  is 
separated  by  the  lighter  color  when  fresh,  the  quite  different  color 


PLATE  61 


Clavaria  stricta.  No.  1228. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  157 

when  dried,  and  by  the  different  spores.  From  the  latter  it  may 
also  be  separated  by  the  white  tips  and  mild  taste.  The  color 
when  dried  is  somewhat  like  that  of  C.  gracilis  at  times,  but  that 
has  more  open  and  divaricated  branching  and  very  different 
spores.  That  our  plant  is  C.  Patoiiillardii  is  shown  by  comparison 
with  that  species  in  the  Bresadola  Herbarium  (Stockholm),  which 
is  alike  in  all  details,  with  the  same  peculiar  farinose-flocculent 
mycelium.  The  spores  are  narrow,  pointed-elliptic,  smooth, 
2.5  X  6.3-8[x.  This  was  growing  on  frondose  trash,  but  a  collec¬ 
tion  by  Patouillard  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Paris 
was  taken  from  coniferous  leaves  and  twigs.  The  description  and 
figures  agree  in  every  detail.  A  plant  from  Bresadola  at  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden  labelled  C.  Patoiiillardii  var.  minor  has 
exactly  the  same  spores  (hyaline,  smooth,  2.3  x  7[j.)  and  the  same 
mycelium.  Claz’aria  decurrens  var.  australis  is  most  like  the  pres¬ 
ent  species  in  appearance  when  dry. 

Pennsylvania:  Bethlehem.  Schweinitz.  (Schweinitz  Herb.,  as  C.  byssi- 
seda).  The  plants  seem  like  this  species  in  the  dry  state  and  the  peculiar 
spores  are  identical,  hyaline,  smooth,  2.3  x  7.7|U. 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Burnham.  Several  collections  in  rotting  leaves  or 
in  humus  near  decaying  deciduous  wood,  July,  1916,  and  July,  1917. 
Spores  alike  in  all.  Also  C.  &  B.  No.  101a.  In  Burnham’s  hemlocks 
growing  near  C.  flaccida  and  C.  subdecurrens,  Sept.  2,  1917.  Spores  as 
above,  2.3  x  7-7.7^.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Clavaria  apiculata  Fr.  Syst.  Myc.  1 :  470.  1821. 

virgata  Fr.  Syst.  Myc.  1 :  472.  1821. 

C,  Tsugina  Pk.  Bull.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  67 :  27.  1903. 

Plates  39  and  88 

Plants  of  small  or  medium  size,  up  to  about  7  cm.  high, 
crowded  or  single,  branched  from  or  near  the  base,  the  slender 
stems  springing  from  abundant  fibrillose  mycelium  or  when  on 
bark  often  fusing  into  an  amorphous,  white,  flattened,  tomentose 
tissue  which  extends  between  the  layers.  Main  stems  about  3-4 
mm.  thick,  branching  quickly  into  curving,  somewhat  flattened, 
elongated  branches,  the  angles  rounded,  the  ultimate  branches 
ending  in  two  or  three  long,  sharp  tips,  which  are  straight  or 
divaricating  and  whitish  in  youth;  surface  white-tomentose  at 
the  protected  base,  smooth  elsewhere  except  scurfy  tomentose 


158  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

areas  which  occupy  the  angles  and  often  run  up  and  down  the 
branches  for  some  distance ;  young  plants  and  upper  parts  of  older 
ones  a  light  pinkish  ochraceous  color ;  base  at  maturity,  and  in  age 
the  entire  plant,  becoming  a  deeper  ochraceous  brown  or  reddish 
leather  color.  Flesh  solid  and  dense,  toughish,  nearly  odorless,  and 
slightly  bitter  (a  bitter  taste  is  noted  also  by  Bresadola).  Threads 
of  hesh  about  3-7[t  thick,  with  thick  walls  (1.5-2.5!t)  which  in 
many  places  leave  little  or  no  lumen,  running  longitudinally  and 
parallel  under  the  hymenium,  irregularly  woven  and  often  knotty 
in  center.  Dried  plants  are  hard,  rigid  and  brittle,  and  often 
blackish  and  metallic-looking  at  the  tips.  Immature  tips  when 
dried  retain  their  whitish  color. 

Spores  dull  ochraceous,  minutely  warted,  elliptic,  3. 7-4.6  x 
7.4-9. 2p-.  Basidia  4-spored,  long-clavate,  about  7.4[t  thick;  hy¬ 
menium  50-75[j.  thick,  brown  in  section^  composed  of  2-4  more  or 
less ' obvious  layers  and  including  a  vast  number  of  spores  as  in  C. 
strict  a.  Subhymenial  layer  not  so  distinctly  set  off  in  color  or 
density  as  is  usual  in  C.  stricta. 

Common  on  dead  coniferous  wood,  or  from  bark  at  the  base  of 
living  conifers,  often  forming  dense  rows  between  slabs  of  bark, 
and  not  rarely  on  mats  of  decaying  coniferous  leaves.  From  C. 
suecica,  which  grows  on  coniferous  leaves  and  has  somewhat 
similar  but  smaller  spores,  C.  apicnJata  is  easily  distinguished  by 
the  darker  color,  both  when  fresh  and  when  dry,  by  the  less  bitter 
taste,  and  by  the  harder  and  tougher  texture  when  dry.  It  is  very 
closely  related  to  C.  stricta,  and  a  careful  study  has  brought  out 
little  difference  in  microscopical  detail  (the  spores  of  C.  apiculata 
average  a  trifle  longer).  As  it  stands  at  present,  C.  apiculata  can 
be  distinguished  from  C.  stricta  by  its  growth  on  coniferous  wood 
or  leaves,  by  its  average  smaller  size,  and  by  its  denser  and  tougher 
flesh.  The  dried  plants  when  soaked  are  tougher  to  cut  and  much 
stronger.  Material  in  Bresadola's  herbarium  of  what  we  are  call¬ 
ing  C.  apiculata  he  has  determined  in  part  as  C.  apiculata  and  in 
part  as  C.  stricta.  He  also  includes  under  C.  stricta  the  plant  on 
frondose  wood  that  we  have  so  named.  Of  a  plant  on  spruce 
labelled  C.  stricta  he  says,  'flips  rufescent  or  greenish.’’  Good  C. 
apiculata  on  hemlock  from  Ithaca  (Atkinson)  he  determines  as  C. 
stricta^  and  so  in  other  cases  also. 


PLATE  62 


Clavaria  rtrkta.  Redding,  Conn 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  159 

That  this  is  C.  apiculata  Fr.  does  not  seem  open  to  doubt. 
Fries's  description  does  not  disagree  in  any  point  (except  that  he 
describes  the  tip  color  as  sometimes  greenish.)  We  have  three  col¬ 
lections  of  C.  apiculata  from  Stockholm  sent  us  by  Romell  and  so 
determined  by  him.  They  occur  on  coniferous  wood  and  agree  in 
every  respect  with  the  American  plants.  For  example,  the  spores 
in  one  case  are  4-5  x  7.5-9.3[j.,  faintly  rough;  hymenium  complex, 
containing  embedded  spores.  The  threads  of  the  flesh  in  many 
cases  have  very  thick  walls,  in  places  closing  the  lumen.  One  col¬ 
lection  is  noted  as  having  the  tips  green,  and  this  occasional  varia¬ 
tion  to  green  tips  is  the  only  difference  that  is  to  be  made  out  in  the 
European  plant.  At  Kew  is  a  collection  in  poor  condition  of  C. 
apicvilata  from  E.  P.  Eries  (Upsala,  October,  1856),  which  has  the 
same  dark  tips  well  shown;  spores  3. 8-4.5  x6-9.7[i..  This  is  also 
the  plant  called  C.  apiculata  by  Schweinitz,  as  evidenced  by  a  col¬ 
lection  in  his  herbarium  which  is  similar  in  appearance  and  spores 
(4-5  x8-9.2(ji).  There  is  also  a  specimen  from  Schweinitz  in  the 
Curtis  Herbarium  (no  locality  given)  labelled  C.  apiculata  which  is 
the  same.  Its  spores  are  minutely  rough,  elliptic,  3. 7-4.4  x 
6.7-8. 1[T.  From  a  collection  labelled  C.  abictina  from  Schweinitz 
in  the  Curtis  Herbarium,  it  appears  that  his  conception  of  that 
species  was  incorrect.  The  spores,  which  are  short-elliptic^  min¬ 
utely  rough,  4.8-5. 5  x  7.5-9.3[i.,  show  the  plant  to  be  C.  apiculata. 
It  is  to  be  noted  further  that  the  plants  early  referred  by  Peck  to 
C.  apic'ulata  (Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  24:  82.  1872)  are  the  same  as 
his  C.  Tsugina.  After  examining  carefully  the  type  of  C.  Tsugina 
as  well  as  numerous  other  collections  determined  bv  Peck  at  Al- 
bany,  we  And  no  difference  between  it  and  our  plants  described 
above.  In  a  good  plant  of  C.  Tsugina  from  Piseco  determined  by 
Peck,  spores  are  minutely  rough,  4  x  8. 5-9. 5 [j..  In  Albany  there  are 
several  collections  of  small  plants  on  coniferous  wood  that  were 
determined  by  Peck  as  C.  hyssiscda.  They  are  almost  certainly 
young  plants  of  C.  apiculata,  and  look  just  like  our  No.  2962.  No 
spores  could  be  found  on  them. 

Clavaria  virgata  Fr.  may  also  be  this  species.  A  fragment  so 
labelled  by  Schweinitz  from  New  York  State  now  in  the  Curtis 
Herbarium  looks  much  like  C.  apiculata,  but  we  could  find  no 
spores  on  it.  Fries  gives  it  as  growing  on  rotten  pine  wood,  and 


160  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Karsten  says  it  grows  on  mossy  pine  wood.  Bresadola  determines 
a  plant  from  Rick  (Holland)  as  C.  virgata  which  is  really  a  form 
of  C.  cristata  CTlant  cinereous,  stem  cinereo-ochraceous.  Spores 
9-10x7-8^”). 

Fries  (Hymen.  Europ.,  p.  673)  gives  C.  ochraceo-zircns  Jung- 
huhn  (Linnaea  5 :  407,  pi.  7,  hg.  3.  1830)  as  a  form  (?)  of  C.  apicii- 
lata.  It  is  very  green  except  the  ochraceous  base,  and  looks  to  us 
more  like  C.  abietina. 

Bresadola  thinks  (Ann.  Myc.  1 :  112.  1903)  that  C.  leiicotephra 
(see  p.  162)  is  the  same  as  C.  byssiseda,  L.  Michcneri  and  C.  fra- 
grans,  and  plants  sent  him  from  America  which  are  like  our  C. 
apiculata  have  been  given  these  names  by  him.  We  think  he  is 
right  in  his  conception  of  C.  byssiseda  but  wrong  in  thinking  the 
others  the  same.  From  the  appearance  in  the  dried  state  and  from 
the  spores,  C.  dendroidea  R.  Fries  seems  most  nearly  related  to 
C.  apicidata.  The  abruptly  pale  tips  and  the  quite  smooth,  slightly 
larger  spores  distinguish  the  former  (pi.  91,  fig.  21).  Clavaria 
Karstenii  Sacc.  (Syll.  14:  238,  changed  from  Clavariclla  divari- 
cata  Karst.)  should  be  compared  with  this  and  C.  stricta. 

Illustrations:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot  Card.  9:  pi.  5,  fig.  31  (as  C.  Tsugina). 
1922. 

Junghuhn.  Linnaea  5:  pi.  7,  fig.  3.  1830. 

North  Carolina :  Chapel  Hill.  No.  338.  From  outer  bark  at  base  of  pine 
tree  in  Battle’s  Park,  October  1,  1908.  No.  804.  Through  the  rotting 
bark  at  base  of  small  cedar  stump,  September  21,  1913.  No.  2802.  On 
base  of  rotten  pine  stump  and  buried  wood,  July  28,  1919.  Hymenium 
multiple  and  retaining  embedded  spores.  No.  2962.  On  pine  wood  near 
Strowd’s  pasture,  December  5,  1917.  A  very  small  specimen  with 
spreading  tips.  Spores  3.7-4.2  x  6.6-9.4/x.  No.  2939.  On  a  pine  stump, 
October  18,  1917.  Spores  3.8-4.5  x  7.5-9.3/x.  Many  other  collections 
with  same  appearance  and  spores. 

Pink  Bed  Valley.  Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  July,  1908,  as  C. 
pinophila) . 

Black  Mountain,  Yancey  Co.  Altitude  5700  ft.,  on  rotten  sap  wood  of 
spruce,  August  2,  1918.  J.  S.  Holmes.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores 
3. 7-4. 3  X  6.5-7.5/x. 

Alabama:  Baker.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  No  notes,  but  evidently 
growing  on  rotting  leaves  under  pines.  Spores  3. 7-4. 2  x  7. 6-9.8^. 

Auburn.  Earle.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  1900;  also  Earle  and  Baker, 
1897). 

I'ennessee:  Unaka  Springs.  Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 


PLATE  63 


Clavaria  suecjca.  C.  &  B.  No.  118  fabovel  ;  B.  No.  19  [below] 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  161 


Kentucky:  Bowling  Green.  Price.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  Spores 
roughish,  4-4.6  x  7.3-8.3ft. 

New  Jersey:  Schweinitz.  (Schw.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Botanical  Garden,  New  York  City.  On  hemlock  leaves  and  a 
hemlock  stump,  September  6,  1919.  Coker.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Plants 
exactly  like  those  from  Chapel  Hill,  reddish  leather  color  downwards, 
pale  leather  tan  above,  in  age  darkening  upwards.  Taste  only  slightly 
bitter ;  odor  none.  Hymenium  3  or  4  layers  thick,  with  many  embedded 
spores. 

Ithaca.  Atkinson.  (Albany  Herb.).  Spores  about  4  x  7.5/x. 

Sand  Lake.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Farmington.  Ellis.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  Spores  roughish. 
4.8-5. 3  X  7.5-8/x. 

Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  114.  On  an  old  pine  stump  pile,  August  20, 
1919.  Bitter  taste.  Spores  minutely  rough,  3.7-4  x  7.4-9. 3/x. 

Numerous  other  collections  in  iMbany  Herb,  from  various  places  in  New 
York  State. 

Washington:  North  Bend.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.).  In  damp  coniferous 
woods.  Spores  elliptic,  minutely  roughened,  3.5  x  7-8. 5/x. 

Clavaria  pinicola  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  25,  pi.  5,  fig. 
32.  ^1922. 

Plate  91 

We  have  studied  material  from  the  type  collection  (No.  16946) 
kindly  sent  us  by  Dr.  Weir,  and  find  the  spores  as  described, 
smooth,  short-elliptic,  4.2-5. 5  x  7.5-lOp..  Hymenium  about  50-60[j. 
thick,  containing  many  embedded  spores  and  therefore  deep  brown. 
Basidia  7.5-8[i.  thick,  with  4  straight  sterigmata.  Flesh  tough; 
threads  of  flesh  3.5-6.5[jl  thick,  in  places  having  rather  thick  walls; 
no  clamp  connections  seen.  It  is  a  western  form  of  C.  apiculata, 
(which  often  has  smooth  spores  among  the  roughened  ones,)  and 
is  hardly  of  varietal  rank.  Another  collection  from  the  same 
place  (Weir,  No.  16955)  determined  by  Burt  as  C.  apiculata  has 
the  same  appearance  and  similar  spores,  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
4.2-5. 5  X  7.8-1 1[JL.  Hymenium  obscurely  2-layered,  containing 
embedded  spores. 

Burt's  description  of  C.  pinicola  follows : 

“Fructifications  rarely  solitary,  usually  in  clusters  of  2-6  from  ‘ 
a  common  white  mycelium,  slender,  of  rather  uniform  diameter 


162  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

throughout,  sometimes  simple  but  usually  once  to  thrice  dichoto- 
mously  forked,  the  branches  cylindric,  spreading,  drying  every¬ 
where  buffy  brown,  the  apices  acute ;  spores  slightly  colored  under 
the  microscope,  even,  7.5-9  x  4.5-5[ji.’^ 

Idaho :  Priest  River.  On  bark  of  log  of  Pinus  contorta,  October  10,  1920. 
Weir,  No.  16946.  Type.  (Mo.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  Weir  Herb.,  and 
U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Clavaria  acris  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  54:  155,  pi.  H,  figs. 
37-39.  1901. 

Plate  89 

The  following  description  is  from  Peck: 

'‘Stem  short,  branching  from  near  the  base,  the  branches  re¬ 
peatedly  and  subpalmately  branched,  sometimes  compressed,  tough, 
solid,  reddish  incarnate,  whitish  within,  tips  acute,  whitish  or  con- 
colorous,  the  axils  often  rounded;  taste  acrid;  mycelium  white; 
spores  broadly  elliptic,  pale  ochraceous,  4-5  x  6-7.6p.  [original  in 
inches]. 

"Much  decaved  wood  of  coniferous  trees.  ...  It  forms  tufts 

•/ 

1.5-3  inches  high  and  nearly  as  broad.’’ 

This  seems  most  like  C.  apiciilata,  but  the  spores  are  distinctly 
shorter  (averaging  about  7(i.  long),  and  the  former  is  not  acrid. 
We  have  examined  the  type  and  find  the  spores  to  be  minutely 
warted,  3. 8-4.8  x  6-7.4[t,  darker  under  the  microscope  than  those 
of  C.  apiculata  or  C.  siiecica.  It  is  quite  different  from  the  very 
acrid  C.  pyxidata.  Plants  received  from  Weir  (Priest  River, 
Idaho)  determined  as  this  species  by  Burt  have  much  longer 
spores,  3.8-5  x  7.4- lOp.,  which  are  paler  under  the  microscope. 

Illustrations  :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9  :  pi.  5,  fig.  30.  1922. 

Peck.  As  cited  above. 

New  \  ork:  Floodwood.  August.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb,  and  Burt  Herb.). 

Clavaria  stricta  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  45  ( 177).  1797. 

?Lachnocladiiiin  Afkinsonii  Bres.  Journ.  Myc.  8:  119.  1902. 
C.  leucotephra  B.  &  C.  Grevillea  2  :  7.  1873. 

C.  condensata  Fr.  Epicr.,  p.  575.  1838.  (Sense  of  Bresa- 

dola  and  Romell). 


PLATl^:  64 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  163 

C.  syringarum  Pers.  Myc.  Europ.  1 :  164.  1822. 

C.  Kezvensis  Mass.  Journ.  Bot.  (Britten’s)  34:  153.  1896. 

Lachnocladiiim  odoratiim  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6:  58.  1908. 

Plates  61,  62,  and  88 

Plants  growing  in  colonies  on  dead  wood  of  deciduous  trees; 
height  4-8.5  cm.  above  the  more  or  less  amorphous  mass  at  the 
base,  which  may  extend  several  centimeters  between  the  flakes  of 
bark  and  in  most  cases  is  attached  below  to  a  single  large  rhizo- 
morph;  branching  usually  at  once,  on  emerging  from  the  wood, 
into  several  flattish  and  channelled  divisions  which  rebranch 
several  times  in  a  very  irregular  way  into  rather  strictly  upright 
and  crowded  branches ;  the  ultimate  branches  terminating  in 
several  small  pointed  teeth;  color  where  exposed  a  very  light 
fleshy  tan  at  first,  turning  a  little  darker  at  maturity,  and  deeper 
brown  where  bruised.  The  hidden  base,  the  rhizomorph,  and  the 
mycelium  are  pure  white  and  covered  with  a  conspicuous  fibrous 
pubescence  which  extends  upon  the  branches  when  these  are 
hidden  in  the  bark.  Texture  very  tough  and  elastic,  not  at  all 
brittle,  the  branches  not  breaking  even  when  bent  back  on  them¬ 
selves;  taste  bitterish;  odor  of  radish,  at  least  at  times.  Sterile 
areas  of  a  different  appearance,  showing  a  roughish,  plush-like 
surface  under  a  lens,  are  commonly  found  running  more  or  less 
extensively  throughout  the  plant. 

Spores  (of  No.  1228)  about  cinnamon-buff,  almost  imper¬ 
ceptibly  rough,  elliptic  with  a  large  oblique  mucro  on  one  end, 
3. 8-4.4  X  7.5-9[l.  The  spores  are  peculiar  in  that  a  small  propor¬ 
tion  of  them  have  the  contents  collapsed  away  on  one  side  near  the 
mucro.  This  gives  the  impression  except  under  high  power  of  a 
very  long  and  abrupt  mucro.  Basidia  6.2-9{i  thick,  with  4  sterig- 
mata  about  4.5-5[i.  long;  young  hymenium  35-40[ji  thick,  growing 
and  becoming  multiple,  3  to  4  layers  thick,  in  age  ;  otherwise  re¬ 
markable  in  containing  a  vast  number  of  embedded  spores  which 
are  often  arranged  in  more  or  less  clearly  defined  layers  and  indi¬ 
cating  periods  of  growth.  Subhymenial  layer  typically  well 
marked  off  by  yellowish  color  and  much  denser  structure,  the 
threads  closely  packed  and  parallel.  The  remainder  of  the  flesh 
much  less  dense  and  composed  of  irregularly  woven  threads  which 
are  about  3-7. 5 [l  thick  with  thick  walls,  in  places  closing  the  lumen. 

The  species  is  occasional  on  oak,  birch,  maple  and  other 
deciduous  wood  throughout  a  large  territory,  but  seems  rare  at 


164  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Chapel  Hill  as  we  have  found  it  here  only  a  few  times.  See  under 
C.  apiculata  for  comparison  with  that  species. 

Unfortunately  there  is  nothing  in  Persoon’s  herbarium  that 
can  be  taken  as  the  type  of  C.  stricta.  There  are  two  sheets, 
each  of  which  is  labelled  with  a  question.  One  is  from  North 
America  ('‘Am.  Bor.”),  and  is  the  same  as  our  C.  stricta.  The 
other  is  from  Europe  (?),  grew  on  earth,  and  is  very  doubtful. 
Clavaria  syringarum  is  well  represented  by  what  may  be  consid¬ 
ered  as  the  types.  There  are  three  plants  collected  under  Syr  Inga, 
apparently  by  Persoon  himself.  They  look  exactly  like  C.  stricta 
and  have  the  same  spores,  minutely  rough,  3.5-4.8  x  6.3-9[/..  He 
says  the  species  is  like  C.  stricta  but  “differs  in  growth  on  earth 
under  Syringa  and  in  the  spongy  tuberous  base,”  adding  that  it 
has  a  taste  of  bitter  almonds.  The  species  is  not  mentioned  by 
Fries. 

Clavaria  Icncotcphra  is  represented  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium  by 
the  co-type  from  Hillsboro,  N.  C.  (No.  6362).  It  is  in  very  bad 
condition,  but  the  spores  are  exactly  like  those  of  C.  stricta, 

3. 7- 4.4  X  7.4-8.9[jl,  ochraceous.  There  is  also  a  plant  at  Kew  under 
the  same  type  number  and  with  the  same  appearance  and  spores, 

3.8- 5  X  7.5-9.3[jl.  As  the  description  is  not  at  variance  we  are  con¬ 
sidering  them  the  same.  For  some  reason  we  have  been  unable  to 
find  at  Albany  the  type  of  C.  densissima  Pk.  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club 
30:  98.  1903),  but  from  the  description  and  from  the  photo  of  the 
type  given  by  Burt  (1.  c.,  pi.  1,  fig.  5)  we  see  no  reason  to  think 
that  it  is  anything  but  C.  stricta. 

After  a  careful  study  of  the  co-type  and  authentic  specimens  of 
Lachnocladhim  Michcneri  B.  &  C.  (Grevillea  1:  161.  1873),  it  is 
impossible  for  us  to  say  with  certainty  what  the  species  really  is. 
Slides  made  by  us  by  scraping  the  co-type  ( Curtis  Herbarium ; 
Curtis  No.  3534,  Michener  No.  479)  show  no  spores  (?),  but  a 
slide  of  this  made  by  Farlow  and  now  with  it  shows  a  large  num¬ 
ber  of  spores  which  are  like  those  of  C.  stricta,  slightly  rough, 
about  3-4  X  8-9\i.  From  slides  of  No.  3534  sent  us  by  Dr.  Farlow 
and  recently  by  Dr.  Dodge  we  find  that  the  hymenium  is  38-50[i. 
thick,  deep  yellow  in  section;  basidia  about  5.5|jl  thick;  threads  of 
flesh  3-5.5[jl  thick  and  almost  parallel  in  longitudinal  sections.  We 
have  not  been  able  to  find  any  spores  like  those  of  C.  byssiseda 


Vl.ATE  65 


Clavaria  subdecukrexs.  C.  &  B.  No.  101 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  165 

either  on  the  co-type  or  on  an  authentic  specimen  from  Dr.  Mich- 
ener  in  the  Farlow  Herbarium  or  on  a  plant  sent  from  Kew  by 
Massee  (in  New  York  Botanical  Garden)  which  was  probably 
taken  from  Berkeley’s  part  of  the  type.  Both  of  those  last  men¬ 
tioned  have  the  exact  appearance  of  the  Curtis  specimen.  The 
species  resembles  C.  byssiscda  in  the  dry  state  except  that  it  is 
larger  and  apparently  emerges  through  rotting  leaves  instead  of 
being  seated  upon  them.  Tt  is  about  the  size  of  small  C.  stricta, 
but  the  spores  are  certainly  extremely  scarce  in  comparison  with 
the  universally  abundant  spores  on  dried  plants  of  C.  stricta,  and 
the  hymenium  is  distinctly  thinner.  That  it  was  growing  among 
leaves  instead  of  on  wood  is  probably  of  small  consequence.  In 
American  herbaria  most  plants  under  the  name  Lachnocladium 
Michencri  are  C.  stricta  or  C.  apiculata  and  Bresadola  has  deter¬ 
mined  plants  of  the  latter  species  as  L.  Michcncri,  and  in  his  dis¬ 
cussion  of  C.  byssiscda  (Ann.  Myc.  1 :  112.  1903)  he  considers  C. 
leucotephra,  C.  fragrans,  C.  pinophila,  and  L.  Michcncri  as  the 
same  and  equal  to  C.  byssiscda.  The  spores  of  the  hrst  two  are 
much  shorter  than  of  C.  byssiscda  and  of  different  form.  We  hnd 
at  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  a  plant  from  Newheld,  N.  J., 
labelled  C.  Iciicotcphra  by  Ellis  which  was  examined  by  Dr.  Farlow 
and  determined  by  him  as  L.  Michcncri.  The  plant  is  in  reality 
what  we  are  calling  C.  gracilis,  the  spores  agreeing  exactly  with 
that  species  in  size  and  appearance,  smooth,  3-3.5  x  5-5.5[j-. 

Lachnocladium  Atkinsonii  Bres.  is  very  likely  the  present 
species  or  C.  apiculata.  There  is  nothing  in  the  description  to 
exclude  it  from  either.  We  cannot  find  the  type  at  Ithaca,  and  the 
species  is  not  represented  in  the  Bresadola  Herbarium  at  Stock¬ 
holm.  There  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  Atkinson’s  L.  odoratum 
is  also  the  same.  We  have  not  been  able  to  find  the  type  at  Ithaca, 
but  there  are  no  discrepancies  in  the  description  and  the  distinctive 
characters  are  brought  out,  the  tomentose,  sterile  lines  being  char¬ 
acteristic  of  C.  stricta.  The  spore  measurements  given  by  Atkin¬ 
son  (3.5-4.5  X  7-I0[jl)  agree.  The  sweet  odor  {suaveolens)  noted 
by  Atkinson  may  mean  the  same  thing  as  the  anise  odor  found  in 
Beardslee’s  Asheville  plant. 

From  the  description  of  C.  Berkeleyi  Mont.  (Syll.  Crypt.,  p. 
180.  1856),  it  may  be  the  same  as  this.  Saccardo  says  that  the 


166  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

dried  plants  of  the  former  are  blackish.  Its  spores  are  not  known. 
A  collection  from  Sweden  sent  us  by  Romell  and  determined  by 
Bresadola  as  C.  condensata  is  almost  certainly  our  C.  stricta,  as  is 
also  another  European  collection  in  Bresadola's  own  herbarium. 
Romelbs  plant  grew  on  wood,  has  the  same  appearance  and  the 
same  spores,  which  are  about  4  x  8.5[j-,  nearly  smooth.  Bresadola 
gives  the  habitat  of  C.  condensata  as  both  fir  and  frondose  woods, 
and  his  plate  (Fungi  Tridentini,  pi.  101)  shows  it  on  coniferous 
leaves  and  does  not  look  much  like  anything  we  have  seen.  But 
Bresadola  has  also  determined  as  C.  condensata  a  quite  different 
plant  like  our  C.  ahietina  of  pine  woods.  Three  other  collections 
sent  us  by  Romell  and  determined  as  C.  condensata  by  von  Post, 
Romell,  and  Massee  are  either  C.  stricta  or  C.  apicidata.  This  is 
also  true  of  the  collection  in  Rabenhorst,  Pazschke  Fung.  Europ. 
No.  4144,  labelled  C.  condensata,  collected  by  Hennings  at  Marchia 
under  bushes  in  twigs  and  pieces  of  wood,  September,  1896.  The 
appearance  of  the  latter  in  the  dry  state  is  identical,  the  flocculent 
mycelium,  color  and  form  the  same;  spores  3.7-4.5  x  7.S-10[;.. 
Fries  gives  C.  rubella  Schaeff.  as  a  synonym  of  C.  condensata, 
and  Bresadola  has  a  plant  on  wood  under  the  former  name  which 
is  like  C.  stricta.  It  is  possible  that  the  real  C.  condensata  of 
Fries  is  not  this  species,  but  C.  decurrens  var.  australis,  which  see. 
Plants  of  C.  stricta  from  Cotton  (on  rotting  wood,  Kew  Gardens, 
England)  are  just  like  ours.  We  agree  with  Cotton  that  C.  Kew- 
ensis  is  this  species.  The  type  at  Kew  looks  the  same  and  has  the 
same  spores,  nearly  smooth,  3. 6-4.4  x  6-7.5 [x.  Clavaria  pruinella 
Cesati  in  Rabenhorst’s  Fungi  Europ.  Exs.  Cent.  5,  No.  14,  1861, 
is  probably  a  form  of  C.  stricta,  but  is  said  to  grow  on  earth,  not 
wood. 

Peck  describes  a  var.  fumida  which  differs  only  in  having  a 
dingy,  smoky  brownish  hue  (Rept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  41 :  86.  1888). 

Illustrations:  Berkeley.  Outlines,  pi.  18,  fig.  5.  1860. 

Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Sfidb.,  Clavariei,  figs.  25  and  83. 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  4,  fig.  21  (as  C.  leucotepJira) .  1922. 

Clements.  Minnesota  Mushrooms,  fig.  74.  1910. 

Dufour.  Atlas  Champ.,  pi.  69,  fig.  154.  1891. 

Flora  Danica,  pi.  1302,  fig.  1.  1806. 


PLATE  66 


Clavaria  dfxukkkns.  C.  &  B.  No.  120 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  167 


Gibson.  Edible  Toadstools  and  Mushrooms,  pi.  31.  1895. 

Gillet.  Champ.  Fr.,  pi.  109  (115).  1874-78. 

Hard.  Mushrooms,  fig.  388.  1908. 

Krombholz.  Abbild.,  pi.  54,  fig.  23.  1836. 

Lloyd.  Photographs  Am.  Fungi,  pi.  16,  fig.  1.  1895. 

Michael.  Fuhrer  f.  Pilzfreunde,  Vol.  3,  No.  21.  1905. 

Persoon.  Comm.,  pi.  4,  fig.  1.  1797.  Copied  in  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card. 

9  :  pi.  4,  fig.  23.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  1228.  On  rotting  oak  bark  shed  from 
a  fallen  trunk,  September  9,  1914.  No.  4587.  On  rotting  oak  log,  July 
30,  1920.  Color  cinnamon  to  sayal  brown,  shading  upward  to  the  creamy 
tips  when  fresh ;  tips  wilting  to  deep  brown  and  all  parts  turning  a  dull 
reddish  brown  when  rubbed  ;  odor  of  radish,  taste  slightly  bitter.  Spores 
nearly  smooth,  3. 7-4. 5  x  7-9/x.  No.  4591.  On  rotting  oak  bark,  July  30, 
1920.  Branches  crowded,  rather  few.  Spores  3. 6-4. 2  x  7-9^.  Islo.  7020. 
On  very  rotten  wood  from  oak  log,  August  2,  1923.  Hymenium  mul¬ 
tiple  and  retaining  spores  as  usual. 

Hillsboro.  Curtis.  (Curtis  Herb.,  as  co-type  of  C.  leucotephra) . 

Asheville.  Beardslee,  No.  15089.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  minutely  tu- 
berculate,  4-4.5  x  7.5-8.2/.(..  Hymenium  up  to  4  layers  thick  and  including 
many  embedded  spores.  This  is  a  typical  specimen  of  the  species,  but 
Beardslee  says:  ‘‘a  strong  odor  of  anise  on  drying.”  We  can  find  no 
record  of  an  anise  odor  in  this  plant,  but  a  sweet  odor  is  noted  for  L. 
odoratum. 

Blowing  Rock.  Coker  and  party.  No.  5826.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores 

3.6-4.2  X  7-8.5^. 

New  York:  Arkville.  Murrill.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  4-4.5  x  8-8.8/x. 

Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  63.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  3.7-4.2  x  7.4-9.3/x. 

West  Fort  Ann.  Burnham.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Fake  Placid.  On  birch.  Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

New  Jersey:  Newfield.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  leucotephra) . 

Connecticut:  Redding.  Coker.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Hymenium  multiple 
and  containing  embedded  spores  as  usual. 

White.  (Cornell  Herb.,  as  type  of  L.  odoratum) . 

Vermont:  Newfane.  Miss  Hibbard,  No.  9.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores 

short-elliptic,  rough,  3.6-4. 2  x  6-8/x. 

New  Hampshire:  Wilson.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Chocorua.  Farlow.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb,  from  Farlow  Herb,  as  C.  pyxidata) , 
Spores  nearly  smooth,  3.6-4  x  7.5-9. 6/x.  ' 

Maine:  (Curtis  Herb.). 

Indiana:  Putnam  County.  Underwood.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Idaho:  Rust,  No.  944.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  leucotephra). 

Spores  nearly  smooth,  4-5  x8-10/x. 

Canada:  Ontario.  Mrs.  Gardner.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  smooth  to 
minutely  rough,  3. 7-4.5  x  8.2-10. 5/x. 


168  Clavarias  of  tfie  United  States  and  Canada 


Clavaria  suecica  Fr.  Obs.  Myc.  1 :  156.  1815. 

C,  circinans  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  39:  43,  pi.  1,  figs.  21, 
22.  1886. 

C.  flaviila  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6 :  56.  1908. 

C.  Invalii  Cotton  and  Wakefield.  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  6: 
176.  1919. 


Plates  63,  85,  and  89 

Plants  about  2-6  cm.  high  and  0.4-4  cm.  broad,  distinctly 
stalked,  the  few  main  branches  upright  and  usually  rather  long, 
rebranching  from  one  to  three  times  into  more  or  less  numerous 
rather  closely  pressed  branches  of  about  the  same  height,  which 
form  a  very  brush-like  mass,  with  pointed  tips.  Stem  smooth, 
the  base  somewhat  incrassated  by  and  expanding  into  the  fibrous 
white  mycelium ;  color  of  stem  pale  whitish  flesh-color  when  young, 
the  color  deepening  upward  to  deeper  flesh,  the  very  tips  concol- 
orous  or  often  whitish ;  in  age  becoming  tan  or  pale  cinnamon-buff, 
especially  below;  flesh  pliable,  toughish,  nearly  white  or  pinkish, 
odorless,  bitterish;  in  drying  becoming  very  soft,  brittle  and 
chalky,  and  remaining  light  colored  and  quite  bitter  (by  these 
characters  when  dry  easily  separated  from  C.  apiculata) . 

Spores  (of  Burnham,  No.  57)  rather  light  huffy  ochraceous, 
elliptic  with  an  eccentric  mucro,  covered  with  very  minute  warts, 
3-4  X  7.8-8[j..  Basidia  (of  No.  19)  6-7.4[ji  thick,  with  4  slender 
sterigmata ;  hymenium  50-70[ji  thick,  not  layered  and  not  so  dark 
as  in  C.  apiculata;  threads  of  flesh  loosely  woven,  much  branched, 
3-6[j.  thick,  irregular,  walls  thin,  clamp  connections  conspicuous. 

In  troops  and  often  in  lines  under  conifers  in  the  northern 
states. 

A  plant  at  Kew  from  E.  P.  Fries  (Upsala,  1850)  determined 
as  C.  suecica  is  like  our  plants  and  has  similar  spores,  slightly 
rough,  3. 8-4.2  x  7-9[i.. 

Clavaria  circinans  Pk.  is  certainly  the  same  as  C.  suecica,  as 
shown  by  spores  and  appearance  of  the  type  plants.  There  are  in 
Albany  plants  of  this  species  labelled  by  Peck  C.  pinea,  but  we  can¬ 
not  find  that  he  ever  published  this  name.  Clavaria  flavula  is  also 
the  same,  as  shown  by  the  type  at  Ithaca.  Atkinson  gives  the 
spores  as  9-12  x  3-3.5|ji,  but  we  find  the  spores,  which  are  abundant 
on  the  type,  to  be  3.4-4  x  7-9. 3[/.,  in  every  respect  like  those  of 
C.  suecica,  and  Atkinson’s  description  does  not  disagree  in  any 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  169 


particular,  granting  that  his  plants  had  reached  the  huffy  yellow 
color  of  full  maturity.  Clavaria  Invalii  from  type  locality  de¬ 
termined  by  Cotton  is  C.  siiecica.  The  plants  are  alike  and  so  are 
the  spores,  minutely  rough,  often  pointed  toward  mucro  end, 
3.S-4.2  X  6-8[x.  Cotton  and  Wakefield  do  not  include  C.  siiecica, 
a  species  which  is  to  be  expected  in  England  in  a  similar  habitat. 

Illustrations  :  Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Siidl).,  Clavariei,  fig.  23. 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  5,  fig.  33  (as  C.  circinans) .  1922. 
Mcllvaine.  Am.  Fungi.,  pi.  142  (as  C.  circinans).  1900. 

Peck.  As  cited  above  (as  C.  circinans) . 

Schaeffer.  Fung.  Bavar.,  pi.  177  (as  C.  rubella).  1763.  Fries  refers  to 
this  (Syst.  Myc.  1 :  469),  but  it  is  not  good. 

New  York:  Adirondacks.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  type  of  C.  circinans). 
Hudson  Falls.  Burnham,  No.  57.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Under  hemlock, 

July  22,  1917. 

Lake  George.  Coker,  No.  19.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  In  clumps  or  in  rows 

on  white  pine  needles,  by  path  to  Prospect  Mountain,  September  3, 
1917.  Spores  as  in  B.  No.  57,  3.7-4.2  x  7.5-8.2/x. 

Syracuse.  Underwood.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  pinca) . 

Vaughns.  C.  &  B.  No.  118.  In  hemlock  woods.  B.  No.  94.  Under  white 
pines,  August  19,  1917.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Ithaca.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.,  as  type  of  C.  . 

New  Hampshire:  Chocorua.  Farlow.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.,  from  Farlow 
Her!).,  as  LacJinocladimn  Michcncri) .  Taste  quite  bitter.  Spores 
3.5-4  X  6.7-8.2/x. 

Clavaria  gracilis  Pers.  Comm.,  p.  50  (182).  1797. 

C.  ahitacca  Lasch  in  Rabenhorst.  Klotzschii  herbarium  vivum 
mycologicum.  Cent.  16,  No.  1519.  1851. 

C.  fragrans  E.  &  E.  N.  Am.  Eungi,  2nd.  .Ser.,  No.  2023. 
1888. 

C,  fragrantissima  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6:  57.  1908. 

C.  flaviiloides  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  28,  pi.  5,  fig.  34. 
1922. 

Plates  64  and  88 

Plants  small,  gregarious,  often  crowded,  slender  and  delicate, 
or  varying  to  densely  branched  and  compact,  about  2-5  cm.  high 
and  1-4  cm.  broad,  stem  1-2  mm.  thick,  short  or  long,  smooth,  the 
base  attached  to  the  stringy  white  mycelium;  branches  and  twigs 


170  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

rather  numerous  and  crowded,  the  numerous  tips  pointed  and 
upright,  or  at  times  open  and  spreading;  color  when  young 
whitish,  then  delicate  flesh  color  towards  maturity  with  the  tips 
remaining  white,  the  base  shading  to  pale  ochraceous;  in  drying 
becoming  pallid  buff.  Flesh  delicate,  but  not  very  brittle,  not 
changing  color  when  bruised;  odor  distinct,  a  rather  medicinal 
fragrance,  lost  on  drying;  taste  none. 

Spores  (of  C.  &  B.  No.  107)  rather  light  yellowish  ochraceous, 
much  lighter  than  in  C.  abietina,  varying  from  smooth  to  very 
minutely  rough,  3-3.3  x  4.8-6[jl.  Basidia  4.4-5. S[i.  thick,  4-spored; 
hymenium  40-SS[j-  thick;  threads  of  flesh  very  variable  in  diameter, 
up  to  thick.  Just  under  the  hymenium  the  threads  are  parallel 
and  fairly  regular,  but  in  the  center  of  the  plant  they  are  very 
irregular  and  much  intertwined.  The  walls  of  the  hyphae  vary 
from  thin  to  thicker  than  the  diameter  of  the  space  inside  them, 
the  hymenium  arising  from  the  thin-walled  threads;  clamp  con¬ 
nections  present. 

Not  rare  among  rotting  leaves  and  twigs  under  pine  in  the 
northern  states  and  in  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  col¬ 
lected  several  times  in  Chapel  Hill ;  also  found  in  Dismal  Swamp, 
Va.,  under  junipers  (C hamaecy paris) .  Easily  distinguished  from 
all  others  by  the  combined  characters  of  color,  odor,  spores,  and 
place  of  growth. 

The  determination  of  this  species  is  fortunately  made  certain 
by  the  presence  of  a  good  plant  of  the  type  in  PersoonT  herbarium. 
The  appearance  and  the  characteristic  spores  which  are  very 
minutely  rough,  oval,  3-3.6  x  5-6[jl,  are  conclusive.  Persoon’s 
original  description  also  agrees  perfectly,  and  our  plants  are  evi¬ 
dently  the  same  as  those  interpreted  as  C.  gracilis  by  Karsten  who 
says  they  are  slightly  fragrant,  with  elliptic,  ochraceous  spores 
3  X  5-6a  (  Bidr.  Finl.  Nat.  Folk  37  :  188.  1882). 'Fries  says  that  the 
plant  has  a  slight  anise  odor,  and  our  plants  from  Chapel  Hill  had 
this  fragrance  to  a  distinct  though  faint  degree. 

A  plant  from  Bresadola  in  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden 
Herbarium,  labelled  C.  gracilis,  looks  in  the  dried  state  like  the 
plant  we  are  calling  C.  Kiinsici,  and  has  the  same  minute  spores; 
other  collections  in  the  Bresadola  Herbarium  at  Stockholm  labelled 
C.  gracilis  are  also  C.  Kuns;ei,  as  one  from  Atkinson  with  asperu- 


ClAVARIA  DECURRENS  VAR.  AUSTRALIS.  No.  3116 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  171 

late  spores  3  x  4[t.  However,  there  is  one  collection  in  his  her¬ 
barium  from  Eichler  on  leaves  of  Pinus  determined  as  C.  gracilis 
that  is  the  same  as  ours  with  spores  3-4  x  5.5-6.5[j-.  We  have  re¬ 
ceived  from  Juel  (Upsala)  a  good  specimen  of  C.  gracilis  with 
spores  oblong-oval,  barely  rough,  3-3.6  x  4.2-5. 5[jl,  rarely  6.5[j..  In 
Bresadola’s  herbarium  we  hnd  three  species  determined  by  him  as 
C.  paljjiata.  One  is  C.  suecica,  one  the  flaccida  form  of  C.  abietina^ 
and  a  third  C.  gracilis.  Another  plant  from  Bresadola  (in  N.  Y. 
Bot.  Card.  Herb.),  labelled  C.  pahnata  Pers.  with  a  question 
mark,  is  also  C.  gracilis  and  has  spores  which  are  distinctly  yel¬ 
lowish,  3.5  X  6.5[t.  There  are  also  plants  of  this  species  in  the 
Cornell  Herbarium  determined  as  C.  palmata,  with  spores  smooth 
or  minutely  roughened,  3.3-4  x  5-6.6[ji.  In  spite  of  these  determi¬ 
nations,  we  think  it  quite  unsafe  to  consider  C.  palmata  a  synonym 
of  C.  gracilis,  as  one  is  white  and  grows  in  beech  woods  and  the 
other  is  distinctly  colored  and  grows  characteristically  in  conifer¬ 
ous  woods.  These  reasons  are  equally  against  considering  C. 
palmata  a  synonym  of  C.  alutacca.  (See  note  under  C.  cristata). 
An  authentic  specimen  of  C.  alutacca  at  Kew  collected  by  Lasch 
himself  (Rabenhorst’s  Exsiccati,  No.  1519)  is  certainly  C.  gracilis, 
with  the  same  block-like  spores,  3.4-3.8  x  5-6.5[t.  Another  col¬ 
lection  by  him  in  the  Rehm  Herbarium,  Stockholm,  is  the  same. 
That  Peck’s  idea  of  C.  gracilis  was  the  same  as  we  have  adopted 
is  indicated  by  several  collections  at  Albany,  although  not  all  of 
his  were  correctly  determined. 

Clavaria  fragraus  is  this  species,  as  is  shown  by  two  collections 
from  Newfield,  N.  J.,  (Ellis)  at  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden,  which  agree  in  all  respects ;  spores  3-3.7  x  5.5-6.5(/..  A  bit 
of  the  co-type  (No.  2023)  at  Kew  has  similar  appearance  but  we 
could  find  no  spores.  Clavaria  fragrantissima  also  has  the  same 
appearance  and  spores. 

Illustrations :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  5,  fig.  34  (as  C.  flavu- 
loides)  and  fig.  35  (as  C.  fragrantissima) .  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Chapel  Hill.  No.  7069.  On  leaves,  mostly  pine,  August 
10,  1923.  Odor  of  anise.  Spores  minutely  warted,  3-3.5  x  5-6. 5/x. 

Asheville.  Beardslee,  No.  18183.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  ‘‘Spores  ochraceous 
or  deep  cream,  6-7 fx  long.” 


172  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Blowing  Rock.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.,  as  C.  corrugata  Karst.). 
Appearance  and  spores  exactly  like  those  of  C.  gracilis.  Also  several 
typical  collections  by  us  with  spores  as  usual.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

?Salem.  Schweinitz.  “On  shaded  banks’’  (Syn.  Fung.  Car.  Sup.  No. 
1085.  1822).  We  can  bnd  no  collection  in  either  the  Schweinitz  or 

Curtis  Herbarium  to  support  this. 

Pink  Bed  Valley.  Murrill  and  House.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C. 
fragrans,  No.  364).  Spores  nearly  smooth,  3-3.4  x  4.8-7/a. 

Virginia:  Dismal  Swamp.  J.  S.  Holmes.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores 
nearly  smooth,  2. 8-3. 5  x4.5-6.6/x. 

New  Jersey:  Newheld.  Ellis.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  fragrans) 
Spores  minutely  rough,  oblong,  3-3.7  x  S. 5-6.5 fx. 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  30.  Spores  apparently  smooth. 
3  X  5/x.  B.  No.  31.  Under  white  pines,  September  12,  1915.  Spores 
nearly  smooth,  3  x  5.2/x.  B.  No.  80.  Near  Tripoli,  July,  1919.  Spores 
as  usual.  C.  &  B.  No.  107.  Under  white  pines,  September  2,  1917. 
Spores  minutely  rough,  3-3.3  x  4.8-6/x.  C.  &  B.  No.  109.  Spores  as 
usual,  about  3  x  5.5/x.  (All  in  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Hudson  Falls.  Burnham,  No.  56.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  elliptic, 

rough,  2. 5-3.9  x  4.8-7/x. 

Farmington.  Ellis.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  No.  57).  Spores  smooth, 
3  X  4.8-6. 3fi. 

Lake  George.  Under  white  pine.  Coker,  No.  6.  Spores  3-3.6  x  5-6/x.  No. 
18.  Typical,  fragrant.  Spores  minutely  rough,  2.8-3.4  x  4.3-6. 5/x.  (U. 

N.  C.  Herb.). 

Connecticut:  West  Goshen.  In  pine  woods.  Underwood.  (N.  Y.  Bot. 
Gard.  Herb.).  Spores  minutely  warted,  3-3.3  x  5.2-7^. 

Vermont:  Newfane.  Miss  Hibbard.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  “Fragrant  of 
anise.”  Spores  as  usual. 

Michigan:  Distributed  by  E.  &  E.  as  C.  Icucotephra.  Spores  nearly  smooth, 
3  X.  55^jx. 

Clavaria  subdecurrens  n.  sp. 

Plates  65  and  89 

Size  and  shape  and  habitat  as  in  C.  flaccida  (treated  by  us  as 
a  form  of  C.  abietina),  2-3.3  cm.  high  and  1-2.5  cm.  broad.  Com¬ 
pactly  branched  at  or  near  the  ground,  terete  or  more  or  less  flat¬ 
tened  and  angled,  tips  small,  pointed,  numerous,  often  crested  as 
in  C.  cristata;  color  when  young  pale  creamy  ochraceous  except 
the  tips,  which  are  abruptly  lavender,  varying  from  deep  lavender 
to  very  pale  lavender  or  fleshy  lavender;  at  maturity  the  body 
color  somewhat  deeper,  but  still  pale  ochraceous,  the  tips  not  chang- 


PLAT]-;  68 


Clavaria  abietina.  C.  &  B.  No.  132. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  173 

ing.  Flesh  pliable,  tender;  taste  distinctly  acid  or  acid-bitter; 
odor  none. 

Spores  (of  No.  Ill)  deep  ochraceous  (color  as  in  C.  dccur- 
rens),  narrow,  the  tapering  tip  bent,  minutely  tuberculate,  2.5-3  x 
5.9-7[j..  Basidia  4.4-5. l[ji  thick,  4-spored;  hymenium  about  50-55[;- 
thick,  the  surface  densely  packed  with  spores  and  a  large  number 
of  spores  also  embedded  in  the  hymenium  and  in  places  arranged 
in  a  row  about  half  way  down,  thus  showing  the  hymenium  to  be 
doubled  by  periodic  growth. 

Nearest  C.  decitrrcns  and  C.  flaccida,  from  the  first  of  which  it 
dififers  in  lavender  tips,  sour  taste,  absence  of  color  change  when 
bruised,  and  different  spores. 

This  beautiful  and  delicate  plant  was  found  twice  in  hemlock 
leaves  in  two  different  groves.  In  each  case  it  was  growing  near 
but  not  mixed  with  C.  flaccida,  which  was  of  the  same  size,  habit 
and  not  very  different  in  color,  except  at  the  tips.  This  tip  color 
varies  from  very  strong,  almost  purplish,  lavender  to  very  pale 
whitish  lavender.  The  crested  tips,  which  were  conspicuous  in 
several  of  the  plants  in  one  collection,  were  not  seen  in  any  case 
in  C.  flaccida,  which  was  much  more  abundant.  The  spores  also 
are  distinctly  narrower  and  of  a  different  shape  from  those  of  C. 
flaccida. 

At  first  glance  one  might  suspect  this  to  be  the  same  as  C. 
Holmskjoldi  Oudemans  (Nederlandsch  Kruidkundig  Archief, 
series  3,  2  :  672,  pi.  3,  fig.  2),  which  is  of  the  same  shape  and  about 
the  same  color,  with  purplish  tips  at  maturity  ;  but  in  the  latter 
the  spores  are  said  to  be  round  (4.2[i-  in  diameter)  and  there  is  a 
strong  odor  of  anise.  Clavaria  ajflata  Lagger  (Flora  19:  231. 
1836)  has  points  in  common  with  our  plants  but  the  body  color  is 
said  to  be  white,  then  grayish  smoky.  The  spores  are  not  known. 

New  York:  Oneida.  House,  No.  1447.  August,  1914.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Spores  as  in  type,  minutely  rough  to  apparently  smooth,  2.5-3  x  5.5-6.3ja. 

Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  81.  Grassy  woods  margin,  July  27,  1917. 

Spores  minutely  rough,  3-3.3  x  6.6-7. 7jLi.  C.  &  B.  No.  101.  Under 

hemlocks,  Burnham's  grove,  September  2,  1917.  (Type).  C.  &  B.  No. 

111.  Golden’s  hemlocks,  September  2,  1917.  (All  these  in  U.  N.  C. 

Herb.). 


174  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Clavaria  decurrens  Pers.  Myc.  Europ.  1 :  164.  1822. 

?C.  'imiscigcna  Pers.  Myc.  Europ.  1 :  169.  1822. 

?C.  crispula  Er.  Syst.  Myc.  1 :  470.  1832. 

C.  curt  a  Fr.  Monog.  Hymen.  Suec.  2  :  281.  1857. 

C.  piisilla  Pk.  Buf.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.  1 ;  62.  1873.  (Also  in 
Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  25  :  83.  1873).  (Not  C.  piisilla  Pers., 
which  is  a  Pistillaria;  or  C.  piisilla  Quel,  which  is 
Nyctalis). 

Plates  66,  88,  and  92 

Plants  small  and  delicate,  about  1.5-3  cm.  high  and  1.2-3  cm. 
broad;  stem  distinct,  5-15  mm.  long,  1.5-7  mm.  thick,  terete  or 
grooved  or  flattened,  glabrous,  toughish,  not  rooting,  but  soon 
disappearing  into  the  flbrous  mycelium ;  branches  rather  few  and 
open,  spreading,  mostly  flattened  and  angular,  tips  small,  sub¬ 
ulate,  acute,  spreading;  color  when  fresh  a  dull  creamy  white  all 
over  except  for  pinkish  stains  that  are  apt  to  be  present  on  the 
stem;  in  age  and  in  drying  becoming  olivaceous-yellow  or  about 
drab.  Flesh  pliable,  tasteless  and  odorless,  turning  deep  purplish 
pink  when  bruised;  threads  of  flesh  1.6-8[i.  thick,  average  about  4p. 
thick,  loosely  packed  and  much  intertwined,  clamp  connections 
present. 

Spores  (of  C.  and  B.  No.  120)  deep  buffy  yellow  (about 
chamois  of  Ridgway),  pip-shaped,  minutely  tuberculate, 
2.3-3  x4.5-6[jt..  Basidia  4-spored,  4-4.8[jl  thick,  hymenium  35-40[jt. 
thick,  containing  very  many  included  spores  which  show  that  the 
hymenium  has  increased  in  thickness  by  proliferation.  There  are 
also  a  great  number  of  spores  encrusting  the  surface. 

This  small  plant  which  we  are  taking  as  typical  is  known  with 
certainty  in  America  only  from  New  York,  in  damp,  shady  places 
under  hemlock  and  pine.  For  the  southern  variety  see  page  177. 

A  well  marked  species,  easily  recognized  by  its  small  size  and 
habitat,  by  change  to  pink  when  bruised,  peculiar  color  when  dry, 
flattened  and  angular  branches  and  tips,  and  by  the  spores.  By 
the  authentic  plants  of  C.  decurrens  in  the  Persoon  Herbarium,  the 
American  plants  are  shown  to  be  the  same.  His  plants  are  about 
5  cm.  high,  and  the  spores  are  minutely  rough,  about  pip-shaped, 
2. 5-3. 5  X  4.5-6[x.  Our  collections  are  certainly  the  same  as  C. 
pusilla,  as  the  dried  plants  look  exactly  like  the  type  and  like  an¬ 
other  better  collection  from  Westport,  N.  Y.  (determined  by 


PLATE  69 


Clavaria  ABiETiNA.  Large  form  of  pines.  B.  No.  91. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  175 


Peck),  and  as  the  spores  are  identical  with  those  of  the  type  and 
different  from  any  others,  being  distinctly  smaller  than  in  C. 
flaccida  or  C.  abietina.  Peck  says  C.  pnsilla  differs  from  C.  tetraq- 
ona  by  the  terete  stem  and  irregular  ramification,  but  Peck’s  col¬ 
lections  labelled  C.  tetragona  are  apparently  C.  crocea.  From  C. 
gracilis  the  present  species  may  be  distinguished  by  the  quick 
change  to  purple-pink  when  bruised  and  by  the  different  spores, 
which  are  not  only  minutely  warted  but  collapse  more  easily  than 
those  of  C.  gracilis  and  lack  the  very  distinct  oil  drop  of  the  latter. 
As  to  C.  carta  we  have  seen  an  authentic  specimen  of  this  at  Kew 
Gardens  determined  by  Fries.  The  plants  are  like  C.  pusilla  and 
so  are  the  spores,  minutely  rough,  2.8-3. 5  x4.2-5[i-.  A  collection 
in  the  Bresadola  Herbarium  determined  by  the  latter  as  C.  carta  is 
also  the  same,  with  spores  2. 5-3. 5  x  3.8-5[x.  There  has  been  much 
confusion  in  regard  to  the  identity  of  C.  crisp  ala.  In  his  first 
publication  of  the  species  (see  above)  Fries  evidently  had  a  vague 
idea  of  his  plant,  as  he  refers  to  both  the  white  and  colored  figures 
of  Bulliard  (pi.  358,  figs.  A-C)  as  representing  it.  Later  (Epicr., 
p.  576)  he  refers  only  to  the  colored  figures  and  gives  C.  decur- 
rens  as  a  synonym.  Confusion  in  Fries’s  mind  in  regard  to  the 
species  is  still  further  indicated  by  plants  labelled  C.  crispala  in  his 
herbarium.  There  are  two  plants  not  on  wood  that  have  the  ap¬ 
pearance  and  spores  of  C.  Kaasiei,  while  one  other  specimen  on 
wood  is  exactly  like  a  plant  sent  us  by  Romell  and  determined  by 
him  as  C.  epichnoa  and  has  spores  smooth,  elliptic,  2.5-3  x  5-7(jl. 
Juel  (cited  under  C.  cristata)  finds  that  in  a  plant  considered  by 
him  to  be  C.  epichnoa  (pi.  3,  figs.  84-86)  the  microscopic  characters 
are  the  same  as  in  the  plant  he  considers  C.  crispala  (pi.  3,  figs. 
91  and  92).  Neither  of  his  plants  is  C.  decurrens.  However, 
we  have  received  from  him  a  collection  labelled  C.  crispala  with  a 
question  which  is  exactly  like  the  present  species  in  the  dry  state 
and  has  the  same  spores,  nearly  pip-shaped,  minutely  rough, 
2-3  X  3.5-5[x.  Specimens  in  Persoon’s  herbarium  collected  near 
Paris  and  determined  by  him  as  C.  crispida  are  in  good  con¬ 
dition  and  are  indistinguishable  from  our  collections.  The  spores 
are  the  same,  2.5-4  x  4.4-6. 6(j-.  Clavaria  mascigena  Pers.,  which 
was  also  regarded  by  Fries  as  a  synonym,  is  not  represented  in  the 
herbarium  of  Persoon.  In  the  Bresadola  Herbarium  at  Stock- 


176  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

holm  are  three  collections  determined  as  C.  crispula.  One  is  on 
rotten  wood  and  looks  exactly  like  our  plants  and  has  the  same 
spores  (“yellow,  asperulate,  4-5  x  2.5-3[jl’’)  ;  another  on  spruce 
leaves  and  moss  also  looks  like  our  No.  120,  open  and  crisped, 
and  has  same  spores  (“asperulate,  cremeo-ochraceous,  4.5-5  x  3- 
3.5[j!..  Basidia  16-20  x  4-5[ji;  hyphae  2-3  (-6)(jl”)  ;  the  third,  ap¬ 
parently  on  rotten  wood  or  trash,  is  3.5-5  cm.  high  and  looks  more 
like  our  southern  variety  australis.  At  Kew  Gardens  under  the 
name  C.  crispula  are  a  variety  of  species,  as  C.  stricta,  C.  cristata, 
and  C.  pyxidata.  In  the  opinion  of  Fries  C.  canalicidata  Ehrenb. 
(Nova  Acta  Acad.  Caes.  Leop.  Nat.  Cur.  2:  213,  pi.  14,  figs.  1-9. 
1821)  is  also  a  synonym  of  the  present  species.  We  have  re¬ 
ceived  several  collections  from  Romell  labelled  C.  abietina,  one  of 
which  is  the  present  species,  with  spores  minutely  rough,  3  x  4-5[jl. 
Another  labelled  “C.  abietina  or  probably  C.  cyanescens  v.  PosC^ 
(Stockholm)  is  also  this  species. 

Clavaria  crispula  has  been  reported  from  a  number  of  states, 
as  South  Carolina,  New  England,  Maine,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Penn¬ 
sylvania,  but  it  is  not  at  all  certain  that  any  of  these  reports  are 
based  on  the  plant  that  we  have  described.  Eor  example,  a  col¬ 
lection  in  the  Albany  Herbarium  from  Greig,  N.  Y.,  is  not  this 
but  C.  strict  a,  as  is  one  in  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden 
Herbarium  from  Fern,  Ind.  (Underwood).  In  the  Schweinitz 
Herbarium  is  a  plant  with  spine-like  points  that  is  labelled  C. 
crispula  but  is  not  this.  In  the  Curtis  Herbarium  are  several  col¬ 
lections  labelled  C.  crispula,  one  of  which  is  on  fir  or  spruce  leaves 
from  Europe  and  looks  like  C.  flaccida.  Another  collection  from 
New  England  (Sprague)  has  the  appearance  of  a  tall  slender  C. 
Kunzei  and  has  spores  like  that  species.  This  last  is  labelled 
“crispulae  affinis  sed  dififert.’’ 

Illustrations:  Bischoff.  Kryptogamenkunde,  fig.  3472  (as  C.  crispula). 
1860. 

Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Sudb.,  Clavariei,  fig.  52  (as  C.  crispula). 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  4,  fig.  27  (as  C.  pusilla) .  1922. 

Ehrenburg.  As  cited  above  (as  C.  canaliculata) .  We  have  not  seen  this. 

Flora  Danica,  pi.  2272,  fig.  1  (as  C.  crispula).  1839. 

Payer.  Botan.  Cryptog.,  p.  3,  fig.  2,  and  p.  57,  figs.  238-239  (as  C. 
crispula).  1868. 


PLATE  70 


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Clavaria  abietixa.  flaccida  form.  C.  &:  B.  No.  102 


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Clavarias  of  trie  United  States  and  Canada  177 


Xew  York:  North  Elba.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  type  of  C.  piisilla). 
Identical  with  our  collections  from  Vaughns.  Spores  roughish,  oval, 
2.5-3  X  4.5-5. 5ja. 

Westport.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  C.  pusilla) . 

Vaughns.  Coker  and  Burnham.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  No.  120.  Among 
hemlock  leaves  in  a  damp  place  by  a  brook.  C.  &  B.  No.  106.  Under 
white  pines.  Both  collections  made  September  2,  1917.  Color  (of 
No.  106)  peculiar,  light  olive  drab  throughout,  except  the  pinkish  purple 
stem ;  not  very  brittle ;  flesh  turning  deep  pinkish  purple  when  cut  or 
bruised ;  yellowish  olivaceous  when  dry.  Spores  as  above. 

Canada:  Ottawa.  Macoun.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  C.  crispula).  Dried  plants 
look  like  ours  and  the  spores  are  the  same,  rough,  3-3.5  x4.1-5.5|U,. 


Clavaria  decurrens  var.  australis  n.  var. 

Plates  SO,  67,  and  88 

Plants  of  medium  to  small  size,  but  of  slender,  delicate  habit, 
gregarious  and  single  or  clustered  and  often  partly  fused;  about 
4-10  cm.  high  and  2-8.5  cm.  broad  ;  stalk  distinct,  1-2  cm. 
long,  3-12  mm.  thick,  smooth,  not  rooting  but  deliquescing  soon 
into  the  white,  membranous  and  fibrous  mycelium ;  main  branches 
spreading,  their  subdivisions  turning  upward  and  ascending  in  a 
crowded  manner,  the  ultimate  branches  very  numerous  and  slender 
and  simple  or  toothed,  the  tips  all  pointed;  all  parts  smooth  and 
terete;  color  when  young  a  light  bufify  yellow,  between  chamois 
and  bufif-yellow  of  Ridgway,  the  tips  remaining  this  color  until 
maturity,  lower  parts  soon  becoming  a  darker  honey-yellow  or 
Isabella  color  and  finally  the  whole  thus  colored,  the  base  white 
where  protected  by  leaves,  but  becoming  flesh  color  then  brown 
when  bruised.  Flesh  rather  toughish  and  not  brittle,  pale  with  a 
tint  of  the  surface  color,  becoming  distinctly  flesh-pink  zvhen  cut; 
taste  distinctly  bitter,  odor  none.  In  drying  the  plant  becomes  a 
deep  brown,  about  Dresden  brown  of  Ridgway,  and  nearly  the 
color  of  dried  C.  abietina.  There  is  a  distinct  contrast  in  color 
when  dry  between  the  hymenium  and  the  sterile  areas  in  the  angles, 
which  are  darker. 

Spores  (of  No.  2769)  about  pip-shaped,  minutely  but  distinctly 
spinulose-warted,  deep  bufify  yellow  (about  chamois  color  of 
Ridgway),  2.5-3  x  5-6. Sp..  Basidia  4.8  x  22p.,  with  4  curved 
sterigmata. 

Among  rotting  leaves  in  deciduous  woods.  Known  at  present 
with  certainty  only  from  Chapel  Hill  and  from  Vaughns,  N.  Y. 


178  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

It  differs  from  all  others  at  all  like  it  except  the  species  in  the 
quick  change  of  flesh  to  deep  pink  and  in  the  spores.  It  is  like  C. 
decurrens  in  almost  identical  spores,  change  of  color  when  bruised 
and  in  the  color  of  the  dried  plants.  The  latter  differs  in  growth 
under  conifers,  much  smaller  size  and  different  color  when  fresh. 

As  interpreted  by  Bresadola,  Romell,  and  several  other  Euro¬ 
pean  botanists,  C.  condensata  is  C.  stricta,  as  shown  by  their  speci¬ 
mens,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  the  real  C.  condensata  is  that  species. 
The  present  species  agrees  well  with  Fries’s  description  of  C.  con- 
den  sat  a,  the  crowded  bases  and  fibrillose  mycelium  in  leaves  of 
frondose  trees  being  particularly  convincing.  Sowerby’s  plate  157 
(as  C.  nmscoides) ,  to  which  Fries  refers,  is  also  very  like  our 
plant.  That  Sowerby’s  plate  does  represent  our  plant  is  rendered 
more  probable  by  the  occurrence  of  the  same  species  in  the  Kew 
Herbarium  (Massee, November,  1903,  under  lilacs,  Kew  Gardens), 
labelled  ''C.  rubella  Schaeff.  (C.  condensata  Fr.)”  This  has  ex¬ 
actly  the  appearance  of  our  Chapel  Hill  plants,  with  spores  also 
the  same  but  averaging  a  little  shorter,  2. 5-3. 5  x  4-5[jl. 

North  Carolina  :  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2769.  In  a  thick  layer  of  rotting  leaves 
of  deciduous  trees  just  outside  of  center  gate  of  Arboretum,  July  25, 
1917.  A  large  number  of  fine  plants.  (Type).  No.  3116.  Same 
spot  as  No.  2769  and  exactly  like  it,  June  8,  1918.  No.  3144.  Same 
spot  as  above,  August  4,  1918.  No.  3279.  Among  rotting  leaves  in 
same  spot  as  above,  June  2,  1919.  No.  3304.  In  rotting  leaves  under 
privet  in  northeast  corner  of  Arboretum,  June  6,  1919.  No.  4385. 
Same  spot  as  No.  2769,  July  10,  1920. 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  4.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  In  frondose 

woods,  July  29-30,  1915.  Spores  roughish,  3-3.5  x6-6.5/x.  These  plants 
have  the  same  reddish  stains  on  the  surface  in  dry  state  that  the  Chapel 
Hill  plants  do,  and  in  all  other  ways  are  exactly  alike.  No  notes  on 
fresh  state. 


Clavaria  myceliosa  Pk.  Bull.  Ton*.  Bot.  Club  31:  182.  1904. 

Plate  88 

This  seems  to  be  the  western  representative  of  C.  deeiirrens, 
with  smaller  spores.  The  types  at  Albany  are  very  delicate  little 
plants,  the  spores  pip-shaped,  minutely  papillate,  about  2-2.2  x  3.5- 
4^.  Peck’s  description  follows : 


PLATE  71 


Clavaria  Broomei, 


C.  &  B.  No.  141  [ahovel  ; 

when  nearly  dry] 


B.  No.  74  [below,  photographed 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  179 

‘‘Stem  slender,  solid,  irregularly  branched  above,  tawny,  with 
an  abundant  mycelium  which  forms  whitish,  branching  strands 
among  decaying  leaves  and  twigs;  branches  short,  divergent  or 
wide  spreading  with  few  branchlets,  colored  like  the  stem,  the 
ultimate  branchlets  mostly  acute,  whitish;  spores  subglobose,  4[Jt 
long.  Scattered  or  gregarious,  1-2.5  cm.  tall,  stems  about  0.5  mm. 
thick. 

“The  abundant  rhizomorphoid  mycelium  is  a  marked  feature 
of  this  species.  The  plant  is  inodorous  but  has  a  slight  peppery 
taste.  It  is  allied  to  our  eastern  C.  ptisilla,  but  it  is  a  smaller,  more 
slender  plant  with  the  slender  stem  branched  above  only,  and  with 
the  few  short  branches  more  widely  spreading.'' 

Illustration  :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9  :  pi.  6,  fig.  37.  1922. 

California :  E.  B.  Copeland.  In  mountains  near  Stanford  University, 
among  fallen  leaves  and  twigs  under  redwood  trees,  December.  (Type. 
Albany  Herb.). 


Clavaria  abietina  Pers.  Neues  Mag.  Bot.  1 :  117.  1794. 

Plates  68  and  89 

The  following  description  is  made  from  plants  taken  by  us  at 
Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (No.  132)  : 

Plants  small,  about  2-4  cm.  high  and  1-3  cm.  broad,  branched 
at  or  near  the  base,  the  branches  numerous  and  crowded,  the  tips 
not  so  numerous  and  fine  as  in  the  flaccida  form,  color  dull 
ochraceous  above,  brownish  ochraceous  below  when  very  fresh, 
but  soon  with  tints  of  olive  green  at  any  point  or  all  over,  deep 
olive  green  when  bruised.  Flesh  pliable,  hardly  breaking  when 
bent  on  self,  tips  not  whitish  at  any  age.  Color  a  little  darker 
than  in  the  flaccida  form  when  quite  fresh,  then  much  darker  with 
the  olive-brown  tints  of  age.  Taste  hardly  bitter,  rather  mouldyq 
odor  none. 

Spores  (of  C.  &  B.  No.  110)  deep  yellowish  ochraceous,  pip¬ 
shaped,  papillate-warted,  3-3.7  x  6.2-8. 5p..  Hymenium  35-45!i. 
thick,  containing  very  many^  embedded  spores  which  are  not  ar¬ 
ranged  in  layers. 

In  hemlock  woods  on  decaying  hemlock  needles  in  the  northern 
states,  and  rarely  in  the  South. 


180  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

On  account  of  its  change  to  green,  we  have  taken  the  above  to 
represent  the  typical  C.  abietina,  although  the  usual  difficulties  are 
met  with  in  comparing  our  plants  with  European  descriptions. 
In  his  original  description  Persoon  says  that  C.  abietina  grows  in 
pine  woods,  is  at  first  sordid  yellow  to  alutaceous,  becoming  green¬ 
ish;  base  white-tomentose ;  spores  saffron,  etc.  In  his  Com- 
mentatio,  p.  47  (178),  he  has  a  fuller  description  of  C.  abietina 
giving  the  stalk  as  4  lines  thick,  form  obconic,  always  in  pines, 
color  sordid  yellow  to  alutaceous  then  greenish.  The  species  is 
represented  in  Persoon’s  herbarium  by  two  plants  in  good  con¬ 
dition  which  may  be  considered  as  the  types.  The  plants  are  about 
2-4  cm.  high,  the  spores  3. 5-4. 5  x  5-8[j..  There  is  no  tint  of  green 
on  the  dried  plants.  In  size  they  more  closely  resemble  our  large 
plant  of  pines  which  in  America  has  no  tint  of  green.  Two  other 
sheets  from  France  (Chaillet,  coll.)  so  determined  are  apparently 
the  same. 

Fries  describes  C.  abietina  as  having  the  trunk  white-tomentose 
and  growing  in  fir  woods,  while  C.  flaeeida,  he  says,  grows  in  pine 
woods  and  is  much  more  delicate  than  the  former.  This  is  the 
opposite  of  our  observations  on  the  American  plants,  the  larger 
plant  with  a  distinct  stalk  growing  among  pine  needles,  the  smaller, 
more  delicate  plant  occurring  under  hemlock  and  spruce.  The 
carelessness  of  Fries's  study  of  Clavarias  is  shown  in  many  cases. 
At  Kew  are  three  collections  from  him  determined  as  C.  abietina 
which  represent  three  different  species.  One  is  apparently  cor¬ 
rectly  determined,  another  is  C.  apieulata,  and  another  C.  eristata. 
Greville's  plate  117  referred  to  by  Fries  (Epicr.,  p.  574)  does  not 
look  like  our  green  plant  of  hemlock,  but  is  big  and  more  stalked 
like  our  form  of  pines ;  a  slight  greenish  tint  is  shown  on  one  side 
of  his  figure.  The  Flora  Danica  figure,  also  referred  to  by  Fries, 
is  likewise  a  large  plant  with  a  good  stalk.  Gillet's  figure  is 
smaller  than  the  others  but  shows  a  stalk. 

In  the  Curtis  Herbarium  is  a  collection  labelled  C.  abietina 
from  Fries  (through  Berkeley).  The  plant  is  like  ours  as  de¬ 
scribed  above,  about  4  cm.  high  and  3  cm.  wide,  well  branched 
from  the  ground.  The  spores  also  are  exactly  the  same,  minutely 
warted,  elliptic  to  pip-shaped,  3. 7-4.4  x  6.6-8.5[i..  The  species  is 
not  represented  in  the  Fries  Herbarium  at  Upsala. 


PLATE  72 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  181 

Spores  of  C.  abietina  from  Bresadola  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.)  are 
pip-shaped,  3.S-3.8  x  6.5-7p.,  minutely  papillate,  ochraceous.  The 
plants  are  small,  not  over  an  inch  high.  Others  in  his  own 
herbarium  are  similar.  Other  European  specimens  under  this 
name  in  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  Herbarium  vary  much 
in  delicacy  and  some  cannot  be  distinguished  from  the  flaccida 
form,  which  is  supposed  to  be  more  delicate.  A  good  collection 
from  Upsala  sent  us  by  Romell  and  determined  by  him  as  C. 
abietina  with  C.  ochracea  von  Post  (not  published)  as  a  synonym 
looks  just  like  our  plant  of  pines,  and  has  the  same  spores,  which 
are  dark  colored,  distinctly  warted,  4  x  7-8. 2[t.  In  regard  to  this 
Romell  writes :  ''Clavaria  abietina  which  von  Post  called  'oeJira- 
eea'  is  to  my  eyes  distinct  from  the  ‘forma  minor,  contrita 
virens'  which  von  Post  called  ' eyaneseens'  and  which  must  be  very 
like  to  and  perhaps  is  sometimes  considered  as  'flaeeida  ere  the 
color  is  changed.”  Plants  received  from  Romell  labelled  ''C. 
xyctneseens  v.  Post=C.  abietina  forma  Fries,  Stockholm,  autumno, 
1889”  are  indistinguishable  from  C.  flaeeida  in  the  dried  state,  with 
spores,  3.6-4.2x6-7.4(11.  We  have  received  from  Juel  (Upsala) 
as  C.  abietina  typical  plants  which  are  distinctly  green  in  the  dried 
state;  spores  pip-shaped,  often  narrowly  so,  distinctly  rough, 
3. 4-4.2  X  7-9(i..  Another  collection  from  him  looks  more  like  our 
form  of  pines.  Clavaria  testaeeoflava  Bres.  may  be  distinguished 
by  larger  spores,  yellow  tips  and  vinaceous  color  of  flesh  when 
bruised.  It  is  3-5  cm.  high  and  grows  in  fir  woods  in  mountains. 
Still  another  plant  of  the  same  size  and  habit  as  C.  flaeeida  and  C. 
abietina  and  with  stringy  mycelium  is  C.  Patonillardii  Bres., 
which  see. 

Juel  (cited  under  C.  eristata)  studied  this  species  and  finds  the 
basidia  filled  with  yellow  granules,  short,  the  nuclear  spindles 
apical  and  transverse,  the  four  spores  elongated  and  spiny  and 
figured  with  one  nucleus  (pi.  3,  figs.  67-69). 

The  plant  from  Utah,  entered  below,  is  strongly  olivaceous  in 
places,  with  densely  crowded,  thick,  short  branches,  the  spores  as 
in  C.  abietina  except  that  they  are  larger.  It  may  prove  to  be  a 
distinct  varietv. 


182  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Illustrations  :  Cooke.  Handb.  Brit.  Fungi  1 :  fig.  88. 

Gillet.  Champ.  Fr.  5  :  pi.  98.  1897.  Good. 

Greville.  Scott.  Crypt.  Flora  2:  pi.  117.  1824. 

Hard.  Mushrooms,  fig.  390.  1908. 

Patouillard.  Tab.  Fung.,  fig.  566.  1887. 

Swanton.  Fungi  and  How  to  Know  Them,  pi.  29,  fig.  4.  1909. 

North  Carolina :  Salem.  “Ad  terram  lignosam  non  frequens.”  Schweinitz. 
(Curtis  Herb.).  The  small  fragments  show  little  except  the  spores, 
which  are  4-4.5  x  7.4-8. 5ju,. 

Tennessee :  Unaka  Springs.  “Mixed  woods,  evergreens  predominating.” 
Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.,  as  C.  flaccida).  Spores  3.4-3. 7  x  S-7A{jl. 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Coker  and  Burnham,  No.  110.  Under  hemlocks, 
September  2,  1917.  Olive  yellow,  deep  olive  green  when  bruised ;  about 
2-3.5  cm.  high  and  1.5-3  cm.  broad.  C.  &  B.  No.  132.  Under  hem¬ 
locks,  same  date  as  No.  110.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Adirondacks.  Murrill.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.).  Dried  plants  show 
olive  tints. 

Missouri :  St.  Louis.  “Wooded  hills,  not  common.”  Glatfelter.  (Albany 
Herb.).  Dusky  and  olivaceous  stains. 

Colorado:  Jack  Brook.  Clements.  (Path,  and  Myc.  Herb.,  as  C.  abietina 
minor).  Plants  small,  about  1-1.5  cm.  high.  Spores  3.7-4. 1  x  7.4-7.8/a. 

Utah:  Brighton,  in  Big  Cottonwood  Canyon.  Miss  Barrows,  1920.  (U. 

N.  C.  Herb,  and  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.).  Dried  plants  greenish;  spores 
dark,  papillate,  3. 8-5. 3  x  8-10.6/a. 

Washington:  Seattle.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb,  from  Young  Naturalists' 
Soc.  Herb.,  No.  195). 

Canada:  Macoun.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  Herb.).  Spores  3.5-4  x  7-7.5/a. 

Clavaria  abietina.  N on-vire scent  form  of  pines. 

?C.  corrngata  Karst.  Nat.  Fauna  et  Flora  Fenn.,  p.  371.  1868. 

Plates  69  and  89 

Plants  2.5-8  cm.  higdi,  gregarious  in  large  numbers,  cespitose 
with  the  stems  more  or  less  fused,  single  individuals  about  l.S-2 
cm.  broad  above,  usually  in  clumps  of  2-4;  stem  distinct,  about 
1.5-2  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick,  the  base  enlarged  and  incrassated 
by  the  creamy,  flocculent  mycelium  which  may  ascend  the 
stem  more  or  less  and  which  binds  together  a  mass  of  pine  needles 
as  well  as  adjacent  plants;  main  branches  rather  few,  dividing 
irregularly  about  twice  into  compacted  divisions  which  end  in 
several  rather  sharply  pointed  teeth ;  color  yellowish  cinnamon,  the 
stem  a  darker  brownish  cinnamon  or  in  youth  nearly  concolorous, 


PLATE  73 


Ci.AVARIA  LOXCiKATLIS.  FORM  WITH  RHIZOII).  X().  2730. 


p 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  183 

all  parts  darker  in  age,  but  not  turning  greenish  in  age  or  when 
bruised;  flesh  rather  tender  and  brittle,  white  or  nearly  so;  taste 
musty-woody;  odor  slight. 

Spores  yellowish  ochraceous  (color  of  the  hymenium),  elliptic- 
pip-shaped,  distinctly  short-spinulose,  variable  in  size  in  the  same 
collection,  3.4-4  x  6.3-9[jt.  (a  few  up  to  lOti.  long).  Basidia  (of  B. 
No.  91)  about  5.5[i-  thick,  4-spored;  hymenium  about  75[ji  thick, 
with  Very  many  embedded  spores  as  is  usual  in  this  group ;  threads 
of  flesh  very  irregular  and  variable  in  thickness,  clamp  connections 
present  and  variable  in  size. 

Gregarious  in  clumps  among  rotting  leaves  of  pine.  Easily 
distinguished,  except  from  its  own  group,  by  the  small  size,  yel¬ 
lowish  color,  cespitose  habit,  occurrence  under  pine,  and  charac¬ 
teristic  spores.  In  the  numerous  plants  we  have  seen  there  was 
no  green  tint  nor  did  bruises  turn  greenish.  There  seem  to  be  all 
variations  between  this  and  the  more  delicate  plant  with  olive  tints 
■found  in  hemlock  woods  that  we  refer  to  typical  C.  abietina  and  its 
non-virescent  form  (C.  flaccida).  Only  extremes  can  be  separated 
with  certainty  in  the  dried  state. 

Our  plants  are  the  same  as  a  collection  from' West  Albany  by 
Peck  labelled  C.  corrngata  Karst.,  but  we  are  in  some  doubt  as  to 
whether  the  latter  species  is  the  same  as  ours.  Karsten’s  descrip¬ 
tion  fits  only  moderately  well,  as  he  says  the  stem  is  glabrous  and 
the  tips  acute.  His  plant  was  found  in  pine  woods  among  alders 
and  is  said  by  Saccardo  to  be  intermediate  between  C.  abietina 
and  C.  flaccida.  For  a  good  illustration  reputed  to  be  C.  corrngata 
see  Britzelmayr,  Hymen.  Siidb.,  Clavariei,  figs.  17  and  80-81. 

Illustrations:  Flora  Danica,  pi.  2030,  fig.  2  (as  C.  abietina).  1830. 
Photographic  copy  in  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  5,  fig.  28.  1922. 

North  Carolina:  Blowing  Rock.  Coker,  No.  5784.  Under  white  pines  by 
Lake  Chetola,  August  25,  1922.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  warted, 

pip-shaped,  3.4-3. 8  x  6-8/x. 

New  York:  Hudson  Falls.  Burnham,  No.  91.  Among  rotting  needles 
under  white  pines,  August  16,  1917.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Delmar.  (Albany  Herb.).  Exactly  like  B.  No.  91. 

Albany.  House.  (Albany  Herb.).  Like  B.  No.  91,  but  running  smaller. 

West  Albany.  Peck.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  C.  corrngata) .  Spores  4  x  7.6/x. 


184  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Clavaria  abictina.  Small,  non-vircsccnt  form. 

C.  flaccid  a  Fr.  Syst.  Myc.  1 :  471.  1821. 

Plates  70  and  88 

We  do  not  find  it  possible  to  make  any  satisfactory  distinction 
between  C.  abictina  and  C.  flaccida  as  understood  by  Fries  and 
other  mycologists.  Small  delicate  plants  of  the  C.  flaccida  form 
may  turn  green  and  large,  much  stouter  plants  may  not.  As  men¬ 
tioned  earlier,  our  largest  American  form  occurs  in  pines,  the 
only  habitat  given  for  C.  abictina  by  Persoon,  and  does  not  turn 
green  so  far  as  we  have  met  with  it.  Mixed  with  these  are  smaller 
forms  which  connect  directly  with  the  typical  C.  flaccida.  Any 
delicate  form  of  C.  abictina  that  is  not  green  would  be  referred  to 
C.  flaccida,  and  it  certainly  has  not  been  shown  that  the  green 
change  has  any  specific  value  in  this  little  group.  We  are  there¬ 
fore  considering  the  delicate,  non-virescent  plant  called  C.  flaccida 
by  Fries,  as  the  flaccida  form  of  C.  abietina.  Typical  plants  of 
this  nature  found  by  us  at  Vaughns,  N.  Y.,  may  be  described  as 
follows : 

Plants  small,  about  1.5-3  cm.  high  and  0.6-2. 7  cm.  broad, 
branched  at  or  near  the  ground,  branches  smooth,  terete  or  more 
or  less  flattened,  dense  or  rather  open,  the  tips  very  numerous, 
delicate,  pointed  and  concolorous;  color  light  creamy  ochraceous 
all  over,  or  at  times  dull  flesh  color  in  youth;  towards  or  after 
maturity  the  basal  half  a  deeper  dull  ochraceous ;  in  drying  becom¬ 
ing  deep  ochraceous  all  over.  Flesh  pliable,  tender,  not  changing 
when  bruised ;  taste  slightly  mouldy  and  at  times  a  little  peppery 
in  plants  from  deciduous  woods ;  odor  faintly  similar ;  mycelium 
white,  stringy,  conspicuous. 

Spores  deep  ochraceous,  pip-shaped,  minutely  warted, 
3-3.7  X  5-7.7(l.  Basidia  4.4-5. Sf/.  thick;  hymenium  45-60;j.  thick, 
in  most  places  with  a  distinct  row  of  embedded  spores  in  the  center, 
indicating  a  renewal  by  proliferation  ;  threads  of  flesh  variable  in 
thickness,  most  about  3.7[x  thick,  parallel  and  closely  packed  just 
under  the  hymenium,  irregular  and  loosely  packed  in  the  center  of 
plant,  clamp  connections  present. 

Abundant  under  hemlock  and  more  rarely  in  frondose  woods 
in  the  northern  states,  and  to  be  expected  in  our  higher  southern 
mountains.  See  C.  abictina  for  other  notes. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  185 

In  the  Fries  Herbarium  (  Upsala)  are  two  collections  labelled 
C.  flaccida,  which  have  been  kindly  sent  us  by  Dr.  Juel.  One  of 
these  is  true  C.  flaccida  (Christian  Blyth,  coll.)  with  the  usual 
appearance  and  spores  minutely  rough,  3-3.7  x  5.S-7[i.;  the  other, 
labelled  in  Fries’s  own  hand,  is  not  this  species  but  typical  C. 
Kun^ei  except  that  the  spores  which  are  spherical  (3.7-4.5[j.  thick) 
are  apparently  quite  smooth,  a  character  found  also  in  the  spores 
of  some  American  plants  of  C.  Kunzei.  As  this  collection  could 
not  possibly  be  C.  flaccida  as  described  by  Fries,  it  must  be  ignored 
as  evidence  and  added  to  the  long  list  of  Fries’s  mistakes  in  this 
genus. 

In  the  Curtis  Herbarium  is  a  specimen  from  Fries  (Upsala) 
labelled  C.  flaccida,  a  small  plant  about  2  cm.  high  that  looks  like 
ours  and  has  the  same  spores,  which  are  minutely  warted, 
2.8-3. 7  X  5-6[x.  Another  collection  from  Fries  (Upsala)  in  the 
Kew  Herbarium  is  the  same  thing  with  spores  pip-shaped,  minutely 
rough,  3.4-3. 7  x  5-7[ji.  Plants  from  Finland  at  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden  determined  as  C.  flaccida  by  Karsten  are  ochra- 
ceous  in  the  dried  state  and  look  like  our  plants  described  above, 
except  that  they  are  a  little  taller.  The  spores  are  the  same,  being 
pip-shaped,  minutely  tuberculate,  2.6-3. 3  x  5.5-6.6p.. 

Illustrations:  Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Siidb.,  Clavariei,  figs.  21  and  82  (as 
C.  flaccida). 

Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  4,  fig.  26  (as  C.  flaccida).  1922. 

Fries.  Icon.  Hymen.,  pi.  199,  fig.  4.  1884.  Photographic  copy  in  Ann- 
Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  4,  fig.  25  (as  C.  flaccida).  1922. 

Patouillard.  Tab.  Fung.,  fig.  39  (as  C.  flaccida).  1883. 

New  York:  Catskills.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  cinerea).  '‘Common 
upon  leaf  mold;  spores  ochraceous.’'  Spores  pip-shaped,  rough,  about 
3.5  X  7/x. 

Jamesville.  Underwood.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  flaccida). 
Spores  3.7  x  5.5/x. 

Hudson  Falls.  Burnham,  No.  56.  Golden’s  hemlocks,  east  of  Tripoli, 
July  22,  1917.  Spores  covered  with  very  fine  warts,  2.5-3.9  x  4.8-7/x. 
B.  No.  58.  Golden’s  hemlocks,  July  23,  1917.  Spores  2. 5-2.9  x  5-5. 5ju,. 
(U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Vaughns.  Burnham,  No.  52.  Deciduous  woods,  July  16,  1917.  Taste 
distinctly  but  mildly  bitterish-peppery.  No.  55a.  On  beech  stump  in 
woods,  July  20.  1917.  In  drying  it  became  a  deep  ochraceous  brown. 

Spores  3-3.7  x  5-6. 6/x.  No.  84.  Burnham’s  hemlocks,  August  2,  1917. 
Spores  3-3.5  x  6-7. 3fx.  No.  86.  Deciduous  woods,  August  9,  1917. 
“Flesh  colored,  tinged  with  yellow.”  Spores  deep  ochraceous, 


186  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

3-3.5  X  6.3-7 fji.  No.  87.  Under  white  pines.  Plants  small  and  appar¬ 
ently  not  different  from  the  form  under  hemlock.  Spores  3.3  x  5.7-6.8jLt. 
No.  88.  Under  hemlocks.  Spores  3.3  x  5.7-7.6fx.  Burnham  and  Coker, 
No.  102.  Hemlock  woods,  September  2,  1917.  Typical  form  from  which 
the  description  was  mostly  drawn.  Spores  3-3.7  x  5-6. 3/x.  No.  108.  In 
pines,  and  intermediate  between  the  flaccida  form  of  hemlock  and  the 
larger  one  of  pines,  September  2,  1917.  Tips  pale  yellowish  ochraceous, 
shading  downward  to  ochraceous:  no  green.  No.  117.  Maple  woods 
(no  hemlocks),  September  2,  1917.  Exactly  like  the  form  under  hem¬ 
locks.  Spores  3.2-3. 7  X  6.3-7. 7/x.  Burnham,  No.  1191).  Same  deciduous 
woods  as  No.  52,  August  13,  1918.  Taste  mildly  bitterish-peppery;  no 
change  in  cut  flesh.  (Above  colls,  in  U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Vermont:  Newfane.  Miss  Hibbard.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Michigan:  Agricultural  College.  On  rotten  wood.  Hicks.  (N.  Y.  Bot. 
Card.  Herb.,  as  LacJinocladium  Miclicncri) .  Spores  pip-shaped,  minutely 
warted,  2.5  x  5.2/x. 

Canada:  On  earth  in  woods,  September  9,  1908.  Macoun.  (Ellis  Collec¬ 
tion,  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.,  as  C.  flaccida).  Spores  typical,  3  x  7-7.4/x. 

Clavaria  Broomei  Cotton  and  Wakefield.  Trans.  Brit.  Myc. 
Soc.  6:  170.  1919. 

?C.  oblectanea  Britz.  Hymen.  Sfidb.  10:  179,  Clavariei,  fig.  87. 
1894. 


Plates  71  and  89 

Plants  3-7  cm.  high,  solitary  or  gregarious,  with  a  distinct  and 
usually  long  stalk,  which  varies  from  2-5  cm.  long  and  2-4  mm. 
thick  below;  usually  thicker  upwards  and  there  crested  with  a 
cluster  of  short,  thickish,  blunt  or  acute  branches,  or  at  times 
dividing  further  down  into  two  or  three  long  upright  branches 
which  are  similarly  crowned  with  short  branches ;  color  ochraceous 
brown  when  fresh,  in  age  a  darker  reddish  brown  and  often 
blackish  in  part  on  drying,  the  tips  lighter  when  young,  the  base 
whitish  or  pinkish  where  covered  with  leaves.  Flesh  not  very 
brittle,  watery  white,  not  changing  color  when  bruised,  tasteless 
and  odorless;  hyphae  about  3.7[i-  thick,  regular,  parallel,  closely 
packed,  clamp  connections  present. 

Spores  deep  reddish  ochraceous,  elliptic  with  a  bent  end,  dis¬ 
tinctly  papillate,  4.4-6  x  12.5-18.4[ji.  Basidia  (of  B.  No.  74)  9-lOp. 
thick,  4-spored;  hymenium  55-75p.  thick,  yellow  in  section. 

In  woods  mold  or  leaves  in  frondose  or  mixed  frondose  and 
hemlock  woods.  Known  in  America  at  present  only  from 
Vaughns,  N.  Y. 


Clavaria  longicaulis,  form  with  rhizoid.  No.  2648. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  187 

Plants  of  this  species  first  sent  to  Peck  were  considered  by  him 
as  a  form  of  C.  grandis,  as  is  shown  by  a  collection  from  Mr. 
Burnham,  so  labelled  by  him  at  Albany.  Since  then  the  plant  has 
been  found  a  number  of  times  by  Mr.  Burnham  near  the  same 
spot,  and  Mr.  Burnham  and  the  author  succeeded  in  finding  a  few 
small  specimens  in  the  same  place  in  September,  1917.  The  species 
is  in  the  grandis  group,  and  is  nearest  C.  longicaidis,  which  is 
easily  separated  by  the  spores  of  quite  different  shape.  The  stem 
of  C.  Broomei  may  extend  a  little  way  into  the  leaves  but  has  no 
rhizomorph  and  is  soon  dissipated  into  the  white,  rather  scanty 
mycelium.  That  our  plants  are  C.  Broomei  is  shown  by  the  types 
at  Kew,  which  in  the  dried  state  have  the  same  brownish,  velvety- 
looking  surface,  about  the  same  shape,  and  the  same  long,  spiny 
spores,  5-7  X  12.5-19.5[i.. 

Clavaria  oblectanea  is  probably  the  same,  but  the  spore  size  is 
not  given  and  we  have  seen  no  authentic  specimen.  In  the  Bresa- 
dola  Herbarium  there  is  a  collection  from  Westphalia  marked  C. 
nigrcscens  Brinkmann,  but  we  can  find  no  record  of  the  publica¬ 
tion  of  this  species.  The  plants  are  the  same  as  ours  with  the 
characteristic  spores,  spiny,  S.5-7  x  14-19. 5[ji.  We  have  received 
from  Romell  (Archipelago  of  Stockholm)  good  examples  of  C. 
Broomei.  The  spores  are  spiny,  5-6.5  x  ll-16(ji. 

The  fresh  plants  shown  in  the  photograph  are  immature,  with 
the  branches  scarcely  more  than  teeth  as  yet.  The  dried  plants 
shown  are  of  mature  form. 

New  York:  Vaughns.  Collections  below  all  in  leaf  mold  in  frondose  or 
mixed  woods — maple,  beech  and  hemlock,  R.  C.  Burnham’s  farm.  B. 
No.  74.  August  13,  1915.  Spores  4.8-5.6x  13.5-15.8/^.  B.  No.  98.  Sep¬ 
tember  3,  1917.  Spores  4.8-6  x  12.5-18.4/x.  C.  &  B.  No.  141.  Septem¬ 
ber  1,  1917.  Spores  4.4-5. 5  X  13. 6-16/x.  (All  in  U.  N.  C.  Herb.) .  There 
is  also  one  of  Mr.  Burnham’s  collections  in  the  Albany  Herbarium  (as 
C.  grandis) . 


Clavaria  longicaulis  Pk.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.  25:  371.  1898. 

Plates  72-74,  89,  and  90 

Plants  of  small  to  moderate  size,  strict,  narrow,  distinctly 
stalked,  2.5-9  cm.  high,  1.3-4  cm.  broad;  stem  about  1.3-4  cm. 
long  and  1.5-7  mm.  thick,  irregularly  branched  above  into  a  tuft 
of  upright,  closely  pressed,  terete  and  even  or  somewhat  rugosely 


188  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

wrinkled  branches,  which  after  several  subdivisions  end  in  sev¬ 
eral  small  cusps ;  whitened  below  and  soon  fading  into  the  mycelium 
which  extends  in  all  directions  in  many  threadlike  strands  which 
are  white  when  undisturbed,  but  turn  pink  when  exposed  as  do 
also  the  whiter  parts  of  the  stem  base  (a  form  occurs  with  a  long, 
tough,  pinkish  rhizomorph,  as  No.  2730,  which  see)  ;  color  above 
cinnamon-tawny  (about  tawny  olive  of  Ridgway),  darkening 
downwards  to  about  that  of  C.  grand  is  (antique  brown  or  buck- 
thorn  brown  of  Ridgway),  the  tips  somewhat  lighter,  but  not 
abruptly  whitish.  Flesh  whitish  or  cinnamon,  not  very  brittle, 
bitter,  odor  slight.  When  dry  becoming  a  deep  reddish  brown, 
from  Sudan  brown  to  Brussels  brown  of  Ridgway;  with  the 
hymenium  of  a  more  or  less  velvety  appearance. 

Spores  (of  No.  2287)  ovate  to  pip-shaped,  with  a  stout 
eccentric  mucro,  the  surface  set  with  prominent,  irregular,  warty 
spines,  color  deep  rusty  ochraceous  in  front  view  of  a  good  print, 
about  orange  ochraceous  of  Ridgway  in  side  view,  4.8-5. 3  x  8-11[jl, 
most  about  5  x  8^-.  Basidia  4-spored,  5.5-7[x  thick;  hymenium 
60-75[r  thick;  hyphae  about  3.7[j-  thick,  regular,  parallel  and  very 
closely  packed,  small  clamp  connections  present. 

Gregarious  or  loosely  cespitose  in  leaf  mold  or  moss  in  low 
frondose  woods;  rather  rare. 

Peck’s  type  plants  from  Alabama  are  like  ours  and  the  spores 
are  indistinguishable.  In  the  type  they  are  strongly  warted, 
4.4-5  X  7.5-8.5[x.  On  the  label  with  the  type  Earle  says,  ''On  moist 
earth,  dark  brown  throughout,  end  of  branches  blunt,  spores 
ochraceous,  ovate,  sharply  echinulate,  6  x  4[k.”  Peck’s  character 
of  "wrinkled”  stem  and  branches  is  evidently  based  only  on  the 
dried  plant  and  without  significance. 

The  rhizomorphic  form  above  mentioned  is  very  striking. 
However,  in  the  absence  of  any  other  discernible  difference,  we 
are  considering  it  only  a  form.  No.  4416,  a  typical  example, 
shows  the  spores  4.8-5.9  x  5.9-8[i-,  rarely  10(jl;  basidia  7.4[jl  thick, 
4-spored;  hymenium  6S-7S\k  thick;  threads  of  flesh  as  in  the  typical 
form.  The  presence  of  the  rhizomorph  is  probably  due  to  some 
character  in  the  substratum,  plants  in  decaying  leaves  or  pure 
humus  lacking  the  rhizomorph,  those  in  earth  usually  possessing 
one. 

The  species  is  in  the  C.  grandis  group  and  is  distinguished 
from  its  nearest  relatives  as  follows :  from  C.  grandis  by  the 


I'r.ATi-:  75 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  189 

smaller  size,  the  much  smaller  spores,  and  the  absence  of  the 
abruptly  white  tips,  and  from  C.  Broomei  by  the  much  more 
branching  habit  and  different  spores.  On  the  label  of  the  type 
of  C.  longicaiilis  Earle  has  noted  ''near  C.  comprcssa  Schroet.”, 
but  that  is  described  as  yellow  and  only  1.5-2. 5  cm.  high. 

From  the  description  this  might  possibly  be  C.  megalorhim 

B.  and  Br.  from  Ceylon  (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  14:  75.  1875)  but  that 
is  said  to  grow  on  wood  and  the  spores  are  smaller  and  otherwise 
different.  The  type  at  Kew  shows  two  good  plants,  branched 
from  the  base,  dark  ochraceous,  dense,  about  2.5  cm.  high  and 
2-3.5  cm.  broad.  We  find  the  spores  to  be  nearly  pip-shaped, 
3. 5-3.8  X  5-7[jl,  warted  but  distinctly  less  so  than  in  C.  longicaiilis. 
On  the  same  page  is  described  C.  echinospora  B.  &  Br.  (see  under 

C.  cyanocepJiala)  which  is  said  to  be  nearly  allied  to  C.  megalo- 
rhisa,  but  to  turn  black  on  drying  and  to  have  larger  spores.  In 
the  Cornell  Herbarium  are  several  collections  labelled  C.  rnegalo- 
rhiza  that  are  not  different  from  C.  abietina. 

Illustration  :  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  2,  fig.  8.  1922. 

North  Carolina  :  Chapel  Hill.  No.  866.  On  ground  by  path  to  Meeting  of 
Waters,  October  2,  1913.  Rhizomorphic.  No.  2287.  On  ground  in 
leaf  mold  by  Battle’s  Branch.  No.  2648.  By  path  in  low  damp  woods, 
July  11,  1917.  Rhizomorphic.  No.  2659.  In  moss  in  path,  July  13, 
1917.  No.  2713.  By  path  in  low  mixed  woods,  July  19,  1917.  Rhizo¬ 
morphic,  11  cm.  high  and  6  cm.  broad.  No.  2730.  By  path  in  Bat¬ 
tle’s  Park,  July  21,  1917.  Rhizomorphic.  No.  2762.  In  decaying  oak 
leaves,  thick,  damp  woods,  July  24,  1917.  Spores  5.5-7  x  7.4-7. 7/x.  No. 
2803.  Among  fallen  leaves,  mixed  woods,  July  28,  1917.  No.  2814. 
Same  spot  as  No.  2659,  July  30,  1917.  No.  3465.  In  damp  sandy  soil 
in  patli  near  stream,  August  16,  1919.  No.  3469.  In  humus,  deciduous 
woods,  a  few  pines  30  or  40  feet  away,  August  17,  1919.  A  fine  lot  of 
plants,  characters  as  usual.  No.  3479.  Mixed  woods,  August  22,  1919. 
No.  4416.  Deciduous  woods  by  Meeting  of  the  Waters  branch,  July 
16,  1920.  Flesh  turns  dull  vinaceous  pink  when  bruised.  Taste  sour- 
bitter  ;  odor  faintly  medicinal.  Texture  fleshy  above,  much  more  tough 
in  the  stem.  Spores  4.8-5.6  x  7.5-8.5/x.  No.  4523.  Mixed  woods.  Julv 
26,  1920. 

Asheville.  Beardslee.  This  is  just  like  our  Chapel  Hill  plants.  Spores 
identical,  4.8-6.7  x  8.2-10.4/x.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 

Alabama:  Auburn.  On  moist  earth.  Earle.  (Albany  Herb.,  type). 

District  of  Columbia:  Braendle.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  a  small  form  of  C. 
grandis).  Spores  as  in  the  type,  about  5  x  7.5/x. 

Massachusetts:  Davis.  (Albany  Herb.,  as  a  small  form  of  C.  grandis). 
Spores  as  in  the  type,  about  5.3  x  7.5/j,. 


190  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

Clavaria  Murrilli  n.  sp. 

Plates  77  and  91 

Plants  single,  gregarious,  1.5-5. 5  cm.  high  (in  the  dried  state), 
slender  and  with  a  long,  pale,  tough  stalk  less  than  1  mm.  thick 
(when  dry)  which  is  loosely  covered  through  most  of  its  length 
with  long,  pale,  flexuous,  cottony  threads;  branches  few,  elon¬ 
gated,  ascending,  once  or  twice  rebranched,  the  tips  subacute. 
Color  of  the  stem  when  fresh,  dull  carneous,  of  the  branches  fer¬ 
ruginous,  the  tips  brownish;  when  dry  the  stem  is  grayish  white, 
shading  gradually  into  the  Dresden  brown  to  Brussels  brown 
branches  which  are  flattened  and  wrinkled,  as  is  the  stem,  as 
thougii  shrinking*  much  in  drying. 

Spores  brown  under  the  microscope,  long-pip-shaped,  3-3.7  x 
8.5-9.3[jl,  strongly  asperulate  with  slender,  sharp  spines.  Basidia 
clavate,  4.8-5. 5[jl  thick,  4-spored.  Hymenium  50-60[ji  thick; 
threads  of  flesh  parallel,  closely  packed,  3.3-5.5p.  thick,  with  clamp 
connections  at  the  nodes. 

This  species  we  take  pleasure  in  naming  for  Dr.  W.  A.  Murrill, 
who  found  it  in  1904.  The  color  in  the  fresh  state  was  noted  by 
Dr.  Murrill.  Except  for  this  the  description  is  drawn  from  the 
dried  plants,  which  now  number  nine  or  ten,  with  some  fragments. 
It  seems  evident  that  the  plant  is  in  the  grandis  group  and  is 
nearest  C.  longicaulis,  as  indicated  by  the  long,  incarnate  stem, 
dark  brown  branches  and  large,  brown,  asperulate  spores.  The 
spines  on  the  spores  are  more  like  those  of  C.  grandis  than  any 
other  member  of  the  group.  The  species  is  clearly  marked  by  its 
slender  form,  pale,  cottony  stem  and  long,  narrow,  sharply  spiny 
spores.  The  dried  plants  are  now  attached  to  a  mixture  of  pine, 
hemlock  and  oak  leaves. 

Tennessee:  Unaka  Springs.  In  leaves,  mixed  woods,  altitude  1700  feet. 

Murrill,  No.  907.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.,  type,  and  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb., 

co-type). 


PI, AT  I-:  76 


ClAVAKIA  (iRAXDIS.  No.  2v398 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  191 

Clavaria  cyanocephala  B.  &  C.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  10:  338.  1869. 

C.Zippellii  Lev.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  3rd.  ser.,  11:  215.  1844. 

C.  echinospora  B.  &  Br.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  14:  75.  1875. 

(Not  C.  echinospora  Bond.  &  Pat.  or  C.  echinospora  P. 

Henn.). 

C.  aeruginosa  Pat.  Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  14:  189.  1898. 

Plate  90 

As  this  striking  species  of  the  C.  grandis  group  occurs  in  Cuba 
Porto  Rico,  and  Trinidad,  as  well  as  in  the  Orient,  we  are  includ¬ 
ing  it  for  its  interest.  It  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  a  number 
of  West  Indian  species  may  some  day  be  found  in  Florida. 

In  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  are  specimens  from  Porto 
Rico  without  a  name.  We  find  that  in  appearance  as  well  as  in 
spores  they  agree  with  the  present  species.  The  spores  are 
strongly  echinulate,  6-7.5  x  9-15 [ji.  According  to  von  Hohnel 
(Sitzungsb.  d.  Kaiserl.  Akad.  d.  Wiss.  Wien  118:  15.  1909),  who 
is  probably  right,  C.  cyanocephala  and  C.  aeruginosa  (from  Java) 
are  the  same  as  C.  Zippellii  (from  Java).  See  note  on  C.  Zip- 
pellii  by  Bresadola  in  Ann.  Myc.  5 :  239.  1907.  He  gives  the 
spores  as  obovate,  aculeate,  12  x  15-18[jl,  including  the  spines,  the 
basidia  two-spored,  10-13  x  60-65 [Ji;  the  entire  fungus  from  gray 
to  chestnut-brown.  The  type  of  C.  echinospora  (from  Ceylon)  is 
not  represented  at  Kew,  but  plants  from  Borneo  (H.  Winkler, 
coll.)  determined  as  the  latter  by  Bresadola  and  now  in  his 
herbarium  are  to  all  appearances  the  same  and  have  identical 
spores,  which  are  strongly  asperulate,  6-7.5  x  9-12.5. 

At  Kew  are  plants  from  Trinidad  (J.  H.  Hart,  coll.)  which 
are  labelled  Lachnocladium  tubidosum  Fr.  They  are  not  the 
latter,  which  is  quite  different,  but  the  present  species. 

The  type  of  C.  cyanocephala  at  Kew  (Wright,  No.  458,  Cuba) 
is  dark  brown  and  looks  in  every  way  like  the  Porto  Rican  plants 
mentioned  above.  The  spores  are  large,  elliptic,  spiny, 
5. 5-7.4  X  11-14[jl.  The  types  are  5-6  cm.  high,  and  up  to  3.5  cm. 
broad,  the  main  branches  few  and  long,  the  terminals  rather 
crowded.  The  original  description  is  (trans.)  : 


192  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

‘‘Stem  subdivided,  branches  and  branchlets  furcate,  intensely 
cerulean  above,  apices  short,  bifid,  obtuse,  subfastigiate.  Among 
leaves  in  thick  woods.  June.  Hab.  Bonin  Isles.  About  3  inches 
high.’’ 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  word  “cerulean”  is  usually  interpreted 
as  “blue,”  but  it  may  also  mean  greenish  as  is  probably  the  case 
here  (see  note  under  Jamaica  entry  below).  The  co-type  in  the 
Curtis  Herbarium  agrees  in  every  respect  with  the  Kew  specimens. 
The  spores  are  elliptic,  strongly  spiny,  about  7.4  x  13[i..  (In  both 
herbaria  preparations  from  the  plant  show  an  abundance  of 
smooth,  subspherical  spores  in  addition  to  the  authentic  ones). 
There  is  also  a  good  specimen  (Wright,  No.  458)  in  the  Farlow 
Herbarium. 

This  species  differs  from  C.  grandis  in  the  more  slender  form, 
different  color  in  the  dried  state,  and  the  shorter  and  blunter  spines 
of  the  spores,  not  to  mention  color  in  the  fresh  state.  From  C. 
longicatdis  it  differs  in  the  larger  spores  and  different  color  in  the 
fresh  state. 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9:  pi.  3,  fig.  14.  1922. 

Cuba.  Wright.  (Kew  Herb.,  Curtis  Herb.,  and  Farlow  Herb.,  as  C.  cyano- 
cephala) . 

Porto  Rico.  Johnson,  No.  997.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Jamaica.  Castleton  Gardens.  On  ground  under  bamboo.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card. 
Herb,  and  U.  N.  C.  Herb.).  Spores  7.4-8. 1  x  11.8-16/x,  omitting  spines; 
l)asidia  2-spored.  Notes  on  fresh  state  mention  a  greenish  tint. 

Trinidad.  Hart.  (Kew  Herb.,  as  L.  tuhidosiim) . 

Borneo.  Winkler.  (Bresadola  Herb.,  as  C.  echinospora) . 

Clavaria  grandis  Pk.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.  29 :  73.  1902. 

C.  spiciilospora  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  7 :  368.  1909. 

Plates  75,  76,  and  90 

Plants  single,  gTegarious,  6-15  cm.  high,  2-12  cm.  broad,  usu¬ 
ally  with  a  distinct,  stout,  rather  deeply  rooted  stem  1-6  cm.  long 
and  1-2  cm.  thick,  divided  into  few  or  numerous  upright,  crowded 
branches,  these  dividing  once  or  twice  more  and  ending  in  stout 
abruptly  rounded  cusps ;  the  angles  rounded ;  surface  glabrous ; 
color  of  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  all  the  branches,  except  the 
very  tips,  which  are  abruptly  white,  a  uniform  deep  brick  brown 
(antique  brown  of  Ridgway),  almost  the  color  of  dead  leaves  and 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  193 

thus  very  hard  to  hnd.  In  drying  the  plant  remains  this  color  or 
turns  a  somewhat  lighter  color  (Buckthorn  brown),  the  same  color 
as  dried  plants  of  C.  abictina.  The  stem  surface  below  the 
hymenium  is  closely  white-tomentose  where  protected  in  angles, 
etc.,  but  where  rubbed  by  soil  or  lingers  the  color  is  dull  brownish 
lavender  or  purple.  Flesh  firm,  but  very  tender,  pure  white  at 
first,  but  immediately  turning  to  lavender-brown  when  cut;  taste 
mildly  acid-bitterish  and  after  a  few  minutes  astringent; 
hyphae  4-7 thick,  roughly  parallel,  very  closely  packed  and 
having  anastomosing  connections  between  adjacent  ones. 

Spores  (of  No.  1186)  antique  brown,  obovate,  6.3  x  12p.,  exclu¬ 
sive  of  the  spines,  covered  except  at  the  curved  point  with  long 
sharp  spicules  about  1.5[i-  long.  Basidia  2-spored,  about  10[jt. 
thick;  sterigmata  stout,  7[j.  long;  hymenium  (of  No.  4407)  about 
60[j.  thick,  multiple  and  up  to  4  layers  thick. 

Common  in  frondose  woods  near  upland  branches,  etc.  This 
remarkably  fine  species,  the  darkest  colored  of  our  large  Chapel 
Hill  Clavarias,  and  one  of  the  most  handsome  and  striking,  was 
first  described  by  Peck  from  plants  sent  him  from  Maryland. 
Clavaria  spiciilospora,  which  is  the  same  thing,  was  described  by 
Professor  Atkinson  from  plants  collected  by  us  in  Chapel  Hill. 
While  common  this  plant  is  often  overlooked  as  the  color  is  very 
like  that  of  the  dead  leaves  in  which  it  grows.  It  often  happens 
that  only  the  tips  are  exposed  above  the  leaves.  It  usually  grows 
in  cool  damp  woods  among  decaying  leaves,  but  we  have  also  found 
it  at  the  base  of  an  oak  stump  in  a  lawn.  We  have  not  tested  the 
edible  qualities  of  this  species,  but  Mr.  Braendle,  who  first  col¬ 
lected  it  in  Maryland,  reported  it  as  edible  when  pickled. 

Lachnocladiimi  giganteiini  Pat.  (Journ.  de  Bot.  3  :  34,  pi.  1,  hg. 
1.  1889)  is  certainly  very  near,  and  the  spores  and  basidia  are  in¬ 
distinguishable  ;  but  fine  authentic  specimens  in  the  Paris  IMuseum 
from  French  Guiana  while  large  are  distinctly  more  slender,  as  is 
also  shown  in  the  figure,  and  in  the  dry  state  they  are  more  brittle 
and  have  a  different  taste  from  C.  grandis.  The  spores  are  7.4-9  x 
ll-14.8[j.,  strongly  spinulose;  basidia  7.4[ji  thick,  2-spored;  hy¬ 
menium  covering  the  surface,  130-150[ji  thick,  in  our  sections  three 
layers  deep.  Patouillard  places  the  species  under  his  sub-genus 
Dendrocladium,  which  he  defines  (1.  c.,  p.  33)  as  having  the  hy- 


196  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

none  or  delicate  and  scarcely  projecting;  spores  brown,  ovoid  or 
tear-shaped,  smooth  or  echinulate.  The  flesh  is  homogeneous  or 
with  a  hardened  central  axis/’ 

This  is  considerably  more  inclusive  than  Levielle’s  genus  in 
regard  to  the  tomentum,  which  may  be  present  or  absent,  but  more 
restricted  on  the  other  hand  by  emphasis  on  the  hard,  almost 
woody  texture  and  brown  spores.  This  definition  would  exclude 
all  species  of  Clavaria  from  the  United  States  and  Canada  now 
placed  in  Lachnocladhini  by  various  authors.  In  a  somewhat 
earlier  treatment  of  the  genus  ( Journ.  de  Bot.  3 :  23,  33.  1889)  he 
divides  it  into  three  sections,  as  Lachnocladmm  Lev.,  Coniocladkim 
Pat.  and  Dendrodadimn  Pat.,  stating  that  the  last  two  sections 
should  be  placed  in  the  Thdephoraceac.  In  his  Essai  taxonomique 
he  reduced  the  sections  to  two,  as  (A)  Dendrodadium  (spores 
verrucose,  asperulate  or  aculeate)  and  (B)  C oniodadiiim  (spores 
smooth).  As  we  are  treating  here  only  one  species  of  Lachno- 
dadimn  (Merisma)  we. do  not  think  it  an  appropriate  time  to  re¬ 
organize  the  genus.  Numerous  new  species  have  been  recently 
described. 

Lachnocladium  semivestitum  B.  &  C.  Grevillea  1 :  161.  1873. 

Plates  78-80  and  90 

Plants  tree-like,  2. 7-6. 3  cm.  high,  the  distinct  terete  stem  about 
2  cm.  long  and  1.3-3. 2  mm.  thick,  branched  at  top  into  several 
more  or  less  compressed  leaders  which  diverge  above  and  rebranch 
in  a  somewhat  palmate  way  into  several  more  terete  secondaries 
which  may  or  may  not  again  branch  sparingly,  the  tips  when  grow¬ 
ing  blunt,  whitish  and  finely  pubescent,  after  maturity  shrinking 
to  a  point  and  becoming  darker;  color  all  over  pale  buffy  straw 
(pale  avellaneous)  except  the  tips  which  after  maturity  soon 
wither  and  become  blackish  brown.  Surface  glabrous  except  the 
growing  tips  and  somewhat  incrassated  base,  no  plush-like  sterile 
areas,  the  line  between  the  hymenium  and  the  stem  not  distinct. 
Texture  tough  throughout,  the  stem  almost  unbreakable  by  the 
fingers.  In  drying  the  entire  plant  becomes  dull  drab  except  for 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  197 

the  dark,  cartilaginous-looking  tips  (as  in  Nos.  4620,  4626,  4631), 
or  the  entire  plant  may  become  reddish  cartilaginous  (as  in  Nos. 
2789,  5270,  5304). 

Spores  (of  No.  4514)  white,  smooth,  subelliptic  to  amygdali- 
form,  6-6.8  x  15-18[ji,  the  mucro  end  curved.  Basidia  4-spored  (a 
few  2-spored  in  other  collections  and  in  No.  2789  nearly  all  were 
2-spored),  ll-14[i.  thick,  with  long  sterigmata.  Cells  of  the  flesh 
long,  filamentous,  very  little  branched,  about  3[jl  thick,  no  clamp 
connections. 

This  is,  we  think,  the  true  L.  seniivestitiim  as  shown  by  the 
co-type  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium  from  Pennsylvania  (Michener, 
No.  1184;  Curtis,  No.  4260).  The  collection  consists  of  two 
plants,  one  4  cm.  high ;  the  branches  slender,  upright ;  apices  red¬ 
dish  cartilaginous,  remainder  grayish  brown;  one  plant  branched 
into  two  parts  a  little  above  the  ground,  the  other  with  more  stalk ; 
surface  without  tomentum  at  any  place,  appearing,  with  the  ex¬ 
ception  of  the  reddish  tips,  as  if  dusted  superficially  with  a  most 
minute  grayish  or  yellowish  pulverulence.  We  could  find  no  .spores 
on  these  plants,  but  microscopic  examination  of  the  co-type  at  Kew 
shows  it  to  be  in  full  agreement  with  ours.  Forms  of  this  species 
(as  No.  4631)  look  in  passing  much  like  slender  forms  of  Tre- 
mellodendron,  but  are  easily  distinguished  by  the  absence  of  vis¬ 
cidity.  Burt  has  seen  our  No.  2789  and  referred  it  to  this  species. 
We  have  received  from  Juel  (Upsala)  as  Thelephora  contorta  a 
collection  that  seems  to  be  the  present  species.  The  spores  are 
long-elliptic  with  oblique  mucro,  6-7.4  x  17-22[x. 

It  is  not  easy  to  believe  that  all  our  numbers  referred  here  are 
the  same  species.  No.  2789  and  No.  4514  may  be  considered  ex¬ 
tremes  of  size  and  of  appearance  in  the  dried  state.  The  former 
when  dry  is  dull  drab  and  opaque  except  for  the  tips,  the  latter  is 
dark  cartilaginous  throughout  except  for  clay  colored  stripes. 
Microscopic  characters  fail,  however,  to  show  any  differences 
that  can  be  associated  with  those  above  mentioned,  and  we  are 
therefore  treating  them  all  as  the  same. 

Lachnocladiiim  cartilagineiim  B.  &  C.  (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  10: 
330.  [1869]  1868)  is  closely  related  to  the  present  species,  but  is 
easily  separated  by  the  spores.  From  the  type  at  Kew  we  find 
them  to  be  subspherical  to  oval,  drop-shaped,  smooth,  hyaline, 


19(S  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 


5.5- 7.4  X  6.2-8.5(j.,  with  a  distinct  apical  niiicro;  basidia  2-spored 
in  the  several  seen  (pi.  91,  bg.  15).  Another  difference  between 
that  and  the  present  species  is  the  unilateral  hymeniiini,  which  is 
])lainly  shown  in  our  sections  of  the  Kew  plant.  This  is  also  noted 
by  Patouillard  (Journ.  de  Pot.  3:  26).  Laclinocladiuni  cartilagi- 
neitin  is  also  represented  in  the  Farlow  Herbarium  by  Xo.  388  of 
Fungi  Cubensis  A^rightiani  which  looks  just  like  the  type 
s]:)eciinens. 

Under  the  name  L.  Michcncri  B.  &  C.  at  Cornell  are  two  col¬ 
lections  from  Ithaca  which  are  L.  scinivcstifum.  Notes  by  Atkin¬ 
son  on  one  of  these  collections  (13354)  are  as  follows:  “Trunk 
and  branches  dull  drab,  tips  whitish,  branches  compressed,  tips 
cristate.  Basidia  clavate,  4-spored.  Spores  15-20  x5-7g.”  The 
dried  i)lants  are  about  2-3  cm.  high,  abruptly  branched  into  rather 
numerous  tips  which  are  long  and  slender.  Color  when  dry  huffy 
tan,  not  so  dark  as  C.  a  picul  a  fa  nor  so  cartilaginous-looking,  brittle 
when  dry.  One  collection  is  on  moss  and  one  on  mossy  soil. 
Clavaria  brunneola  B.  &  C.  (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  10:  338  1 1869] 
1868)  is  a  Lachnocladium  related  to  the  present  species,  as  shown 
by  the  co-type  in  the  Curtis  Herbarium.  It  is,  however,  not  the 
same,  as  the  spores  are  subspherical,  7.4-9. 5  x  11.5-12.5g. 

We  have  studied  the  type  of  C.  gig  asp  or  a  Cotton  (The  Natur¬ 
alist,  p.  97.  1907;  also  published  in  Trans.  Brit.  Myc.  Soc.  3:  33. 
1908)  from  Kew  and  find  that  in  all  important  respects  except 
the  thickness  of  the  spores  it  agrees  with  the  present  species,  as 
in  size,  color  and  texture  in  the  dry  state,  and  in  microscopic  de¬ 
tails.  The  spores  are  large,  ovate-elliptic,  smooth,  6. 5-8. 5  x 

13.5- 18g;  basidia  ll-16g  thick,  with  4  (rarely  2)  large,  long, 
curved  sterigmata;  hymenium  about  150[i.  thick,  packed  with  crys¬ 
tals;  threads  of  flesh  very  closely  packed,  about  3g  thick  (pi.  91, 
figs.  16,  17.  That  Cotton’s  species  is  the  same  as  Mcrisuia  tubc- 
rosiiju  Grev.  (Scott.  Crypt.  F"!.  3:  178,  pi.  178.  1825;  TJiclcplwra 
tubcrosa  Fr.  Elench.  Fung.,  p.  167.  1828)  in  the  sense  of  Bresa- 
dola  is  shown  by  good  specimens  in  his  herbarium  from  Sweden 
(R.  Fries,  coll.).  The  ])lants  are  just  like  the  English  ones  (and 
like  ours)  in  appearance  and  have  spores  of  practically  the  same 
shape,  which  are,  according  to  Bresadola,  6-7  x  16-24g.  It  is  evi¬ 
dent  that  our  plants  are  the  American  form  of  the  European  plant 


PLATE  77 


Pterula  plumosa.  No.  843  [above], 

Clavaria  Murrilli.  Unaka  Springs,  Tenn.,  No.  907  [below] 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  199 

and  the  slight  spore  difference  is  hardly  enough  to  establish  a  vari¬ 
etal  distinction.  Clavaria  tenuipes  B.  &  Br.  (Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  II,  2  :  266.  1848)  looks  much  like  the  present  species.  The 
type  at  Kew  is  small  and  simple,  with  very  slender  stems  expanding 
into  thick  clubs  which  are  a  little  lobed  and  have  the  surface  appear¬ 
ance  of  this  group.  Cotton  has  a  note  on  the  type  saying  spores 
“a  few,  7  X  3[k,”  but  the  spores  are  doubtful.  A  related  species  is 
C.  dcndroidcs  Jungh.  (FI.  Crypt.  Java,  p.  33,  pi.  6,  fig.  20,  1838), 
later  changed  to  Pterula  (Nova  Acta  Soc.  Sci.  Upsala  III,  1 :  117. 
1855),  and  also  to  Thelephora  by  Leveille  (Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot., 
3rd.  ser.,  2:  209.  1844).  If  specimens  from  Java  in  Persoon’s 
herbarium  are  correctly  determined,  which  seems  probable,  it  is  a 
Lachnocladium  in  the  same  group  with  L.  cartilagineiim  and  L. 
semwestitum.  The  basidia  are  2-spored,  4-6{x  thick;  the  spores 
smooth,  oval,  about  7.4  x  11  [jl.  A  collection  of  plants  in  the  her¬ 
barium  of  the  University  of  Paris  labelled  Clavaria  compressa 
Bond,  (herbarium  name?)  also  belongs  to  the  same  group.  Lach- 
nocladitim  chartaceum  Pat.  (Ann.  Myc.  5:  365.  1907)  from  Brazil 
in  the  same  herbarium  has  a  similar  appearance,  and  so  does  L. 
clavarioideum  Pat.  (Journ.  de  Bot.  3:  27.  1889),  but  these  last 
have  smaller  spores,  “6  x  4[x”  in  the  first  and  ''4-5  x  3(jt,’’  in  the 
second.  In  the  Kew  Herbarium  is  a  plant  from  Schweinitz 
(Salem,  N.  C.)  determined  by  him  as  C.  palmata  Pers.  which  is 
probably  the  present  species,  but  we  could  find  no  spores  on  it. 

Illustration:  Burt.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  6:  272,  fig.  10.  1919. 

Greville.  As  cited  above.  European  form ;  stout  examples. 

North  Carolina :  Chapel  Hill.  No.  2789.  In  moss  and  thin  grass  under 
elms,  July  26,  1917.  A  small  form  1.5-2. 7  cm.  high.  Spores  4.8-6  x 
15-20.2/x;  basidia  long-clavate,  11-lU  thick,  mostly  2-spored,  a  few 
4-spored,  the  sterigmata  stout  and  curved.  No.  4514.  By  branch,  July 
25,  1920.  No.  4620.  Arising  from  bits  of  rotting  wood  on  damp, 
rich  soil,  July  29,  1920.  Spores  6.6  x  15/x;  basidia  4-spored,  large.  No. 
4626.  By  Battle’s  Branch,  August  3,  1920.  Spores  fusiform,  5.2-6  x 
14-15.2ja;  basidia  10.6-12.5  x  50-60/x,  mostly  4-spored  but  often  only 
three  sterigmata  visible.  No.  4631.  In  very  damp,  sandy  soil,  August 
6,  1920.  Spores  pure  white,  5.5-7  x  17-22/x ;  basidia  about  llxdO^a. 
No.  5270.  In  swampy,  deciduous  woods,  July  2,  1922.  Spores  4-6.6  x 
13-16.7/a  ;  basidia  4-spored,  about  ll/x  thick.  No.  5304.  On  mossy  bank 
by  branch,  July  7,  1922.  Spores  4-5.5  x  11-19/^.;  basidia  4-spored. 

Pennsylvania:  Michener.  (Curtis  Herb.,  co-type). 

New  York:  Ithaca.  Atkinson.  (Cornell  Herb.,  No.  13354,  etc.,  as  L. 
Micheneri) . 


200  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

TYPHULA 

Plants  small,  simple  or  slightly  branched;  stalk  filiform,  flaccid, 
very  distinct  [exceptions]  from  the  slender,  cylindrical  to  sub- 
clavate  club  which  is  fleshy  or  waxy  or  tougbish.  Basidia  clavate, 
2-4-spored ;  spores  white,  smooth.  Growing  on  dead  leaves,  twigs 
or  wood  or  on  dead  herbaceous  stems,  in  some  species  springing 
from  a  distinct  sclerotium. 

This  genus,  like  Clavaria,  is  poorly  defined  and  several  of  the 
definitive  characters  are  of  very  slight  or  no  systematic  value. 
The  discrete  stem  is  shared  by  a  number  of  accepted  Clavarias  and 
the  same  species  of  Clavaria  may  have  forms  with  discrete  stems 
and  others  without.  Size  is  a  character  of  difficult  application, 
and  growth  on  vegetable  detritus  is  of  questionable  importance 
and  cannot  be  sharply  defined.  The  result  is  that  a  number  of 
species  of  Clavaria  are  excluded  from  Typlnda  by  only  one  char¬ 
acter,  as  C.  iniicida,  by  the  stalk  not  being  distinctly  marked  off; 
C.  filipes  by  growth  on  soil;  C.  subfalcata  by  growth  on  soil  and 
slightly  too  large  size  of  some  specimens;  C.  Intco-ocliracca  by 
growth  on  soil  and  the  gradual  fading  of  the  stem  into  the  club; 
C.  appalachiensis  by  too  great  thickness.  On  the  other  hand, 
Typlnda  phacorrhi^a  has  been  placed  in  Typhida  although  it  has 
no*  sharply  distinct  stem.  Clavaria  jnncea  is  so  like  the  last  species 
that  we  are  following  Karsten  in  placing  them  together  under 
Typlnda.  As  we  are  not  undertaking  to  treat  in  full  other  genera 
than  Clavaria  in  this  book,  we  include  only  these  two  last  men¬ 
tioned  species  of  Typlnda.  We  have  not  seen  either  of  them  in 
the  living  state. 

Typhula  juncea  (Fr.)  Karst.  Bidr.  Finl.  Nat.  Folk  37:  181. 

1882. 

Clavaria  jiincca  (Alb.  &  Schw.)  Fr.  Syst.  Myc.  1 :  479.  1821. 

Clavaria  triunciales  juncea  Alb.  &  Schw.  Consp.  Fung.,  p. 
289.  1805. 

Clavaria  liirta.  FI.  Danica,  pi.  1257.  1799. 

Clavaria  juncea  var.  vivipara  Fr.  Epicr.,  p.  579.  1838. 

Clavaria  vir  guitar  uni  Ttrs.  Myc.  Europ.  1:  186.  1822. 

Plate  84 

Plants  single  but  gregarious  in  large  colonies,  very  slender  and 
threadlike,  about  2-8  cm.  high  (8-12.5  cm..  Cotton),  obtuse  or 


PLATE  78 


Lachxocladium  ivKSTiTUM.  No.  2789. 


Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  201 

acute,  equal  throughout  the  club,  pale  yellowish  to  leather  color, 
even  or  crumpled,  glabrous  or  at  times  finely  pubescent  all  over, 
with  a  small  clean-cut  hollow,  the  base  attenuated,  attached  by 
fibrous  mycelium  and  strigose-hairy  where  protected ;  texture  deli¬ 
cate  and  soon  withering  but  not  fragile  or  brittle  even  when  dry. 
Flesh  of  densely  compacted,  parallel  cells  of  parenchyma-like 
appearance  in  cross  section. 

Spores  of  plants  from  Vaughns,  N.  Y.,  white,  smooth,  oblong 
to  pip-shaped,  with  a  large  mucro,  3. 8-4.8  x  6-9.3[jl  (a  few  up  to 
10.5[x).  Basidia  4-spored,  about  6.5[jl  thick. 

Growing  among  leaves  of  deciduous  trees  during  very  wet 
weather  in  northern  latitudes.  The  tomentose  form  occurs  with 
the  smooth  and  is  what  is  called  var.  vivipara  by  Fries.  Bulliard’s 
figure  shows  both  forms  on  the  same  leaves.  Harper  (Mycologia 
10:  56.  1918)  gives  the  spores  of  his  Michigan  plants  as  4-5  x 
9-12(x,  while  Schroeter  says  they  are  4-5  x  8-9[a.  Clavaria  juncea 
is  well  represented  in  the  Persoon  Herbarium  by  plants  of  the  usual 
appearance.  The  type  specimens  of  C.  virgiiltorum  in  the  same 
herbarium  show  clearly  that  it  is  the  same  as  C.  juncea,  but  we 
could  get  no  spores  from  them.  Clavaria  filata  Pers.,  which  is 
considered  a  synonym  of  Typhula  incarnata  Lasch  ex  Fries  by 
Fries  and  others,  looks  in  the  dry  state  exactly  like  this  species, 
but  we  could  find  no  spores  other  than  small  spherical  ones  that 
appeared  to  be  those  of  a  mold.  A  tuber  is  not  mentioned  by 
Persoon.  Others  have  noted  the  close  kinship  of  this  group,  and 
Gillot  and  Lucand  (Cat.  Rais.  Champ.  Sup.,  p.  439.  1891)  treat 
T.  phacorrhiza  as  a  variety  of  Clavaria  jiincea. 

Illustrations  :  Boudier.  Icon.  Myc.  1 :  pi.  176.  Photographic  copy  in  Ann. 

Mo.  Bot.  Card.  9 :  pi.  10,  fig.  98.  1922. 

Britzelmayr.  Hymen.  Siidb.,  Clavariei,  fig.  59. 

Bulliard.  Champ.  Fr.,  pi.  463,  fig.  2  (as  C.  fistulosa).  1789. 

Cooke.  Engl.  Fung.,  pi.  695.  1874. 

Gillet.  Champ.  Fr.  5  :  pi.  105  (111).  1878. 

Harper.  Mycologia  10:  pi.  5.  1918. 

Patouillard.  Tab.  Fung.,  fig.  469.  1886. 

Sicard.  Hist.  Nat.  Champ.,  pi.  63,  fig.  326.  1883. 

West  Virginia:  Fayette  County.  Nuttall.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

New  York:  Fort  Edward.  (Albany  Herb.). 

Vaughns.  Burnham.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb.). 


202  Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

New  Hampshire:  Chocorua.  Farlow.  (U.  N.  C.  Herb,  from  Farlow 

Herb.). 

California:  Pasadena.  McClatchie.  (N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.). 

Typhula  phacorrhiza  (Reich.)  Fr.  Obs.  Myc.  2  :  298.  1818. 

In  form  and  appearance  in  the  dried  state  this  is  scarcely  dis¬ 
tinguishable  from  T.  juncea  except  for  the  base,  which  springs 
from  a  flattened  disc-shaped,  shining  brown  tuber  or  sclerotium, 
the  base  of  the  stem  just  above  the  tuber  being  clothed  with  a 
rather  dense  tuft  of  hair  in  specimens  we  have  seen. 

The  clubs  are  variously  described  as  white  or  pallid  or  pale 
fuscous.  The  microscopic  structure  except  for  the  spores  is  al¬ 
most  identical  with  that  of  T.  juncea,  the  flesh  delicate  and  flexible 
and  composed  of  densely  compacted,  parallel  cells,  surrounding  a 
small,  clean-cut  hollow. 

Spores  (in  plants  from  Portville,  N.  Y.)  elliptic,  smooth,  hya¬ 
line,  4.4-5  X  9-14p.;  basidia  4-spored,  about  55(ji  thick.  A  good 
collection  from  Seattle,  Wash.,  by  Murrill  has  exactly  the  same 
appearance  and  structure;  spores  4-5.9  x  9. 3-14. 8[t ;  basidia  4- 
spored,  5.5[jl  thick.  Of  this  last  Murrill  has  the  following  note 
on  the  fresh  condition :  “On  leaf  mold,  gregarious,  abundant, 
about  12  cm.  high  and  0.5  mm.  thick,  pale  fulvous,  shining  [aris¬ 
ing]  from  a  flattened,  double,  seed-like  sclerotium. This  refer¬ 
ence  to  a  “double’'  sclerotium  refers  to  the  fact  that  some  (or 
most)  of  the  plants  arise  from  the  margins  of  two  sclerotia,  one 
on  each  side,  and  connect  them,  looking  like  a  shoot  between  two 
flat  cotyledons.  The  plants  from  New  York  show  only  one  sclero¬ 
tium  to  a  plant,  but  this  is  the  only  difference  we  can  find  except 
that  the  Seattle  plants  are  twice  the  height.  We  do  not  know  if 
T.  incarnata  Fr.  is  really  different  from  the  present  species.  De¬ 
scriptions  lack  the  detail  necessary  for  a  decision.  Our  plants 
seem  to  be  just  like  those  shown  by  Greville  in  his  plate  93  (as 
Phacorrhiza  filiformis) .  Sowerby’s  plate  233  (as  Clavaria  pha¬ 
corrhiza)  may  or  may  not  be  the  same. 

PTERULA 

Slender  and  filiform  throughout,  small,  in  our  species  much 
branched  from  a  distinct  stalk;  texture  elastic,  toughish,  not 


PLATE  79 


Lachnocladium  semivestitum.  No.  4631. 


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Clavarias  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  203 

fragile.  Hymenium  glabrous,  covering  the  branches.  Basidia  2- 
4-spored;  spores  white,  smooth.  Growing  on  wood  or  fallen 
leaves  and  twigs. 

The  genus  is  the  same  as  Merisma  Lev.  (Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot., 
3rd.  ser.,  5:  157.  1846).  See  the  Genus  Ptemla  (C.  G.  Llovd. 
Myc.  Notes  No.  60:  863.  1919). 

This  genus  is  mostly  tropical,  and  only  two  or  three  species 
are  known  from  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Our  Chapel  Hill 
plant  can  hardly  be  different  from  the  Schweinitz  and  Peck 
species,  as  the  divaricating  habit  is  well  shown  in  some  of  our 
specimens  and  we  are  very  near  the  place  where  Schweinitz  found 
his  plants.  We  have  not  studied  the  types.  Pterula  densissima 
B.  &  C.  from  New  England  (Grevillea  2:  17.  1873)  is  a  much 
denser  plant  and  is  apparently  distinct  (see  Lloyd,  1.  c.,  hg.  1469). 
Lloyd  treats  as  distinct  another  plant  that  he  calls  C.  peniceJIata 
(from  a  mss.  name  of  Berkeley).  Ptervda  setosa  Pk.  (Kept.  N. 
Y.  St.  Mus.  27:  105.  1875)  is  a  minute  plant  growing  on  dead 
Polyp  or  us  elcgans,  Patouillard  transfers  it  to  Hirsutella  (see 
p.  7).  We  have  not  seen  it.  Ptemla  multi fi, da  E.  P.  Eries  of 
Europe  has  much  the  same  appearance  as  the  present  species  but 
is  said  to  grow  only  on  coniferous  substrata.  Ptertda  merisma- 
toides  (Schw.)  Sacc.  and  P.  tenax  (Schw.)  Sacc.  are  both  Tre- 
mellodendron  (see  Burt,  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  2:  740.  1915  and 
9:  67.  1922). 

Pterula  plumosa  (Schw.)  Er.  LinnaeaS:  532.  1830. 

Pterula  divaricata  Pk.  Kept.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  32 :  36.  1879. 

Plate  77 

Plants  small,  slender,  brush-like,  2.5-4  cm.  high,  the  slender 
main  stalks  about  0.5-1  mm.  thick  and  springing  from  a  distinct, 
hair-like,  grayish  brown  mycelium;  several  or  many  stems  arising 
close  together,  main  branches  dichotomously  divided  about  four 
times  into  long  slender  twigs  which  end  in  simple  sharp  points ; 
color  of  main  stems  a  soaked  wood-brown,  the  remainder  of  the 
plant  a  lighter  gray-brown  which  dries  to  a  light  gray  or  brownish 
gray;  texture  not  fragile,  but  elastic  and  toughish,  with  a  taste 
like  musty  wood.  As  the  branches  dry  they  shrink  to  mere  hairs 
in  diameter. 

Spores  white,  elliptic,  3-3.7  x6.5-7.4[j.. 

843.  On  twigs  and  rotting  leaves,  by  Howell’s  branch,  September  26,  1913. 


PLATE  80 


LaCHNOCLADIUM  SKMIVESTITUAr.  No.  4514. 


PLATE  81 


C.  filipes.  Xo.  2806,  figs.  1  and  2 ;  type,  fig.  3. 

C.  sul)falcata.  Blowing  Rock,  N.  C.  (Atkinson,  co-type,  No.  10689),  fig.  5. 
C.  fnscata.  No.  3459,  fig.  4;  Amsterdam  (type  locality.  Miss  Cool),  lags. 
6  and  7. 

C.  acuta.  England  (Cotton),  fig.  8. 

C.  argillacea.  Darbyshire,  England,  fig.  9;  Savigne,  Erance  (Herb.  Univ. 
Paris,  as  C.  obtusata),  fig.  11. 

C.  pallescens.  Type,  fig.  10. 

C.  helveola.  No.  2818,  fig.  12;  No.  4368,  figs.  13  and  14. 

C.  Inteo-alba.  Dolgelly,  England  (Cotton,  Kew  Herb.),  fig.  15. 

C.  rosea.  Nice  (Bresadola),  figs.  16  and  17;  Persoon  Herb,  (no  data),  fig. 

18;  New  York  (Bnrnham,  No.  44),  fig.  19. 

C.  asperrdospora.  Type  fig.  20. 

C.  inaequalis.  Epping  Eorest,  England  (Cotton),  figs.  21  and  22. 

C.  mncida.  No.  3579,  figs.  23  and  24;  Stockholm,  Sweden  (  Rommell),  fig.  25. 


Eig.  2  X  502 ;  figs.  14  and  24  x  810 ;  figs.  7  and  16  x  1012 ;  fig.  21  x  562 ; 
others  x  1620. 


PLATE  81 


PLATE  82 


C.  vernali?.  Lake  Pleasant,  N.  Y.,  fig.  1. 

C.  iiigrita.  No.  2794,  figs.  2  and  3. 

C.  citriceps.  Redding,  Conn.  (No.  3428),  fig.  4. 

C.  vermiculata.  No.  2773,  fig.  5;  Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (C.  &  B.  No.  130),  fig.  6. 
C.  fumosa.  No.  2402,  fig.  7 ;  No.  2815,  fig.  8. 

C.  purpurea.  No.  4860,  figs.  9  and  10;  Sweden  (Romell),  fig.  11. 

C.  nebulosa.  Newfoundland  (co-type),  figs.  12  and  13. 

C.  fusiformis.  No.  1362,  fig.  14. 

C.  persimilis.  South  Wales  (Cotton),  fig.  15.  ' 

C.  ])nlchra.  Lake  George,  N.  Y.  (No.  22),  fig.  16;  type,  fig.  17;  No.  1717, 
fig.  18. 


C.  aurantio-cinnabarina.  Bethlehem,  Pa.  ( Schweinitz) ,  fig.  19;  No.  2801, 
figs.  20  and  21  ;  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  L.  L,  fig.  22. 

C.  amethystinoides.  No.  4532,  figs.  23  and  24;  Hartsville,  S.  C.  (No.  42), 
fig.  25. 


Figs.  2,  6,  16,  21,  23,  24  x  810  ;  fig.  8  x  562  ;  fig.  10  x  487  ;  fig.  13  x  1012  ; 
fig.  22  X  502  ;  others  x  1620. 


PLA'i'i;  82 


PLATE  83 

C.  ornatipes.  Redding,  Conn.  (  No.  29),  figs.  1  and  2. 

C.  amethystinoides.  Type,  fig.  3. 

C.  cristata.  No.  2387,  fig.  4  ;  No.  4561,  figs.  6  and  7. 

C.  compressa.  Schweinitz  Herb,  (now  in  Curtis  Herb.),  fig.  5  (showing  only 
2-spored  basidia). 

C.  cineroides.  Type,  figs.  8  and  11 ;  Tripoli,  N.  Y.  (No.  99),  figs.  9  and  10. 
C.  muscoides.  Lake  George,  N.  Y.  (No.  7),  fig.  12;  Tripoli,  N.  Y.,  fig.  13. 
C.  pistillaris.  No.  1913,  fig.  14;  No.  3793,  fig.  15;  Redding,  Conn.  (No. 
27),  fig.  16;  No.  3885,  fig.  17. 


Fig.  2  X  502;  figs.  5-7,  13,  17  x  810;  figs.  10  and  11  x  1012  ;  others  x  1620. 


PLATE  83 


PLAl^E  84 


C.  ligula.  Adirondacks,  N.  Y.  (Miirrill),  figs.  1  and  2. 

C.  fistulosa.  Europe  (Bresadola,  as  C.  contorta),  fig.  3. 

Typhula  juncea.  Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (  Burnham),  fig.  4. 

C.  amethystina.  No.  2622,  fig.  5. 

C.  pyxidata.  No.  1875,  fig.  6;  No.  3593,  fig.  7(  hyineninin,  1)asidia  and  a 
cystidinm) . 

C.  asperula.  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (Atkinson),  fig.  8. 

C.  Kimzei.  Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  Ill),  fig.  9;  No.  1704,  fig.  10; 
Vaughns  (Burnham,  in  Albany  Herl).),  fig.  11;  Vaughns  (Burnham, 
No.  59a),  fig.  12  (hymenium  apparently  2-layered  by  proliferation)  ; 
Monengo  Creek,  N.  Y.  (  Schweinitz  Herb.,  as  C.  subcorticalis  ) ,  fig. 
13  ;  Newfield,  N.  J.  ( E.  &  E.,  Cornell  Herb.,  as  C.  vclutina),  fig.  14; 
Swansea,  England  (  Cotton  ),  fig.  15  ;  Vaughns  (  Burnham,  No.  40),  fig. 
16;  Pink  Bed  Valley,  N.  C.  (  Murrill  and  House),  fig.  17;  Upsala, 
Sweden,  (Th.  A  I.  Fries),  fig.  18. 

C.  subcaespitosa.  Type,  fig.  19. 

C.  angulispora.  No.  844,  fig.  20;  No.  3442,  fig.  21. 

Lachnocladium  duhiosum.  Type,  fig.  22. 

C.  lentofragilis.  Type,  figs.  23  and  24. 

C.  asterella.  Type,  fig.  25. 

C.  crocea.  Redding,  Conn.  (No.  21),  fig.  26;  No.  4843,  fig.  27;  No.  4660, 
fig.  28. 

C.  tenuissima.  Type,  fig.  29. 

C.  bicolor.  Type,  fig.  30. 

Figs.  2,  7,  12x  502;  figs.  16,  17,  27x1012;  figs.  21,  28x810;  others  x 
1620. 


PI. ATE  84 


PLATE  85 

C.  botrytis.  No.  661,  fig.  1 ;  No.  2v595,  fig.  2;  No.  74,  fig.  ?>. 

C.  botrytoides.  Type,  fig.  4. 

C.  sul)l)otrytis.  No.  2621,  figs.  5  and  6. 

C.  subl)otrytis  var.  intermedia.  No.  2847,  fig.  7. 

C.  sangninea.  No.  4394,  figs.  8  and  9. 

C.  flavobrunescens.  Type,  fig.  10. 

C.  flava.  No.  560,  fig.  11. 

C.  flava  var.  aurea.  No.  2851,  fig.  12. 

C.  flava  var.  snbtilis.  No.  2843,  figs.  13  and  14. 

C.  divaricata.  No.  3037,  fig.  15;  No.  3063,  fig.  16. 

C.  secunda.  Co-type,  fig.  17;  No.  2876,  fig.  18;  Italy  (Bresadola,  N.  Y.  Bot. 

Card.  Herl).,  as  C.  pallida  Scbaefif.),  fig.  19. 

C.  flavula.  Type,  fig.  20. 

C.  crassipes.  Type,  fig.  21. 

Figs.  9  and  14  x  810;  figs.  3,  5,  16  x  1012;  others  x  1620. 


I'l.A'i'i'; 


o  “ 


PLATE  86 


C.  formosa.  No.  543,  fig.  1  ;  No.  4636,  fig.  2. 

C.  conjuncti])es  var.  odora.  No.  2595,  dg.  3. 

C.  subspinulosa.  No.  2664,  fig.  4;  No.  4635,  fig.  5;  Italy  (Bresadola,  N.  Y. 

Bot.  (lard.  Herl).,  as  C.  spiimlosa  ) ,  fig.  6. 

C.  fennica.  No.  620,  fig.  7 ;  No.  486,  fig.  8. 

C.  gelatinosa.  No.  2413,  fig.  9;  No.  4397  (threads  of  flesh),  fig.  10. 

C.  verna.  No.  3039,  fig.  11 ;  No.  3053,  fig.  12. 

C.  xanthosperma.  Type,  fig.  13. 

C.  rufescens.  No.  2862,  fig.  14;  No.  2877,  fig.  15. 

C.  holorubella.  Type,  fig.  16. 

C.  aurea.  Sopramento  (Bresadola  Herb.),  fig.  17. 

Fig.  10x  502;  fig.  5x810;  figs.  2,  7,  11,  14x1012;  others  x  1620. 


PLATE  86 


PLATE  87 


C.  aurea  var.  australis.  No.  2912,  figs.  1  and  2  ;  No.  2597,  fig.  3. 

C.  albida.  Type,  fig.  4. 

C.  obtusissima.  No.  2866,  figs.  5  and  6  ;  type,  fig.  7  ;  Bethlehem,  Pa.  (Schw 
Herb.,  as  C.  spinulosa ) ,  fig.  8. 

C.  Strasseri.  No.  2897,  fig.  9. 

C.  cacao.  No.  2926,  figs.  10  and  11. 

C.  byssiseda.  No.  4395,  figs.  12  and  13  ;  Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (Burnham,  No.  90) 

fig.  14. 

Figs.  1,6,  11,  12  X  1012 ;  others  x  1620. 


PLATE  87 


PLATE  88 


C,  Patouillardii.  Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (C.  &  B.  No.  101a),  fig.  1. 

C.  apiculata.  Upsala  ( E.  P.  Fries),  fig.  2;  No.  2939,  figs.  3,  4,  and  5  (joint 
of  hypha). 

Lachnocladium  Micheneri.  Co-ty])e,  fig.  6. 

C.  stricta.  No.  1228,  fig.  7;  No.  4587,  fig.  8. 

C.  leucotephra.  Co-type,  fig.  9. 

C.  gracilis.  Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (C.  &  B.  No.  107),  figs.  10  and  11. 

C.  fragrantissima.  Type,  fig.  12. 

C.  decurrens.  Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (C.  &  B.  No.  120),  figs  13  and  15. 

C.  pusilla.  Type,  fig.  14. 

C.  curta.  Upsala  (E.  P.  Fries),  fig.  16. 

C.  decurrens  var.  australis.  No.  4385,  fig.  17 ;  No.  2769,  fig.  18. 

C.  myceliosa.  Type,  fig.  19. 

C.  abietina,  flaccida  form.  Vaughns,  N.  Y.  (C.  &  B.  No.  102),  figs. 
20  and  21. 


Fig.  4  X  562;  figs.  8,  17  x  810;  figs.  5,  6,  10,  15,  20  x  1012;  others  x  1620. 


PLA'l'E  88 


iM.ATr: 


89 


C.  su1)(leciirrens.  X'aii^^lins,  X.  Y.  (  C.  X  11  Xo.  Ill  ),  figs.  1  and  2. 

C.  ahietina.  Tyi>e,  fig.  3;  Upsala,  Sweden  (Fries  in  Curtis  Herb.),  fig.  4; 

\Yuglins,  XI  Y.  (C.  &  B.  Xo.  110),  lig.  5. 

C.  abietina,  non-virescent  form  of  pines.  X'angbns,  XI  V.  (Burnham,  Xo. 
91  ) ,  figs.  6  and  7. 

C.  suecica.  I>ake  (ieorge,  X.  M  (  Xo.  19),  iigs.  8  and  9. 

C.  circinans.  Type,  fig.  10. 

C.  acris.  Type,  fig.  11. 

C.  longicaiilis,  form  witli  rliizomorph.  Xo.  4416,  fig.  12;  Xo.  866,  fig.  13. 
C.  megalorhiza.  Type  (XT.  197),  fig.  14. 

C.  Broomei.  \^aughns,  X^.  Y.  (Burnham,  Xo.  98),  fig.  15;  same  locality 
(B.  Xo.  74 j,  hg.  16;  Bath,  England  (type),  fig.  17;  \Vestphalia,  Ger¬ 
many  (  Bresadola  Herb.,  as  C.  ni(/rcscc}is,  Brinkmann),  fig.  18. 


Fig.  12x810 


figs. 


1,  7,  8,  16  X  1012;  others  X  1620. 


PLATE  89 


PLATE  90 


C.  grandis.  No.  3489,  fig.  1  (hymenium  3-layered)  ;  No.  1186,  fig.  6. 

C.  longicaiilis.  No.  2287,  fig.  2. 

C,  echinospora.  Borneo  (Bresadola),  fig.  3. 

C.  cyanocephala.  Porto  Rico  (Johnson,  No.  997),  fig.  4;  Trinidad  (Kew 
Herl).,  as  Laclinocladimn  tiibulosuni,)  fig.  5. 

Lachnocladium  semivestituin.  No.  2789,  figs.  7  and  8;  co-type,  figs.  9  and  10; 
No.  4514,  fig.  11. 


Figs.  1,  9  X  1012;  figs.  8,  11  x  810:  others  x  1620. 


PLATE  90 


PLATE  91 


C.  gracillima.  Type,  figs.  1  and  2. 

C.  hiformis.  Co-type  (No.  10699),  fig.  3. 

C.  liiteo-ochracea.  Type  distribution  (No.  64),  fig.  4;  New  York  (No.  16a), 

fig.  5. 

C.  rufipes.  Blowing  Rock  (No.  5501  ),  figs.  6  and  7;  type,  fig.  8. 

C.  delicata.  Upsala  (Fries,  Kew  Herb.),  fig.  9. 

C.  dealbata.  Type,  fig.  10. 

C.  pinicola.  Co-type  (No.  16946),  fig.  11. 

C.  conjunctipes.  Linville  Falls  (No.  5768),  fig.  12. 

C.  appalacbiensis.  Type,  figs.  13  and  14. 

Lacbnocladinin  cartilaginenm.  Type,  fig.  15. 

C.  gigaspora.  Type,  figs.  16  and  17. 

C.  Mnrrilli.  Type,  figs.  18  and  19. 

C.  Macouni.  Type,  fig.  20. 

C.  dendroidea.  LTpsala  (Romell,  det.  by  Robert  Fries),  fig.  21. 

C.  snbfalcata.  Blowing  Rock  (No.  5630),  fig.  22. 

Fig.  1  x810;  figs.  14,  17,  18  x  1012;  others  x  1620. 


PLATE  91 


PLATE  92 


C.  acuta.  New  York  Botanical  Garden  ( U.  N.  C.  Herl).,  No.  3189a),  figs.  1 
and  2. 

C.  vernalis.  No.  6071,  figs.  3-7.  Figs.  5-7  show  the  fungal  threads  running 
over  and  around  the  algal  cells. 

C.  crispula.  Portugal  ( Bresadola.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  Herb.),  fig.  8. 

C.  umbrinella.  Type,  figs.  9  and  10. 

C.  Macouni.  Type,  fig.  11  ( l)asidiuin) . 


Figs.  1,  7,  11  X  810;  figs.  4-6,  9  x  1012;  others  x  1620. 


PLATE  92 


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INDEX 


Acurtis,  5 
Auriculariaceae,  15 

Baumanniella,  7 
Togoensis,  7 

Calocera  furcata,  30 
Ceratella,  6 
aculeata,  6 
acuminata,  6 
Helenae,  6 
macrospora,  6 
Queletii,  6 
Chlorococcus,  31 
Cladonia,  22 

Clavaria,  5,  7,  8,  12,  13,  196,  200 

abietina,  12,  13,  18,  159,  160,  166, 
171,  176,  179,  189 
abietina,  a  form,  18,  182 
abietina,  a  form,  18,  184 
abietina  minor,  182 
acris,  11,  18,  162 
acroporphyrea.  111,  113 
acuta,  10,  15,  25,  33,  34 
aeruginosa,  191 
affinis,  22,  35 
afflata,  69,  173 
alba,  45,  46,  69 
albella,  22 

albida,  68,  72,  76,  146,  147,  148 
alnea,  87,  88 
alutacea,  169,  171 
amethystea,  68,  90 
amethystina,  11,  17,  72,  75,  76,  90, 
122 

amethystinoides,  11,  16,  33,  65,  67, 
72 

angulispora,  11,  17,  96,  103 
angustata,  58,  59 

apiculata,  11,  13,  18,  154,  155,  157, 
161,  162,  165,  166,  168,  180 
appalachiensis,  10,  15,  45,  53,  200 
arborea,  11,  17,  105 
arctata,  69,  75 
Ardenia,  87,  88,  89 
argillacea,  10,  15,  16,  22,  23,  28, 
68 

argillacea  var.  flavipes,  30 
asperula,  95,  98,  99 
•  asperulans,  95,  98,  99 
asperulospora,  10,  16,  63 
asterella,  11,  17,  105 
aurantia,  61 

aurantio-cinnabarina,  6,  10,  15,  60 


Clavaria  aurea,  19,  122,  123,  128,  129,  135, 

139,  142,  151 

aurea  var.  australis,  19,  120,  121, 
143,  144 
austera,  57 
Barlae,  66 
Bataillei,  136 
Berkeleyi,  94,  165 
bicolor,  110,  111 
biformis,  10,  16,  34 
bifurca,  63,  64 
Bizzozeriana,  109,  110 
botrytis,  9,  12,  13,  18,  111,  116,  117 

119,  120,  121,  125,  129,  137,  138, 

140,  155 

botrytis  var.  alba,  123 
botrytoides.  111,  113,  114,  115,  119 
brachiata,  87,  88 
Broomei,  12,  20,  186,  189 
brunneola,  198 

byssiseda,  11,  18,  73,  126,  152,  157, 

159,  160,  165 
cacao,  19,  151 
caespitosa,  86 
canaliculata,  45,  46,  176 
candelabra,  93 
cardinalis,  61 
cedretorum,  136 
ceranoides,  54 
chionea,  95,  97,  99 
chondroides,  92,  93 
cinerea,  9,  11,  68,  71,  72,  73,  74,  75, 

_  76,  77,  78,  79,  91,  139,  185 
cinerea  var.  gracilis,  69,  73,  76 
cinereo-atra,  44 

cineroides,  10,  14,  78,  100,  101,  132 

circinans,  168,  169 

citriceps,  10,  16,  33,  49 

citrina,  37,  39 

clavaeformis,  69,  75 

clavata,  35,  36,  37 

colensoi,  94 

coliformis,  57,  72 

comosa,  73 

compacta,  128 

compressa,  39,  54,  56,  57,  189,  199 
conchyliata,  109,  110 
condensata,  162,  166,  178 
conjuncta.  111,  114,  115 
conjunctipes,  14,  19,  131 
conjunctipes  var.  odora,  19,  116,  132 
contorta,  11,  87,  88,  89 


206 


Index 


Clavaria  coralloides,  46,  68,  72,  75,  76, 
82,  114,  115,  122,  144 
corniculata,  80,  81,  82,  100 
coronata,  92,  93,  94 
corrugata,  172,  182,  183 
corynoides,  45,  46 
crassa,  69 
crassipes,  150,  151 

crispula,  153,  154,  174,  175,  176,  177 

cristata,  9,  11,  17,  65,  66,  68,  90,  91, 
96,  144,  160,  176,  180 
cristata  var.  curta,  69 
cristata  var.  decurtata,  71 
cristata  var.  flexuosa,  69 
cristata  var.  minor,  76 
cristata  group,  12 
crocea,  11,  17,  107,  110,  111,  175 
Crosslandii,  34 
curta,  174,  175 
cyanescens,  176,  181 
cyanocephala,  12,  20,  191 
Cyatheae,  33 
cylindrica,  45,  47 
Daigremontiana,  39,  54 
Daulnoyae,  30 
dealbata,  79,  98 
decolorans,  135 

decurrens,  12,  13,  19,  174,  178 
decurrens  var.  australis,  20,  157, 
166,  173,  176,  177 
delicata,  106 
dendroidea,  160,  194 
dendroides,  199 
densa,  127,  128,  129,  131 
densissima,  164 
dichotoma,  9,  69,  72,  129 
dissipabilis,  63 
divaricata,  12,  19,  126 
eburnea,  45,  46 

echinospora,  63,  64,  65,  189,  191,  192 

elastica,  154 

elegans,  68 

elongata,  101 

epichnoa,  155,  175 

epiphylla,  152,  154,  155 

ericetorum,  28,  29 

exigua,  108,  109,  110 

extans,  69,  75 

extensa,  151 

falcata,  21,  25,  26,  27 

falcata  var.  citrinopes,  27 

fallax,  68,  71 

fallax  var.  cristata,  76 

fasciculata,  54,  56 

fastigiata,  79,  80,  81,  82 

Favreae,  69 

fellea,  80,  81,  82 

fennica,  18,  134,  135 

filata,  201 

filipes,  6,  10,  15,  20,  60,  200 
fimbriata,  68,  71,  76 
fistulosa,  11,  12,  15,  87,  201 


Clavaria  flaccida,  97,  156,  173,  176,  180, 
181,  182,  183,  184,  185,  186 
flava,  9,  12,  13,  19,  112,  114,  117, 
119,  120,  125,  126,  128,  129,  144, 
145,  151,  152 

flava  var.  aurea,  19,  124,  125 
flava  var.  subtilis,  19,  124,  125 
flavipes,  28,  29,  30 
flavobrunescens,  120,  121 
flavula,  168,  169 
flavuloides,  169,  171 
foetida,  23,  24,  25 

formosa,  4,  14,  19,  114,  115,  116,  119, 
121,  123,  125,  127,  131,  133,  135, 
138,  140,  147,  151 
formosa  var.  pallida,  128,  130 
fragilis,  21,  38,  41,  43,  45,  46,  47,  48 
fragilis  var.  solida,  47 
fragrans,  160,  165,  169,  171,  172 
fragrantissima,  169,  171 
fuliginea,  66,  67,  69,  71,  72 
fumigata,  135,  136,  137 
fumosa,  10,  16,  44,  46,  50,  53,  58 
furcata,  80 

fuscata,  10,  15,  22,  23 
fusiformis,  10,  16,  48,  54,  58,  59,  62, 
64,_  78 

gelatinosa,  18,  137 
gemmata,  84 
geoglossoides,  64 
gigantea,  5 
gigantula,  66,  69 
gigaspora,  198 

gracilis,  11,  18,  45,  47,  48,  96,  97, 
155,  157,  165,  169,  175 
gracillima,  10,  15,  22,  23 
grandis,  12,  13,  20,  187,  188,  189, 
190,  191,  192 
gregalis,  69,  75 
Greleti,  44 

grisea,  68,  71,  72,  73,  76,  138,  139 
grossa,  68,  73,  75,  76 
helicoides,  62 

helveola,  6,  10,  16,  21,  28,  30,  37, 
41,  43,  46,  49,  59,  60,  64 
helveola  var.  dispar,  38,  80 
herculanea,  85 
Herveyi,  69,  73,  75 
hirta,  200 
histrix,  69,  73 
Holmskjoldi,  173 
holorubella,  139,  140 
inaequalis,  10,  16,  38,  39,  56,  57,  58, 
59,  63 

incarnata,  39,  40,  42 

incurvata,  149 

Invalii,  168,  169 

javanica,  92,  93 

juncea,  47,  200,  201 

juncea  var.  vivipara,  200,  201 

Karstenii,  160 

Kewensis,  163,  166 

Krombholzii,  69,  72,  75,  76,  96,  97 


Index 


207 


Clavaria  Kunzei,  11,  17,  69,  73,  75,  76,  78, 
79,  95,  101,  104,  105,  170,  175, 
176,  185 
laciniata,  68,  76 
laeta,  62 
lavendula,  90,  91 
lentofragilis,  11,  17,  101,  102 
leucotephra,  160,  162,  164,  165,  166, 
167,  172 
ligata,  66 

ligula,  11,  12,  15,  29.  84,  86 
lilacina,  69,  72,  75,  90 
lilacinipes,  137 

longicaulis,  12,  20,  187,  190,  192 
lumbricoides,  44 
lutea,  120,  121,  123 
luteo-alba,  37,  38,  39 
liiteo-ochracea,  10,  16,  25,  32,  34, 
54,  200 
luteola,  86 
Macoiini,  10,  16,  34 
macropus,  69,  72 
macrorhiza,  87,  88,  89 
macrospora,  69,  75 
megalorhiza,  189 
Michelii,  49 
miniata,  61,  62 
mira,  84 
molaris,  89 

mucida,  5,  10,  15,  30,  200 
mucida  var.  Curtisii,  31 
Murrilli,  12,  14,  16,  18,  20,  190 
muscigena,  174,  175 
muscoides,  10,  16,  38,  79,  80,  99, 
108,  178 

muscoides  var.  obtusa,  80,  81,  82 
muscoides  var.  obtusata,  80,  82 
mutans,  69 

myceliosa,  12,  18,  178 
nebulosa,  51,  52,  53 
nigresceiis,  187 
nigrita,  10,  15,  43,  45 
nivea,  45,  47 
nodulosperma,  103 
nodulospora,  104 
oblectanea,  186,  187 
obtusata,  28,  29 

obtusissima,  12,  20,  134,  140,  146, 
149,  150 

obtusissima  var.  minor,  146,  147, 
148 

obtusiuscula,  69 

ochracea,  181 

ochraceo-virens,  160 

ornatipes,  11,  16,  30,  67 

pallescens,  28,  29,  30 

pallida,  98,  130,  134,  140,  150,  151 

palmata,  68,  76,  171,  199 

paludicola,  35,  37 

pampeana,  27 

paradoxa,  12 

Patouillardii,  11,  20.  154,  156,  181 
Fatouillardii  var.  minor,  157 


Clavaria  Peckii,  80,  81,  82,  110,  111 
pellucidula,  54 
penicellata,  203 
persimilis,  58,  59,  61 
Petersii,  92,  93,  94 
phacorrhiza,  202 
pilipes,  87 
pinea,  168,  169 
pinicola,  11,  18,  161 
pinophila,  152,  155,  156,  160,  165 
pistillaris,  5,  9,  11,  12,  15,  27,  83 
pistillaris  var,  minor,  84 
pistillaris  var.  umbonata,  85 
pistilli  forma,  45 

platyclada,  54,  55,  56,  57,  58,  59,  60 

plebeja,  111,  114 

polymorpha  rufa,  63 

pratensis,  80,  81,  82 

pruinella,  166 

pseudoflava,  69 

pulchella,  11,  17,  108,  109 

pulchra,  10,  16,  58,  61,  101 

pulvinata,  86 

purpurascens,  111 

purpurea,  10,  16,  39,  51,  72,  90 

pusilla,  174,  175,  176,  177,  179 

pyxidata,  9,  11,  17,  92,  162,  167,  176 

rosacea,  62 

rosea,  10.  15,  39,  40,  62 
rubella,  40,  41,  166,  169,  178 
rufa,  63,  64 

rufescens,  18,  112,  113,  114,  115, 
119,  120,  121,  139,  142,  145,  147, 

149,  152 

rufescens  var.  frondosarum,  140 
rufipes,  11,  17,  106 
rufo-violacea,  135 

rugosa,  11,  15,  57,  66,  68,  71,  72,  73, 
75,  76.  77,  78 

rugosa  form  fuliginea,  69,  75 
sanguinea,  12,  19,  118,  121,  122 
Schaetferi,  69,  72,  75 
Schroeteri,  39 
sculpta,  114 

secunda,  12,  19,  134,  147,  148,  149, 

150,  152 

similis,  59,  63,  64,  65,  80,  81 
similis  var.  geoglossoides,  64 
sphaerospora,  69,  73,  75 
sphagnicola,  22 
spiculospora,  192,  193,  194 
spinulosa,  119,  129,  134,  135,  146, 
147 

straminea,  61,  80,  81 
Strasseri,  12,  20.  149 
striata.  44,  50 

stricta,  11,  13,  18.  73,  122,  134,  154, 
158,  160,  162, _  176,  178 
stricta  var.  fumida,  166 
subbotrytis.  12.  19.  116,  117,  125,  128 
subbotrytis  var.  intermedia,  19,  117 
subcaespitosa.  11.  17,  96,  101,  105, 
132 


208 


Index 


Clavaria  subcorticalis,  95,  97,  99,  100 
siibdecurrens,  11.  13,  18,  156,  172 
subfalcata,  10,  15,  21,  23,  27,  200 
subfastigiata,  69 
siiblilacina,  69 

subspinulosa,  19,  127,  133,  138 
subtilis,  95,  97,  98,  99,  100,  108 
suecica,  11,  18,  158,  162,  168,  171 
siilphurascens,  108 
Swartzii,  40,  42 
syringarum,  163,  164 
tenella,  81 
tenuipes,  21,  199 
tenuissima,  109,  110 
testaceoflava,  146,  181 
testaceoflava  var.  testaceoviridis, 
20,  146 

tetragona,  58,  108,  109,  132,  175 
trichopus,  67,  68,  72,  76 
triunciales  jiincea,  200 
trmicata,  83,  85 
Tsiigina,  157,  159,  160 
tuberosa,  87 
umbrina,  75,  76,  81 
iimbrinella,  81 
unicolor,  84,  85 
unistirpis,  69,  75 
velutina,  95,  98,  100 
vermicularis,  45,  46,  47,  60 
vermiculata,  10,  16,  23,  26,  30,  35, 
45,  49,  50 
verna,  19,  141 
vernalis,  5,  6,  10,  16,  35,  60 
versatilis,  135,  136 
vestitipes,  11,  17,  108,  110 
virgata,  157,  159,  160 
virgultornm,  200,  201 
vitellina,  80,  81 
xanthosperma,  19,  141 
Zippellii,  191 
Clavariaceae,  5,  7 
Clavariae,  5 
Clavariella,  12 

divaricata,  160 
versatilis,  135 
Clavulina,  11,  12 
Coniocladium,  196 
Coralloides  amethystina,  90 
Corticium  pezizoideum,  89 
Craterellus,  11,  84 
corrugis,  83,  84 
pistillaris,  83,  84 
taxophilus,  84 
unicolor,  83 
Cyathea,  24 
Cyphella,  6 

Dendrocladium,  193,  196 
Drosera,  36 

Eoagaricus,  8 
Eocronartium,  15 
muscicola,  15 
Eriocladus,  194 

Gleocapsa,  36 


Hirsutella,  6,  7,  203 
entomophila,  7 
gracilis,  7 
setosa,  7 
varians,  7 
Holocoryne,  10,  13 
Elygrophorus  chlorophanous,  43 
conicus,  43 
Peckianus,  43 

Lachnocladium,  5,  8,  11,  194 
Atkinsonii,  162,  165 
cartilagineum,  195,  197,  198,  199 
chartaceum,  199 
clavarioideum,  199 
dealbatum,  98 
dubiosum,  103,  104 
giganteum,  193 

Micheneri,  155,  160,  164,  165,  169, 
186,  198,  199 
odoratum,  163,  165,  167 
ornatipes,  67 

semivestitum,  98,  101,  195,  196 
subsimile,  95,  98,  99 
tubulosum,  191,  192 
vestipes,  110 
vestitipes,  110 

Matruchotia,  6 
Merisma,  194,  195,  196,  203 
tuberosum,  198 
Mitrula,  88 

Nyssa,  31 
Nyctalis,  174 

Oscillatoria,  36 

Phacorrhiza  filiformis,  202 
Physalacria,  5,  8 
inflata,  8 
Langloisii,  8 
Pistillaria,  5,  8,  13,  174 
Pistillina,  6 

brunneola,  6 
capitata,  6 
hyalina,  6 
Pogonatum,  36 
Polyporus  elegans,  203 
Polytrichum,  30 
Pterula,  5,  7,  8,  199,  202 
densissima,  203 
divaricata,  203 
merismatoides,  203 
multifida,  203 
plumosa,  203 
setosa,  7,  203 
tenax,  203 

Ramaria,  12,  13,  69 
Ramaria  amethystina,  91 
coralloides  lutea,  123 
cristata,  68,  76 
fastigiata,  82 


Index 


209 


Rainaria  muscoides,  82 
ornithopodioides,  76 
Rieli,  149 
versatilis,  135 

Scoletotrichnm  Clavariarum,  71 

Sparassis,  5 

Sphaeria,  71 

Sphaerula,  6 

Stereum,  195 

Syncoryne,  10,  13 


Thelephora,  195,  199 
contorta,  197 
tiiberosa,  198 
Todea  barbara,  61 
Tremellodendron,  195,  197,  203 
Typhiila,  5,  8,  13,  15,  95,  200 
incarnata,  201,  202 
jiincea,  200,  202 
phacorrhiza,  200,  201,  202 
Typhiilae,  13 

Xylaria,  71 


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